城市设计中的功能主义城市设计中的功能主义（Functionalism）和经验主）和经验主义（义（Empiricism）编辑课件编辑课件对环境（对环境（Environment）的分类）的分类Terrestrial environmentAnimate environmentSocial environmentCultural environment编辑课件编辑课件Terrestrial environment + animate environment = biogenic environment The biogenic environment provides the setting, or physical frame, for human life.Social environment + cultural environment = sociogenic environment The sociogenic environment refers to the social system where people exist. 编辑课件The Nature of Environmental Experience编辑课件编辑课件Motivations and NeedsPerceptionCognition and AffectActions编辑课件Motivations and Needs编辑课件Maslows Hierarchical Model of Basic Human NeedsSurvivalSafety and securityAffiliation (Belonging)EsteemSelf-actualization编辑课件PerceptionPerception is the active and purposeful process of obtaining information from the environment.编辑课件Cognition and AffectCognition is the process of thinking which involves learning and remembering (or forgetting) , generalizing, feeling and attitude formation, liking and disliking.编辑课件 Generalizing Response generalizing the same response is given to different stimuli Stimulus generalizing different responses are given to the same stimulus at different times编辑课件编辑课件The Role of the Built Environment in Human LivesThe concept of affordanceThe concept of habituationThe concept of competenceThe concept of Predisposition (inclination）The concept of costs of rewardsEnvironmental design as environmental adaptation编辑课件Affordance The affordance of anything, material or nonmaterial, are what it offers a species in terms of the activities and meanings it allows because of its characteristics. 编辑课件编辑课件Competence Everybody has a level of competence, ability, skill, or expertise in dealing with the biogenic and sociogenic worlds and thus the built environment. 编辑课件编辑课件编辑课件Costs and rewards Our perception of the quality of the elements of the built environment depends on our perceptions of the costs and rewards associated with them. Indeed, all activities have costs and rewards associated with them.编辑课件编辑课件The Urban Designer as Designer of Guidelines for Design编辑课件Prescriptive and Performance GuidelinesPrescriptive guidelines establish the limit or framework within which buildings must be built.Performance guidelines provide the designer with the criteria whereby the impact of any proposal will be assessed. 编辑课件The Use of GuidelinesDefining and designing the public realm Specifying and/or restricting certain uses and building formsStimulating types of developmentPreserving existing urban environmentsSpecifying the nature and location of public art编辑课件Specifying and/or restricting certain uses and building forms1.Zoning control 2.Transfer of development rights3.Physical form and pattern guidelines4.Aesthetic regulation5.Restrictive covenants编辑课件编辑课件Design PrinciplesThe city beautiful and the grand ideaEmpiricism and rationalism: looking back and looking forwardA set of generic solution the design of new typesFunctionalism Human needs as a basis of functional designSocial concernDesign method编辑课件美国当代城市设计中需要关注美国当代城市设计中需要关注的一些问题的一些问题编辑课件The need for urban design to be seen within a moral orderThe need o understand urban designs potential contribution in a changing worldThe need to deal with different and changing models of realityThe need to recognize the political nature of urban designThe need to see urban design as a collaborative actThe need for a future orientationThe need for an experiential approach to urban designThe need for a knowledge-based urban design编辑课件城市设计中的功能主义城市设计中的功能主义（Functionalism）编辑课件Human Needs as the Basis for Concepts of