v一、写作概述一、写作概述v写作是语言输出的一种重要途径，它既涉及到语言学习者已经习得的词法、句法层面的语言知识，也涉及到在语篇层面上的认知思维活动，因而它能够比较准确客观地反映出学习者综合运用语言水平的高低，也在各类语言测试中成为必不可少的检验学习者语言表达能力的重要方式。语言学习有两个重要途径输入（INPUT）和输出（OUTPUT）。听力和阅读属于输入，学习者处于被动状态，见到什么就学什么、记什么；口语和写作表达属于输出，考生必须变被动为主动，充分调动头脑中已学过并掌握的知识图式，把自己想要表达的思想和情感以话语或文字的方式表达给听者和读者。由输入到输出的转化过程，也正是知识有学习到应用的过程，没有大量的输入，就没有深厚的知识积存，从而也就很难进行自由地输出交流。试想，学习一门语言，不就是图个能够对其灵活运用这样一个目的吗？写作是实现这一目的的重要途径，通过写作，语言知识、社会科学文化知识在学习者身上得到了有机的结合，同时其思维和表达能力也得到了有效的锻炼和提高。学习母语如此，学习任何一门其它外语也概莫能外。从这个意义上来说，提高写作意识和写作能力的重要性是毋容置疑的。1二、走近英语六级写作二、走近英语六级写作v孙子兵法上说：“知己知彼，百战不殆”。要想在写作考试中获得成功，就必须首先了解六级写作和四级写作到底有着怎样的联系和区别？考试大纲对这种题型的要求和评分细则究竟是什么？整体上看，大学英语四、六级考试自1987年开始，至今已走过了整整22个年头，写作作为其中必考的一个题项这么多年里在命题思路、文章体裁和写作方式上一直在不断地推陈出新，但从另一方面来说，即便是在2006年开始实施新四、六级考试大纲之后，这种题型又表现出相对较强的稳定性，这样就便于我们结合多年来四、六级写作考试的真题研究，学习掌握相关的写作理论知识，归纳总结出一些技巧和方法，以期对感兴趣于英语写作的同学起到一定的指导和借鉴作用，提高六级考试相关题型的应试成绩。22.1 六级考试大纲对写作的要求六级考试大纲对写作的要求教育部1999年最新六级考试大纲对写作的具体要求是：能在阅读难度与课文相仿的书面材料时做笔记、回答问题和写出提纲概要，能就一定的话题或提纲在半小时内写出150词左右的短文、通知或便条，表达意思清楚，无重大语言错误。评分标准（注：虽然作文按标准分计算已不再是15分为满分，但作文分值仍然占试卷总分的15%）2分条理不清，思路紊乱，语言支离破碎或大部分句子均有错误，且多数为严重错误。5分基本切题。表达思想不清楚，连贯性差。有较多的严重语言错误。8分基本切题。有些地方表达思想不够清楚，文字勉强连贯；语言错误相当多，其中有一些是严重错误。11分切题。表达思想清楚，文字连贯，但有少量语言错误。14分切题。表达思想清楚，文字通顺，连贯性好。基本上无语言错误，仅有个别细微错误。(注:白卷，与题目毫不相关，或只有几个孤立的词难以表达思想的，一律为0分。规定内容未写全者，按比例扣分。)大学英语六级考试作文评分原则一般是就文章的总体印象给分，而不是严格按语言点的错误数量扣分。此外，大学英语考试委员会从1997年6月起，正式实施了“作文最低分”的规定：作文分大于0分，小于6分，在计算成绩时要在总分中减去6分；如果作文得0分，则最后成绩一律计为59分。32.2 六级写作与四级写作的比较六级写作与四级写作的比较 乍一看来，六级考试写作部分的要求与四级相比只是增加了一些字数，但实际上它对于词汇的难度词汇的难度，句子的运用和句子的运用和表达技巧表达技巧，文章的篇章结构组织文章的篇章结构组织等方面都提出了更高的要求，因而评分标准上也有很大的差别。以98年1月真题的两个不同级别的考生样卷为例：（见下页）Directions:Forthispart,youareallowedthirtyminutestowriteacompositiononthetopic:HarmfulnessofFakeCommodities.Youshouldwriteatleast150wordsandbaseyourcompositionontheoutline(giveninChinese)below.1.目前社会上有不少假冒伪劣商品(fakecommodities)。为什么会有这种情况2.举例说明假冒伪劣商品对消费者个人、社会等的危害。4范文一（四级）190wordsThe society has hundreds and thousands of fake commodities. They are almost everywhere. They are in daily life, hospital, supermarkets, and so on.Why do we have these fake commodities? This question has not only attracted the interests from the scientists but also from the general public. Generally three reasons have been given to explain this phenomenon. First of all, fake commodities are usually profitable. They are lower in cost and of course, in quality, but are high in price. Secondly, the society often finds it hard to help consumers to tell fake ones from the genuine goods. Third, legal restrictions against fake commodities do not work at all or work with low efficiency.Fake commodities do harm to the human life. They can damage the life or ruin ones happiness, depending on what kind of fake commodities consumers have bought. They can also damage the society as a whole if the fake commodities are not restricted by governments or other agencies. Fake medicines are a typical example. Today, even in the field of academic, fake papers are not uncommon. All these fake commodities exert negative impacts on human civilization.5范文二（六级）：258wordsFake commodities seem to flood into each corner of daily life. Worse still, they even stream into academic institutions evidenced by the fact that some professors plagiarize papers. We have fake clothes with brand name. We have fake medicines which are openly sold in hospitals. We also have some fake