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第六章 口腔颌面部感染Chapter 6 Infection in Oral and Maxillofacial Regions本章节的教学目的与要求掌握:口腔颌面部感染的临床表现,肿切 开引流的目的、指征和要求。熟悉:感染和炎症的概念、口腔颌面部感 染的诊断,口腔颌面部感染的手术 治疗和应用抗菌药的基本原则。了解:口腔颌面部感染的全身治疗和应用 抗菌药的基本原则。第一节第一节 概论(概论( Conspectus)基本概念(基本概念(Basic concept): 感染(感染(Infection): 是指由各种生物性因子在宿主体内繁殖及侵袭,在生物因子与宿主相互作用下,导致机体产生以防御为主的一系列全身及局部组织反应的疾病。感染(感染(感染(感染(InfectionInfection): Invasion by and multiplication of pathogenic micro- Invasion by and multiplication of pathogenic micro-organisms in a bodily part or tissue, which may produce organisms in a bodily part or tissue, which may produce subsequent tissue injury and progress to overt disease through subsequent tissue injury and progress to overt disease through a variety of cellular or toxic mechanisms.a variety of cellular or toxic mechanisms.(美国传统词典)(美国传统词典)炎症(炎症(炎症(炎症(InflammationInflammation): A localized protective reaction of tissue to irritation, A localized protective reaction of tissue to irritation, injury, or infection, characterized by pain, redness, swelling, injury, or infection, characterized by pain, redness, swelling, and sometimes loss of function. and sometimes loss of function. (美国传统词典)(美国传统词典)“危险三角区危险三角区”(Dangerous triangular zone): 颜面部血液循环丰富,鼻唇部静脉常无瓣膜,致使在鼻根至两侧口角( from nanal root to bilateral oral angles )区域内发生的感染易向颅内扩散,被称为“危险三角区”。.一、口腔颌面部感染的途径及病原菌 Pathways and Pathogens of Infection inPathways and Pathogens of Infection in Oral and Maxillofacial RegionsOral and Maxillofacial Regions(一)口腔颌面部感染的途径1.牙源性(Dental genetic) 2.腺源性(Adenoid genetic)3.损伤性(Injury genetic)4.血源性(Hemal genetic)5.医源性(Iatrogenic)Progression of Odontogenic InfectionsFascial Space InfectionsProgression of Odontogenic InfectionsProgression of Odontogenic Infections(二)病原菌(二)病原菌(二)病原菌(二)病原菌(PathogensPathogens):):):):1. 1.需氧菌(需氧菌(需氧菌(需氧菌(Aerobic bacteriaAerobic bacteria):金黄色葡萄球菌(金黄色葡萄球菌(Staphylococci Staphylococci aureusaureus)溶血性链球菌(溶血性链球菌(HaemolyticHaemolytic chain chain coccicocci)大肠杆菌(大肠杆菌(Escherichia coli Escherichia coli ,E coliE coli)2. 2.厌氧菌(厌氧菌(厌氧菌(厌氧菌(Anaerobic bacteriaAnaerobic bacteria):类杆菌属(类杆菌属(BacteroidesBacteroides)梭杆菌属(梭杆菌属(FusobacteriaFusobacteria)消化链球菌(消化链球菌(PeptostreptococciPeptostreptococci )二、口腔颌面部感染的临床表现Clinical Features of Infection inClinical Features of Infection in Oral and Maxillofacial RegionOral and Maxillofacial Region(一)局部症状(local symptoms):1.急性期(acute phase): 化脓性炎症的急性期,局部表现为红、肿、热、痛、引流区淋巴结肿痛、功能障碍和脓肿(abscess)形成等症状。功能障碍:张口受限;进食、吞咽、语言困难;甚至呼吸困难。脓肿形成:由于主要感染菌种不同,其脓液(pus)性状有差异: 金黄色葡萄球菌(staphylococci aureus)黄色粘稠脓液 链球菌(chain cocci)淡黄或淡红稀薄脓液 绿脓杆菌(aeruginosus bacillus )翠绿色、稍粘稠、酸臭味 混合细菌(combining bacteria)灰白或灰褐色、腐败臭味 Heat Redness Swelling Pain Loss Of Func.2.