Functionalism编辑课件编辑课件编辑课件城市功能和城市城市功能和城市（The Functions of Cities and Urban Places）编辑课件Manifest functions and latent functions Manifest functions economic, social, recreational, etc Latent functions psychological, unconscious, abstract, etcPrimary functions, secondary functions and tertiary functions编辑课件The Citys Primary FunctionsThe Communication FunctionThe Transportation FunctionThe Economic FunctionThe Cognitive FunctionThe Social Function编辑课件城市设计中的一些要素城市设计中的一些要素编辑课件Substantive Elements1.Behavior settings and architectural patterns2.Systems of behavior settings3. Enclosing behavior4. The public realm3.The milieu as display4.The creation as settings编辑课件The Elements of the Behavioral Environment编辑课件编辑课件The Elements of the Milieu编辑课件Spatial characterEnclosing characterFurnishingIllumination编辑课件Procedural Elements1.The elements of an urban design plan2. Master plan (illustrative site plan)3. Implementation mechanism (such as design guidelines, policy guidance, policy plan, etc. )2.The elements of the design process for total urban designs3.The mechanism of public sector control4.The issues of concern编辑课件编辑课件城市设计中的基础设施设计城市设计中的基础设施设计编辑课件Transportation systemsPedestrian networksMass transit systemsWaste management systemsEnergy supply systemsPublic facilities systems编辑课件Meeting Psychological Needs编辑课件编辑课件人类心理需求的等级序列人类心理需求的等级序列SurvivalHealthDevelopmentComfort编辑课件针对人类心理需求的设计针对人类心理需求的设计Design for access Transportation systems Barrier-free designDesign for activitiesDesign for shelter and comfort Visual quality and comfort The sonic environment and sonic comfort Olfactory comfort Metabolic comfort: temperature, humidity, air movement编辑课件Meeting Safety and Security Needs编辑课件编辑课件Sources of Psychological InsecurityHarmful bacteria and pollutantsNatural DisastersPatterns and materials of the built environmentMachinesThe sociogenic environment编辑课件提供心理安全感的要素提供心理安全感的要素The segregation of incompatible usesThe nature of surveillanceThe role of privacy and community in attaining securityThe meaning of orientation in space and time编辑课件提供心理安全感的设计要素提供心理安全感的设计要素Psychological form and psychological safety needsPhysical form, privacy and territorial behavior in the public realmThe physical form of the public realm and orientationPhysical form and a sense of place编辑课件OrientationOrientation in a cosmological systemOrientation in geographic spaceOrientation in time编辑课件Meeting Affiliation Needs编辑课件编辑课件心理归属感心理归属感Belonging to a family and a kinship systemBelonging to a nonkinship organizationBelonging to a peopleBelonging to a regional jurisdiction and nationBelonging to a place编辑课件提供心理归属感的要素提供心理归属感的要素Sustaining human contactHomogeneity or heterogeneity of populationSocially hierarchical society编辑课件提供心理归属感的设计要素提供心理归属感的设计要素Nodes, boundaries and a sense of placeThe locations and scale of institutions and facilitiesThe dealing with changesLinks and places of the public realmThe symbols of affiliationThe affiliation of place with its surroundings: contextualism 编辑课件Meeting Esteem Needs编辑课件编辑课件提供心理尊重感的要素提供心理尊重感的要素The development of competenceDisplaying skillsDisplaying statusBehavior settings, land uses and self-esteemStatus differentiation through designControlling design and the design process编辑课件提供心理尊重感的设计要素提供心理尊重感的设计要素The development and display of competenceThe symbolic aesthetics of statusThe spatial configuration of cities and their precinctsThe character of open spaceLand uses, activity patterns and statusDesign for good maintenance编辑课件Meeting Self-actualization Needs编辑课件编辑课件Meeting Cognitive Needs编辑课件编辑课件提供心理认知的要素提供心理认知的要素Physical form and formal learning The child and the city The environment of adulthood The particular