computers and TV sets. In one word, fake commodities are almost everywhere.Then we may naturally ask: Why do fake commodities flow into the supermarkets? The flood is so overwhelming that both the sociologists and the general public have to dig the root reasons. On the basis of scientific research and survey, scholars discover that among the diverse array of contributing factors, the major one is that the society in which the fake commodities are flooding is usually short of an effective legal system to control or guide the markets. Another reason, seemingly vital, states that the social and economic order is maintained by, to a considerable extent, ethic and moral. But the moral and value system becomes fragile when subjected to a market characterized and dominated by the cold cash. Economic models have been put forward to provide theories to account fro why fake commodities can negatively influence a society to such an extent. Of courses many other reasons also play their roles.The harmful impacts exerted by fake commodities on the social and economic development can be alarmingly destructive. Not only can they directly harm the consumers benefits and rights but also they collapse a civilization provided that the government has no effective measures to address this problem. 62.3 如何准备六级考试如何准备六级考试 首先要了解六级写作考试大纲的内容，评分标准、原则，历年真题范围，首先要了解六级写作考试大纲的内容，评分标准、原则，历年真题范围，从而掌握出题原则及规律。从而掌握出题原则及规律。 打好基本功。打好基本功。 熟悉各种文体的结构特点，写作技巧及常用句型、套话等。如论说文的常熟悉各种文体的结构特点，写作技巧及常用句型、套话等。如论说文的常用开头法有谚语法、定义法、引用法、提问法、直接法、间接法、故事法、用开头法有谚语法、定义法、引用法、提问法、直接法、间接法、故事法、概括法及综合法；中间段的扩展法有时间、空间、定义、分类、过程、例证、概括法及综合法；中间段的扩展法有时间、空间、定义、分类、过程、例证、比较与对比及因果法；结尾段常用方法有重述法、总结法、提问法、预测法、比较与对比及因果法；结尾段常用方法有重述法、总结法、提问法、预测法、建议法及名言法等。建议法及名言法等。熟练掌握一些常用于论说文中的起、承、转、合结构的词（组）或句型熟练掌握一些常用于论说文中的起、承、转、合结构的词（组）或句型结构。结构。勤学苦练，熟能生巧。有意识地多读多背一些写作范文，最好根据文章勤学苦练，熟能生巧。有意识地多读多背一些写作范文，最好根据文章题目和纲要求按自己的思路先试写一下，然后对照范文找出差距，多收集整题目和纲要求按自己的思路先试写一下，然后对照范文找出差距，多收集整理一些涉及社会热点话题的文章，做好信息的储备，以防写作时无话可说。理一些涉及社会热点话题的文章，做好信息的储备，以防写作时无话可说。平时在阅读英语文章及做模拟题时，见到好的词汇、句型及表达方法绝平时在阅读英语文章及做模拟题时，见到好的词汇、句型及表达方法绝不放过，把握分析一些好文章的结构及发展脉络，养成层次和条理上的好习不放过，把握分析一些好文章的结构及发展脉络，养成层次和条理上的好习惯。惯。熟悉各种应试技巧：如何开头，如何结尾；如何识别提纲中的关键词；熟悉各种应试技巧：如何开头，如何结尾；如何识别提纲中的关键词；如何将提纲转化为各段的主题句；如何描述图表内容，如何提出问题并加以如何将提纲转化为各段的主题句；如何描述图表内容，如何提出问题并加以分析和说明；等等。分析和说明；等等。7遵循科学的写作步骤遵循科学的写作步骤1.仔细审题、立意。确立主题思想，理清思路，初步建立写作框架。2.组织素材。围绕主题收集素材，加以筛选归类，排列整理。3.撰写提纲。把每段的主要观点和主题思想提炼出来，并列出若干相关的理据和例证。4.行文。依据主题思想和已定框架结构加入相应的素材，使之具体化和丰满化。选词组句要富有新意和变化，长短结合，简单并列复合句交替使用。倒装、强调句型灵活运用，使文章平中出奇。5.修改订正。特别要注意订正文中的语法及拼写错误。（动词时态语态，名词单、复数，主谓一致，代词性、数、格等低级语言错误）8选词选词四级4.5k六级6k词汇掌握不在于量，而在于质。词义理解要全面透彻（概念意义、关联意义）措词要严谨（词义搭配、褒贬意义、感情色彩等）把握好词类及其语法功能，区分同义词和词形相近词有意识使用六级大纲规定的超出四级范围之外的那些词或短语9(1)老师 teacher(2)老板 boss(3)老战士aveteran(4)老领导aseniorleader(5)老师傅amastercraftsman(6)老闺女theyoungestdaughter(7)老黄牛awillingox(8)老芹菜overgrowncelery(9)老皇历out-of-datecalendar(10)老生常谈commonplace/hometruth老101: individuals, characters, folks替换(people, persons) 2: positive, favorable, rosy (美好的)，promising(有希望的)，perfect, pleasurable, excellent, outstanding, superior替换good 3:dreadful, unfavorable, poor, adverse, ill (有害的)替换bad如果bad做表语，可以有be less impressive替换 e.g. An army of college students indulge themselves in playing games, enjoying romance with girls/boys or killing time passively in their dorms. When it approaches to graduation, as a result, they find their academic records are less impressive. 