慢性期慢性期 (chronic phase): 在慢性期,正常组织破坏后被增生的纤维组织代替。局部形成较硬的炎性浸润块。急性炎症临床症状:急性炎症临床症状:Progression of Odontogenic InfectionsProgression of Odontogenic InfectionsPeriapicalPeriapicalPeriodontalPeriodontalSoft tissue involvementSoft tissue involvementl lDetermined by perforation of the cortical bone Determined by perforation of the cortical bone in relation to the muscle attachmentsin relation to the muscle attachmentsCellulitis- acute, painful, diffuse bordersCellulitis- acute, painful, diffuse bordersAbscess- chronic, localized pain, fluctuant.Abscess- chronic, localized pain, fluctuant.(二)全身症状(二)全身症状(systemic symptoms): 局部炎症反应较重者,可出现畏寒、发热、头疼、局部炎症反应较重者,可出现畏寒、发热、头疼、乏力、食欲减退、尿量减少等症状。乏力、食欲减退、尿量减少等症状。 实验室检查可见白细胞总数增高,中性粒细胞比例实验室检查可见白细胞总数增高,中性粒细胞比例上升。病情重而时间长者,由于代谢紊乱,可出现酸中上升。病情重而时间长者,由于代谢紊乱,可出现酸中毒,肝、肾功能障碍。毒,肝、肾功能障碍。 严重感染伴有败血症或脓毒血症时,可发生中毒性严重感染伴有败血症或脓毒血症时,可发生中毒性休克。休克。三、口腔颌面部感染的诊断三、口腔颌面部感染的诊断 Diagnosis of Infection inDiagnosis of Infection in Oral and Maxillofacial RegionOral and Maxillofacial Region(一)(一)临床检查(临床检查(临床检查(临床检查(clinical examinationclinical examination):):):):1.1.感染初期,感染区表现为红、肿、热、痛、引流区淋巴结感染初期,感染区表现为红、肿、热、痛、引流区淋巴结肿痛、功能障碍。肿痛、功能障碍。2.2.脓肿形成后,脓肿形成后,浅部脓肿可扪及波动感(浅部脓肿可扪及波动感(fluctuancefluctuance)深部和筋膜下脓肿难以扪及波动感,但可扪及清楚的压痛深部和筋膜下脓肿难以扪及波动感,但可扪及清楚的压痛点,按压脓肿区的表面皮肤出现凹陷性水肿,穿刺检查可点,按压脓肿区的表面皮肤出现凹陷性水肿,穿刺检查可以明确诊断。以明确诊断。3.3.畏寒、发热、头疼、乏力、食欲减退、尿量减少等全身症畏寒、发热、头疼、乏力、食欲减退、尿量减少等全身症状。状。(二)实验室检查(二)实验室检查(laboratory examination):):1.血常规检查:白细胞总数增高,中性粒细胞比例上 升,核左移。2.脓液细菌培养,药物敏感试验(drug sensitivity test )可辅助临床正确选用抗菌药。3. X线摄片检查对颌骨骨髓炎的诊断、病变范围、破坏程度、死骨的定位等能提供依据。Microbiologic ConsiderationsIdentification of Identification of bacteriabacterial lRepresentative Representative specimen collectedspecimen collectedl lExamine specimenExamine specimenl lSubmit for culture and Submit for culture and sensitivitysensitivityl lGram StainGram Stain四、口腔颌面部感染的治疗Treatment of Infection inof Infection in Oral and Maxillofacial RegionOral and Maxillofacial Region(一)局部治疗(一)局部治疗(local treatment)local treatment): 保持局部清洁,减少局部活动,避免局部刺激,保持局部清洁,减少局部活动,避免局部刺激,严禁挤压面部疖严禁挤压面部疖(Furuncle)(Furuncle)、痈(、痈(carbunclecarbuncle)。)。Surgical TreatmentSurgical TreatmentProvide drainageProvide drainageRemove the cause of Remove the cause of infectioninfectionl lPulpectomyPulpectomyl lExtractionExtractionl lRemove foreign bodyRemove foreign bodyl lDebride non-viable Debride non-viable boneboneCulture and sensitivityCulture and sensitivitySurgical Treatment(二)手术治疗(operative treatment):1.脓肿切开引流术(脓肿切开引流术(Abscess incision drainageAbscess incision drainage)I. I.切开引流的目的(切开引流的目的(Purpose of Purpose of incision drainageincision drainage): :使脓液和腐败坏死物迅速排出体外。使脓液和腐败坏死物迅速排出体外。防止舌根部、口底间隙脓肿导致的窒息。防止舌根部、口底间隙脓肿导致的窒息。引流颌骨周围脓肿,防止发生边缘性颌骨骨髓炎。引流颌骨周围脓肿,防止发生边缘性颌骨骨髓炎。预防感染向颅内或胸腔扩散以及侵入血循环。