needs of adolescentsThe maintenance of cognitionOpportunities of expression编辑课件Meeting Aesthetic Needs编辑课件编辑课件Environmental AestheticsSensory aestheticsFormal aesthetics The sequential experiencing of the environment The expressive meaning of line and formSymbolic aestheticsIntellectual aesthetics编辑课件Intellectual AestheticsThe fit between the built environment and task functionsThe environment as a work of artThe environment as a container of works of artUrban design ideologies编辑课件提供审美感的设计要素提供审美感的设计要素Behavior settingsThe milieu Sensory aesthetics Formal aesthetics Symbolic aestheticsIntellectual aestheticsExpressive aesthetics编辑课件编辑课件编辑课件编辑课件编辑课件编辑课件城市设计理论概述城市设计理论概述编辑课件一、古代西方城市设计一、古代西方城市设计编辑课件起源起源巴比伦巴比伦空中花园（空中花园（The Hanging Garden）编辑课件欧洲国家欧洲国家编辑课件欧洲国家欧洲国家编辑课件突尼斯突尼斯编辑课件突尼斯突尼斯编辑课件南美南美印加帝国印加帝国编辑课件南美南美印加帝国印加帝国编辑课件二、现代西方城市设计理论的起源二、现代西方城市设计理论的起源编辑课件空想社会主义与城市设计空想社会主义与城市设计工业革命与城市设计工业革命与城市设计城市空间感知与城市城市空间感知与城市Camillo Sitte 1889 编辑课件当代西方城市设计理论的分类当代西方城市设计理论的分类编辑课件城市设计理论的哲学基础城市设计理论的哲学基础编辑课件经验主义（经验主义（Empiricism）Locke,Berkeley,Hume“Lookingback”通过实证研究归纳过去和已有的设计经验、城市物质环境的规律和特征、研究者的观察分析结果以指导城市设计Sitte(1889),Lynch(1960),Cullen(1961),Bacon(1976)编辑课件理性主义（理性主义（Rationalism）Descartes“Lookingforward”基于对未来城市的理性或主观分析推理而提出的各种城市设计理论霍华德的“田园城市”，柯布西埃的“光辉城市”，莱特的“广亩城市”编辑课件实用主义（实用主义（Pragmatism）Pierce,James,Dewey主要见于北美学术界强调城市设计的适用性，即城市设计对于改造城市环境以及相关的社会、经济、生态等方面所产生的效果编辑课件功能主义（功能主义（Functionalism）Lang（1994）总结源于现代主义的建筑设计思潮设计的目的是为了满足人类的各种需要，首先要满足个人和社会的功能需求实质是实用主义的哲学基础结合了经验主义的城市设计分析方法编辑课件城市设计理论的主要研究领域城市设计理论的主要研究领域（认识论）（认识论）编辑课件景观景观视觉领域视觉领域19世纪末20世纪初起源于传统的景观和建筑美学的研究CamilloSitte(1889)和RaymondUnwin(1909)研究城市物质环境所形成的景观和视觉特征研究者对城市环境作主观的观察、分析和评价来总结出城市环境景观的规律和范例以解决现有问题和指导未来的城市设计缺乏系统、客观、能被普遍认同和重复验证的方法论研究结果与普通大众的观点经常不同经验主义为基础：以过去的经验指导将来的城市设计；建立在研究者自身的主观经验上编辑课件认知认知意像领域意像领域19401950年代将城市设计的研究领域从传统的单一的客观城市环境拓展到了人与环境的二维领域Kepes(1944),Lynch(1960)研究人对环境的认知结果分析掌握影响人们认知的环境（要素）及其特征，以指导城市设计，改善/创造城市环境使之接近/符合人们的认知规律以案例研究为基础的实证研究景观视觉领域的继承和拓展，社会学、心理学和城市设计的结合经验主义为基础，应用了社会学的理性和系统的分析方法，因此也具有理性主义的成分编辑课件环境环境行为领域行为领域1960年代在认知意像领域研究的基础上对人对环境的认知和反应的更深层次的研究Lynch(1960)，Appleyard(1976,1981),Rapoport(1977)研究人对环境的认知和反应，包括人、环境和他们之间的相互关系研究人的环境认知、反应的规律及其特征，并以此指导城市设计以创造符合人认知和反应规律的城市环境社会学和心理学的研究方法，以实证研究和理性的系统分析为主从人类的生理、心理、社会属性上分析和解释人类环境认知和反应的本质和原因经验主义、功能主义和实用主义为基础编辑课件社会领域社会领域19501960年代多学科/跨学科研究：社会学、人类学、城市/社会/人文地理学Mumford(1961),Jacobs(1961)研究个人、不同的社会群体、全社会/公众所形成的社会问题与城市环境之间的相互关系通过研究和理解社会问题、社会需求和城市环境之间的关系以指导城市设计改善城市环境，进而解决相应的社会问题研究方法与社会学、人类学、地理学相似，以实证研究为主人/社会对环境的需求，环境对于人/社会的功能，人/社会对环境的改造实证研究，理性分析；经验主义、实用主义和理性主义为基础编辑课件功能领域功能领域19701980年代与社会领域的研究密切相关：研究对象、内容、方法和哲学基础Lynch(1972,1976,1981),Lang(1987,1994)起源于现代主义的建筑设计理论研究强调城市环境最主要的因素是它的功能。在功能和美学两大目标中，城市设计的首要目标是提供满足人和社会的功能需求的城市环境社会领域的研究注重个人、社会、环境、社会问题组成的网络；功能领域的研究注重个人、社会的基本需求和环境的功能之间的直接关系功能主义、实用主义和理性主义为基础编辑课件程序程序过程领域过程领域1970年代与环境行为领域、社会领域、功能领域的研究密切相关从城市设计政策和实践两方面，目的是使城市设计理论和政策具备可实施性以及发现实施它们的方法Barnett(1974),Jacobs(1978,1985),Lynch&Hack(1984)研究对象是城市设计的程序和过程使城市设计的程序和过程合理化并有可操作性，促进城市设计和其目标的实现注重人和环境之间的互动关系大量采用社会学和公共管理的研究方法实证研究为主经验主义和实用主义为基础编辑课件类型类型形态领域形态领域不同的研究方向：建筑形态、空间形态、城市形态起始时间不同相同的研究对象：城市物质环境的形态以及不同类型的形态要素相同的哲学基础：经验主义不同的研究方法和代表著作建筑形态：类似景观视觉领域；Venturi(1966),Rossi(1966)空间形态：类似景观视觉领域，认知意像领域，环境行为领域；Unwin(1909),Cullen(1961),Alexander(1964)城市形态：类似景观视觉领域；Muratori(1959),Conzen(1960),Vance(1990)编辑课件不同领域的当代西方城市设计理论的研究对象不同领域的当代西方城市设计理论的研究对象不同领域的城市设计理论研究对象人（主体）环境（客体）（人和环境之间的）相互作用景观视觉领域认知意象领域环境行为领域社会领域功能领域程序过程领域类型形态领域编辑课件作业要求作业要求编辑课件内容内容关于上海某一地区、某一地块、某一空关于上海某一地区、某一地块、某一空间的城市环境的分析与评价以及相应城间的城市环境的分析与评价以及相应城市设计（改善）措施市设计（改善）措施运用城市设计理论、研究方法及相关知运用城市设计理论、研究方法及相关知识识图文并茂，约图文并茂，约3000字字可以两人合作，约可以两人合作，约5000字字编辑课件格式、期限格式、期限A4或或A3打印、装订打印、装订封面：标题、姓名、学号封面：标题、姓名、学号第十六周周五（第十六周周五（1月月5日）交至规划系办日）交至规划系办公室公室逾期不交不予评分逾期不交不予评分第十七周周二作业抽样课堂点评第十七周周二作业抽样课堂点评编辑课件