4.(an army of, an ocean of, a sea of, a multitude of ,a host of, many, if not most)替换many. 注：用many, if not most 一定要小心，many后一定要有词。 e.g. Many individuals, if not most, harbor the idea that.同理 用most, if not all,替换most. 5. a slice of, quiet a few , several替换some 6:harbor the idea that, take the attitude that, hold the view that, it is widely shared that, it is universally acknowledged that)替think(因为是书面语，所以要加that) 7:affair business ,matter 替换thing 8: shared 代 common 9.reap huge fruits 替换get many benefits ) 10:for my part ,from my own perspective 替换 in my opinion 11:Increasing(ly),growing 替换more and more( 注意没有growingly这种形式。所以当修饰名词时用increasing/growing.修饰形容词，副词用increasingly. e.g. sth has gained growing popularity. sth is increasingly popular with the advancement of sth. 1112.little if anything, 或little or nothing替换hardly 13.beneficial, rewarding替换helpful, 14.shopper,client,consumer,purchaser, 替换customer 15.exceedingly,extremely, intensely 替换very 16.hardly necessary, hardly inevitable . 替换 unnecessary, avoidable 17.sth appeals to sb, sth exerts a tremendous fascination on sb 替换sb take interest in / sb. be interested in 18.capture ones attention替换attract ones attention. 19.facet,demension,sphere代aspect 20.be indicative of ,be suggestive of ,be fearful of代 indicate, suggest ,fear 21.give rise to, lead to, result in, trigger 替换cause. 22. There are several reasons behind sth 替换.reasons for sth 23.desire 替换want. 24.pour attention into 替换pay attention to 25.bear in mind that 替换remember 26. enjoy, possess 替换have(注意process是过程的意思) 27. interaction替换communication 28.frown on sth替换 be against , disagree with sth 29.to name only a few, as an example替换 for example, for instance 30. next to / virtually impossible,替换nearly / almost impossible12炼句炼句把好句子关，避免出现语法和结构错误The result being that he lost the presidential position.The girl made the fire, the boy cooked the steak.To swim properly, a course of instruction is necessary. (Dangling structure悬垂)举一反三，替换、扩充、变换句式狂背一些好的句型和地道表达（包括多记谚语格言，名言警句）13英文写作必背之英文写作必背之35句型句型一、 the + est + 名词 + (that) + 主词 + have ever + seen ( known/heard/had/read, etc) the most + 形容词 + 名词 + (that) + 主词 + have ever + seen ( known/heard/had/read, etc) Helen is the most beautiful girl that I have ever seen. 海伦是我所看过最美丽的女孩。 Mr. Chang is the kindest teacher that I have ever had. 张老师是我曾经遇到最仁慈的教师。二、Nothing is + er than to + V Nothing is + more + 形容词 + than to + V Nothing is more important than to receive education. 没有比接受教育更重要的事。三、 cannot emphasize the importance of too much.（再怎么强调.的重要性也不为过。） We cannot emphasize the importance of protecting our eyes too much. 我们再怎么强调保护眼睛的重要性也不为过。四、There is no denying that + S + V .（不可否认的.） There is no denying that the qualities of our living have gone from bad to worse. 不可否认的，我们的生活品质已经每况愈下。 五、It is universally acknowledged that + 句子 （全世界都知道.） It is universally acknowledged that trees are indispensable to us. 全世界都知道树木对我们是不可或缺的。14六、There is no doubt that + 句子 （毫无疑问的.） There is no doubt that our educational system leaves something to be desired. 毫无疑问的我们的教育制度令人不满意。 七、An advantage of is that + 句子 （.的优点是.） An advantage of using the solar energy is that it wont create (produce) any pollution. 使用太阳能的优点是它不会制造任何污染。八、The reason why + 句子 is that + 句子 （.