预防感染向颅内或胸腔扩散以及侵入血循环。局部炎症明显,病情发展迅速,或有明显全身中毒症状者,局部炎症明显,病情发展迅速,或有明显全身中毒症状者,早期切开引流,可减轻局部压力、阻止感染继续扩散。早期切开引流,可减轻局部压力、阻止感染继续扩散。II.切开引流的指征(切开引流的指征(Indication of incision drainageIndication of incision drainage):):局部搏动性跳痛;炎性肿胀明显,皮肤表面紧张、发局部搏动性跳痛;炎性肿胀明显,皮肤表面紧张、发红、光亮;有压痛点、波动感、凹陷性水肿;深部脓红、光亮;有压痛点、波动感、凹陷性水肿;深部脓肿穿刺有脓液。肿穿刺有脓液。经抗生素控制感染无效,全身中毒症状明显。经抗生素控制感染无效,全身中毒症状明显。出现呼吸困难及吞咽困难。出现呼吸困难及吞咽困难。结核性寒性脓肿。结核性寒性脓肿。III.III.切开引流的要求(切开引流的要求(DemandsDemands of incision of incision drainagedrainage):):为达到体位自然引流的目的,切口应为达到体位自然引流的目的,切口应在脓肿低位,使引流道短、通畅、容在脓肿低位,使引流道短、通畅、容易维持。易维持。切口应尽力选择在愈合后瘢痕隐蔽的切口应尽力选择在愈合后瘢痕隐蔽的位置,切口长度以能保证引流通畅为位置,切口长度以能保证引流通畅为准则;应首选口内引流。准则;应首选口内引流。颜面切口应顺皮纹切开,勿损伤重要颜面切口应顺皮纹切开,勿损伤重要解剖结构:面神经、血管和唾液腺导解剖结构:面神经、血管和唾液腺导管等。管等。切开至粘膜下或皮下即可,切开至粘膜下或皮下即可,按脓肿位置用血管钳直达按脓肿位置用血管钳直达脓腔后,再钝分离扩大引脓腔后,再钝分离扩大引流口。避免在不同组织层流口。避免在不同组织层次中形成多处腔隙或通道,次中形成多处腔隙或通道,以减少感染扩散,保证引以减少感染扩散,保证引流通畅。流通畅。颜面颜面“ “危险三角区危险三角区” ”的脓的脓肿切开后,严禁挤压,以肿切开后,严禁挤压,以防感染向颅内扩散。防感染向颅内扩散。. .引流(引流(drainsdrains)的建立)的建立: : 口内用碘仿纱条或口内用碘仿纱条或橡皮片引流,口外用橡皮片引流,口外用橡皮片或乳胶管引流。橡皮片或乳胶管引流。每日更换敷料每日更换敷料1 12 2次,次,更换敷料时用更换敷料时用1%1%3 3过氧化氢、生理盐过氧化氢、生理盐水或抗生素冲洗脓腔。水或抗生素冲洗脓腔。2.消除病灶:消除病灶:由牙源性感染引起的炎症治疗好转后,应拔除病灶由牙源性感染引起的炎症治疗好转后,应拔除病灶牙,否则容易反复发作。牙,否则容易反复发作。颌骨骨髓炎,应在急性期好转后,及早进行死骨及颌骨骨髓炎,应在急性期好转后,及早进行死骨及病灶清除术。病灶清除术。(三)全身治疗(三)全身治疗(三)全身治疗(三)全身治疗(General treatmentGeneral treatment):):):):1.抗菌药物治疗(抗菌药物治疗(抗菌药物治疗(抗菌药物治疗(antibacterial therapy)antibacterial therapy)应用抗菌药物指征:应用抗菌药物指征:感染病原为细菌(感染病原为细菌(the infection is of bacterial originthe infection is of bacterial origin)有明显的局部淋巴结肿痛或发热等全身反应(有明显的局部淋巴结肿痛或发热等全身反应(there is there is significant regional lymph node or systemic reactions, significant regional lymph node or systemic reactions, ie ie. . body temperature is raisedbody temperature is raised)感染扩散迅速(感染扩散迅速(spread is significant)spread is significant)局部治疗无效(局部治疗无效(appropriate local treatment has not been appropriate local treatment has not been succesfulsuccesful) )患者抵抗力下降(患者抵抗力下降(resistance is reduced) resistance is reduced) 应用抗菌药物的基本原则:应用抗菌药物的基本原则:应用抗菌药物的基本原则:应用抗菌药物的基本原则:确定病原菌,尽可能进行药敏试验确定病原菌,尽可能进行药敏试验掌握药物的适应证和抗菌活性掌握药物的适应证和抗菌活性根据患者生理、病理、免疫状态调整用药剂量或选根据患者生理、病理、免疫状态调整用药剂量或选用药物种类用药物种类一种抗菌药物可以控制的感染,就不用多种药物联一种抗菌药物可以控制的感染,就不用多种药物联合应用;可用窄谱者不用广谱合应用;可用窄谱者不用广谱掌握适当的用药剂量掌握适当的用药剂量严格控制联合用药的指征严格控制联合用药的指征恰当地预防性用药恰当地预防性用药Principles of Antibiotic TherapyPrinciples of Antibiotic TherapyAdminister the Administer the antibiotic properlyantibiotic properlyProper route of Proper route of administrationadministrationProper doseProper doseProper time intervalProper time intervalAdequate period of Adequate period of administrationadministration2.全身支持治疗:全身支持治疗:全身支持治疗:全身支持治疗:3.维持水、电解质平衡,纠正酸中毒等。维持水、电解质平衡,纠正酸中毒等。复习思考题复习思考题1.请述口腔颌面部脓肿切开引流的目的、指征和要求。2.请述口腔颌面部感染急性期和慢性期的临床表现。
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