的原因是.） The reason why we have to grow trees is that they can provide us with fresh air./ The reason why we have to grow trees is that they can supply fresh air for us. 我们必须种树的原因是它们能供应我们新鲜的空气。九、So + 形容词 + be + 主词 + that + 句子 （如此.以致于.） So precious is time that we cant afford to waste it. 时间是如此珍贵，我们经不起浪费它。十、Adj + as + Subject（主词）+ be, S + V （虽然.） Rich as our country is, the qualities of our living are by no means satisfactory. by no means = in no way = on no account 一点也不 虽然我们的国家富有，我们的生活品质绝对令人不满意。15十一、The+er+S+V,the+er+S+VThe+more+Adj+S+V,the+more+Adj+S+V（愈.愈.） The harder you work, the more progress you make.你愈努力，你愈进步。 The more books we read, the more learned we become.书读得愈多，就愈有学问。十二、By+Ving,can（借着.，.能够.） By taking exercise, we can always stay healthy. 借着做运动，我们能够始终保持健康。十三、enable+Object（受词）+to+V（.使.能够.） Listening to music enable us to feel relaxed. 听音乐使我们能够感觉轻松。十四、Onnoaccountcanwe+V（我们绝对不能.） On no account can we ignore the value of knowledge. 我们绝对不能忽略知识的价值。十五、Itistime+S+过去式（该是.的时候了） It is time the authorities concerned took proper steps to solve the traffic problems. 该是有关当局采取适当的措施来解决交通问题的时候了。16十六、Thosewho（.的人.） Thosewhoviolatetrafficregulationsshouldbepunished. 违反交通规定的人应该受处罚。十七、Thereisnoonebut（没有人不.） Thereisnoonebutlongstogotocollege. 没有人不渴望上大学。十八、be+forced/compelled/obliged+to+V（不得不.） Sincetheexaminationisaroundthecorner,Iamcompelledtogiveupdoingsports. 既然考试迫在眉睫，我不得不放弃做运动。十九、It isconceivablethat+句子（可想而知的） Itisobviousthat+句子（明显的） Itisapparentthat+句子（显然的） Itisconceivablethatknowledgeplaysan importantroleinourlife. 可想而知/显然，知识在我们的一生中扮演着重要的角色。二十、Thatisthereasonwhy（那就是.的原因） Summerissultry.Thatisthereasonwhy Idontlikeit. 夏天很闷热。这就是我不喜欢它的原因。17二十一、Forthepast+时间，S+现在完成式.（过去.年来，.一直.） Forthepasttwoyears,Ihavebeenbusypreparingfortheexamination. 过去两年来，我一直忙着准备考试。二十二、Since+S+过去式，S+现在完成式。 Sincehewenttoseniorhighschool,he hasworkedveryhard. 自从他上高中，他一直很用功。二十三、Itpaysto+V（.是值得的。） Itpaystohelpothers. 帮助别人是值得的。二十四、bebasedon（以.为基础） Theprogressoftheesocietyisbasedon harmony. 社会的进步是以和谐为基础的。二十五、Sparenoeffortto+V（不遗余力的） We shouldspare no effort to beautify our environment. 我们应该不遗余力的美化我们的环境。18二十六、bringhometo+人+事（让.明白.事） We should bring home to people the value of working hard. 我们应该让人们明白努力的价值。二十七、becloselyrelatedto（与.息息相关） Taking exercise is closely related to health. 做运动与健康息息相关。二十八、Getintothehabitof+Ving=makeitaruleto+V（养成.的习惯） Weshouldgetintothehabitofkeepinggood hours. 我们应该养成早睡早起的习惯。二十九、Dueto/Owingto/Thanksto+N/Ving,（因为.） Thankstohisencouragement,Ifinallyrealizedmydream. 因为他的鼓励，我终于实现我的梦想。三十、Whata+Adj+N+S+V!=How+Adj+a+N+V!（多么.！） Whatanimportantthingitistokeepourpromise! Howimportantathingitistokeepourpromise! 遵守诺言是多么重要的事！19三十一、Leavemuchtobedesired（令人不满意） The condition of our traffic leaves much to be desired. 我们的交通状况令人不满意。三十二、Haveagreatinfluenceon（对.有很大的影响） Smokinghasagreatinfluenceonourhealth. 抽烟对我们的健康有很大的影响。三十三、dogoodto（对.有益），doharmto（对.有害） Readingdoesgoodtoourmind.读书对心灵有益。 Overworkdoesharmtohealth.工作过度对健康有害。 Pose a great threat to（对.造成一大威胁） Pollutionposesagreatthreattoourexistence. 污染对我们的生存造成一大威胁。三十五、doonesutmostto+V=doonesbest（尽全力去.） We should do our utmost to achieve our goal in life. 我们应尽全力去达成我们的人生目标。20v句子可长可短，同一件事，可以用不同的句式表达。如果句子清一色是简单句子可长可短，同一件事，可以用不同的句式表达。如果句子清一色是简单句，文章必定很单调乏味。如果全篇充满了冗长的复杂句，读起来也很费力。句，文章必定很单调乏味。如果全篇充满了冗长的复杂句，读起来也很费力。最好的方法是以简单句为基础，配合适当的并列句和复杂句。简单句可长可最好的方法是以简单句为基础，配合适当的并列句和复杂句。简单句可长可短，通常要加些附属成分，如分词短语、介词短语、副词短语、不定式动词短，通常要加些附属成分，如分词短语、介词短语、副词短语、不定式动词短语，以及节缩成分。短语，以及节缩成分。 总之，作者可根据情况，使句子多样化，使文章灵活多姿。例如下列五总之，作者可根据情况，使句子多样化，使文章灵活多姿。例如下列五个句子的基本概念一样，但是句式不同，内容重点也有些差别：个句子的基本概念一样，但是句式不同，内容重点也有些差别： (1) The goats grazed peacefully in the farm and were unaware of the approaching hunter. (并列分句并列分句(1)+2) (2) Grazing peacefully, the goats in the farm were unaware of the approaching hunter. (现在分语短语现在分语短语+简单句简单句) (3) In the farm, the goats grazed peacefully and were unaware of the approaching hunter. (副词短语副词短语+并列分句并列分句(1)-(2) ) (4) There were goats grazing peacefully in the farm, unaware of the approaching hunter. (简单句简单句+形容语短语形容语短语) (5) As the goats grazed peacefully in the farm, they were unaware of the approaching hunter. (原因副词从句原因副词从句+主句主句) (1)和和(5)的句式最常见；如果加上其他三种互相交替，句子不是更多样化的句式最常见；如果加上其他三种互相交替，句子不是更多样化吗？吗？怎样使句子多样化？21 看看这两个句子要如何多样化呢？(6) The young pilot was on his first overseas training. (7) He felt very uneasy. (a) The young pilot on his first overseas training felt very uneasy. (b) The young pilot felt very uneasy during his first overseas training. (c) The young pilots first overseas training made him feel very uneasy. (d) Extreme uneasiness seized the young pilot on his first overseas training. (e) The young pilot was on his first overseas training, feeling very uneasy. (f) It being his first overseas training, the young pilot felt very uneasy. (g) Being on his first overseas training, the young pilot felt very uneasy. (h) The young pilot was on his first overseas training and felt very uneasy. (i) The young pilot, who was on his first overseas training, felt very uneasy. (j) When the young pilot was on his/first overseas training, he felt very uneasy. (k) As the young pilot was on his first overseas training, he felt very uneasy. (l) The young pilot was on his first overseas training, so that he felt very uneasy. 在上述12个句子中，(a)-(g)是简单句；(h)是并列句；(i)-(l)是复杂句。简单句除(b)和(g)之外，其他五样，用的人并不多。人们最喜欢采用复杂句，尤其是(j)和(k)这两句；接着便是并列句(h)。如果大多数人的句子只限于(b),(g), (h), (j)和(k)这五种，而其他的则弃如敝屣，不是很可惜吗？怎样使句子多样化？22Dont gild the lily. 不要给百合花镀金/画蛇添足。 (英国剧作家 莎士比亚 . W .) I can live for two months on a good compliment. (Mark Twain , American writer) 只凭一句赞美的话我就可以充实地活上两个月。(美国作家 马克?吐温) It is no use doing what you like ; you have got to like what you do.(Winston Churchill , British prime minister) 不能爱哪行才干哪行，要干哪行爱哪行。 (美国首相 丘吉尔. W.) My philosophy of life is work . (Thomas Alva Edison , American inventor) 我的人生哲学就是工作。 (美国发明家 爱迪生 . T . A .) When work is a pleasure , life is joy ! When work is duty , life is slavery. (Maxim Gorky , Russian writer ) 工作是一种乐趣时，生活是一种享受！工作是一种义务时，生活则是一种苦役。(俄国作家 高尔基. M.) Work banishes those three great evils : boredom , vice, and poverty. (Voltaire, French philosopher ) 工作撵跑三个魔鬼：无聊、堕落和贫穷。 (法国哲学家 伏尔基泰) Activity is the only road to knowledge. (George Bernard Shaw , British dramatist) 行动是通往知识的唯一道路 。 (英国剧作家 肖伯纳. G.) A free man obtains knowledge from many sources 1 besides books. (Thomas Jefferson , American president) 一个自由的人除了从书本上获取知识外，还可以从许多别的来源获得知识。(美国总统杰斐逊) A great part to the information I have was acquired by looking up something and finding something else on the way .(Adams Franklin , American humorist ) 我的大部分知识都是这样获得的：在寻找某个资料时意外的发现了另上的资料。(美国幽默作家 富兰克林) 23If a man empties his purse into his head , no man can take it away from him, an investment in knowledge always pays the best interest .(Benjamin Franklin , American president ) 倾已所有追求知识，没有人能夺走它；向知识投资，收益最佳。(美国总统 富兰克林) Imagination is more important than knowledge .(Albert Einstein , American scientist ) 想象力比知识更为重要。 (美国科学家 爱因斯坦) Knowledge is power. (Francis Bacon , British philosopher ) 知识就是力量。 (英国培根) The empty vessels make the greatest sound . (William Shakespeare , British dramatist ) 满瓶不响，半瓶咣当。 (英国剧作家 莎士比亚) Better be unborn than untaught , for ignorance is the root of misfortune. (Plato , Ancient Greek philosopher) 与其不受教育,不如不生,因为无知是不幸的根源.(古希腊哲学家 柏拉图) Genius17 without education is like silver in the mine. (Benjamin Franklin, American president ) 未受教育的天才，犹如矿中之银。 (美国总统 富兰克林) The roots of education are bitter , but the fruit is sweet .(Aristotle, Ancient Greek philosopher ) 教育的根是苦的，但其果实是甜的。( 古希腊哲学家 亚里士多德) 24段落段落段落是文章的缩影。写好了段落，就能比较成功地写出了较好的文章。大学英语的写作重点就是从选词造句转入到联句成段和联段成篇上。进行段落层次上的写作训练，是写好英语文章的关键一环。下面介绍的是段落结构。段落（paragraph）是由表达单一中心思想（controllingideaorcentralidea）的一组句子（包括主题句topicsentence,推展句supportingsentences及结论句concludingsentence）构成，是文章结构的基本独立单位。段落的扩展段落比例分配不合理，引言部分太长，中间部分苛求全面详尽完美，结尾匆匆收笔，倒金字塔式，虎头蛇尾，头重脚轻不写提纲，造成整体思路不连贯，思维跳跃性大，随意性强，时态混乱，条理不清，难以做到首尾呼应，一气呵成。缺乏过渡和衔接确立主题句思想（段落是由一系列在逻辑和结构上有关联的句子组成，以阐明和深化一个主题，有了主题句，接下来才有拓展句和总结句）251.主题句（topic sentence）是表达段落主题的句子。它用以概括段落大意，要求全段其他文字都围绕它展开。紧紧把握主题句中controlling idea的导向和制约作用，是短文写作成功关键之一。请看下例：My mother has passed along to me certain rules for getting along with others. Dont argue with parents; they will think you dont love them. Dont argue with children; they will think themselves victimized. Dont argue with spouses; they will think you are a tiresome mate. Dont argue with strangers; they will think you are not friendly. My mothers rules, in fact, can be summed up in two words: Dont argue.主题句中提出的 “certain rules” 指的是什么？展开句中通过四个Dont argue- 逐一加以交代。从结构来看，这是一个比较典型的段落，它包括了主题句，推展句和结论句（即本段中的末句）。26主题句的特点主题句的特点一般为陈述句。一般要表明观点，而非陈述事实。表明态度和观点必须坚决、鲜明，不能含糊其辞，模棱两可。尽量做到每段都有。11主题句的位置主题句通常放在段落的开端，其特点是开门见山地摆出问题，然后加以详细说明。其作用是使文章的结构更清晰，更具说服力，便于读者迅速地把握主题和想象全段的内容。主题句可以放在段中起到承上启下的作用，或放在段尾起概括全段的作用。但初学者比较难于掌握，因而在四六级考试中，考生应尽量采用将主题句放在段落开头的写作手法。2712 如何写好主题句中的关键词 段落的主题句对主题的限定主要是通过句中的关键词来表现的。关键词要尽量写得具体些。对“具体”的要求包括两个方面：一是要具体到能控制和限制段落的发展；二是要具体到能说明段落发展的方法。准确地把握关键词是清楚地表达段落主题、写好段落主题句的重要前提之一。原句1: He can fix a bicycle himself.划线部分应为主题句中的关键词。但它只是限制了段落发展的部分内容，并没有告诉读者该用哪种方法展开，是用因果关系法还是用分类法？修正：He can fix a bicycle himself in several simple steps. 修正：There are several reasons why he can fix a bicycle himself.原句2: She tries to improve her looks. 划线部分应为主题句中的关键词。她试着改变她面容的理由是什么？或者她采取什么方法来改善呢？我们无法从关键词中清楚得知。修正：She tries many ways to improve her looks. 修正：There are some reasons why she tries to improve her looks.28推展句推展句推展句(major supporting statement)的主要特点是：围绕段落主题句展开的每一个推展句本身都不要求作进一步的说明或证明，句与句之间的关系是相互独立又是互相连接的。 主题句及关键词确定后，开始选择和主题有关的信息和素材。实质上，针对关键词测试，每一个所选择的素材就是一个分类的过程。有一种常用的方法就是句子展开前加以设问，然后解答，即设问解答(why-because)的方法。下面我们通过举例来看一看这种分类过程是如何完成的。29假设(suppose) Topic sentence: English is an international language.设问(why) Why can we say English is an international language?解答(because)Because: English is spoken by pilots and airport control operators on all the airways of the world. Because: Over 70 percent of the worlds mail is written in English. Because: More than 60 percent of the worlds radio programs are in English.Because: Pakistan was once one of the British colonies. Because: Many members of the International Language Society are selected from English-spoken countries.从上面可以看出，最初的三个推展句是和关键词an international language是一致的。当然，在扩展段落时，没有必要在每个句子开头写上 “because”，但是，在动笔展开句子时，头脑里要始终想着这个词，这样能帮助你把注意力集中在某个中心，使段落围绕主题思想层层展开。30如何使段落的扩展得以实现如何使段落的扩展得以实现例证法例证法 万法之母万法之母框架：提出论点列举例证分析例证（给出细节）得出结论（重述论点）比较对比法因果法并列法四种方法可以同时使用31段落的扩展方式段落的扩展方式举例法(example)作者通过举出具体事例来阐述、说明主题句的内容，严格地讲，举例法也是列举法的一种，它们的区别在于：列举法侧重罗列事实，所列事实力求全面；而举例法侧重通过举出典型事例来解释作者观点，且事例可多可少。我们来看下面这个用举例法展开的段落。There are many different forms of exercises to suit different tastes. For example, those who enjoy competitive sports may take up ball games. For another example, if they prefer to exercise alone, they can have a run or take a walk in the morning or in the evening. Besides, people can go swimming in the summer and go skating in the winter. In short, no matter what their interests are, people can always find more than one sports that are suitable to them.本段采用了三个事例来说明主题句中的关键词组different forms of exercises，这三个例子分别由连接词for example, for another example 和besides引出，最后由引导的结尾句总结全段内容。举例法中常用的连接词有：for example (instance), one example is, besides, furthermore, moreover, in addition等。32文章主体段落扩展四大杀手锏之二：对比法或比较法文章主体段落扩展四大杀手锏之二：对比法或比较法 世界上没有同样的指纹，没有相同的树叶，文章亦同，只有通过比较，你才会发现二者的相同点（through comparison）和不同点（through contrast）。对比法或比较法(comparison & contrast) 将同类的事物按照某种特定的规则进行比较分析是一种常用的思维方法。通过对比，更容易阐述所述对象之间的异同和优缺点，例如： The heart of an electronic computer lies in its vacuum tubes, or transistors. Its electronic circuits work a thousand times faster than the nicer cells in the human brain. A problem that might take a human being a long time to solve can be solved by a computer in one minute. 在这段文字上， 作者为了突出电子计算机运行速度之快，首先将它与人脑进行了比较， “-a thousand times faster than -” ;而后，又将这一概念具体到了 “a problem”上，通过对比使读者从 “-a long time -in one minute”上有更加直观的认识。常用于对本法或比较法上的过渡连接词有：than, compared with等。下面是一些短语表明这种比较或对比的关系。相似的比较：In comparison, likewise, similarly, in the same manner 相反的比较： On the other hand, conversely, whereas, while, instead, nevertheless, in contrast, on the contrary, compared with, 33三、因果法的两种模式：在阐述某一现象的段落中，常采用因果分析法。例如： The role of women in todays society is changing. One reason is that women have begun to assert themselves as independent through the womens movement. Also, women are aware of the alternatives to staying at home. Another reason is that increasing numbers of women who enter new fields and interests serve as role models for other women. Moreover, men are becoming more conscious of the abilities of women and have begun to view their independence positively.本段中，主题句提出了一种社会现象，推展句则对产生这种现象的原因作出各种解释。常用于因果分析法的连接词有：because, so, as a result等。 (不同的事物或一个事物的不同方面)1.我认为因为我觉得比如说你看你再看你接着看你继续看2.我认为因为我觉得比如说你看又比如说你看再比如说你看34四、并列法（换言之，重言法） 没话说了，可以换一句话再说，让你的文章在多一些字，句子的一部分反复出现在段落中，这就是重复法。它往往造成一种步步紧逼的气氛，使文章结构紧凑，有感染力。比如：Since that time, which is far enough away from now, I have often thought that few people know what secrecy there is in the young, under terror. I was in mortal terror of the young man who wanted my heart and liver; I was in mortal terror of my interlocutor with the iron leg; I was in mortal terror of myself, from whom an awful promise had been extracted; 该段中反复应用了I was in mortal terror of 我经常处于恐怖之中。下面的句子实际上就三个字 I love you! I am enthusiastic about you. That is to say, I love you. I am wild about you. In other words, I have fallen in love with you. 又例如：I cannot bear it. 可以用短语表达：I cannot put up with it. 因此可以这样说：I cannot bear it. That is to say, I cannot put up with it or I am fed up with it.更多短语：In more difficult language, in simpler words, put it more simply 以上，我们结合具体实例讨论了展开段落的几种方法。在实际写作中，我们往往不必拘泥于一种写作方法，而是将若干方法穿插在一起，使文章有声有色。35起承转合起承转合英文句子的上下连贯，段落的过渡衔接，主要靠“结构词”来表示。(1)如分段叙述某一个问题或表示顺序时，可用First，Second，Third或Inthefirstplace,Inthesecondplace,Lastbutnottheleastimportant来表示衔接。(2)举例说明时可用forexample，forinstance，toillustrate来表示。(3)进一步阐述时可用furthermore，inaddition，similarly，moreover来加以提示。(4)强调某一点的重要性时，可用surely，truly，undoubtedly，clearly，indeed，asamatteroffact来加强句子的力度。(5)作结论时可用therefore，insummary，consequently，inconclusion，inshort,inaword等来导出。(6)分析因果时可用because，dueto，sothat，asaresult等来表现主从句之间的逻辑关系。(7)转换思路时，可用but，however，nevertheless，otherwise等以示转折，而ontheonehand,ontheotherhand;ononesideofthecoin,ontheothersideofthecoin则可用来连接两个相反的事实或观点。(8)Itfollowsthat.Itcanbeinferredthat.Itsuggeststhat.则将读者引入作者的逻辑推理思路。36文章的开头一般来说应尽量做到开门见山，用简单明白的叙述引出文章文章的开头一般来说应尽量做到开门见山，用简单明白的叙述引出文章的话题，使读者了解文章要谈论什么，一下于引起读者的兴趣。作文常的话题，使读者了解文章要谈论什么，一下于引起读者的兴趣。作文常见的开头形式大致有以下几种：见的开头形式大致有以下几种：1开门见山，揭示主题开门见山，揭示主题文章一开头，就交待清楚文章的主题是什么。文章一开头，就交待清楚文章的主题是什么。如如“How I Spent My Vacation”(我怎样度假我怎样度假)的开头是：的开头是：I Spent my last vacation happily下面是题为下面是题为“Honesty”(谈诚实谈诚实)一文中的开头：一文中的开头：Honesty is one of the best virtuesAn honest man is always trusted and respectedOn the contrary, one who tells lies is regarded as a “liar”，and is looked upon by honest people英语作文的文章的开头372交代人物、事情、时间或环境开头在文章的开头，先把人物、事件和环境交待清楚。例如“A Trip to Jinshan” (去金山旅游)的开头：The day before yesterday my class went on a bus trip to Jinshan. The bus ride there took three hours. The long trip made us very tired, but the sight of the beautiful sea refreshed us. 3. 回忆性的开头用回忆的方法来开头。例如“A Trip to the Taishan Mountain”(泰山游)的开头是：I remember my first trip to the Taishan Mountain as if it were yesterday.4概括性的开头即对要在文章中叙述的人或事先作一个概括性的介绍。如“The Happiness of Reading Books”(读书的快乐)的开头：People often say that gold and silver are the most valuable things in the world. But I say that to read books is more valuable than anything else, because books give us knowledge and knowledge gives us power.38v5介绍环境式的开头即开头利用自然景物或自然环境引出要介绍的事物。如“An Accident”(一场事故)的开头是:It was a rainy and windy morning. The sky was gloomy, the temperature was low, and the street was nearly empty. I was on my way back to school. Suddenly, a speeding car came round the corner. 6交待写作目的的开头。在文章的一开头就交待写作目的，如通过文章要表扬谁，批评谁，或说明一个什么问题等。如 “Pollution Control” (控制污染)的开头：In this article I shall draw your attention to the subject of pollution control.39 英语作文的文章的结尾英语作文的文章的结尾文章结尾的形式也是多种多样的，常见的有以下几种：1首尾呼应，画龙点睛在文章的结尾，把含义较深的话放在末尾，以点明主题，深化主题，起到画龙点睛的效果。如“ICannotForgetHer”(我忘不了她)的结尾：Afterherdeath,Ifeltasifsomethingweremissinginmylife.Iwassadoverherpassingaway,butIknewshewouldnothavehadanyregretsathavinggivenherlifeforthebenefitofthepeople.2重复主题句结尾回到文章开头阐明的中心思想或主题句上，达到强调的效果。如“ILoveMyHomeTown”(我爱家乡)的结尾：Ilovemyhometown,andIloveitspeople.Theytoohavechanged.Theyaregoingallouttodomoreforthegoodofourmotherland.3.自然结尾随着文章的结束，文章自然而然地结尾。如“Fishing”(钓鱼)的结尾：Icaughtasmanyastwentyfishintwohours,butmybrothercaughtmanymore.Tiredfromfishing,welaydownontheriverbank,bathinginthesun.Wereturnedhomeverylate.404含蓄性的结尾用比喻或含蓄的手法不直接点明作者的看法，而是让读者自己去领会和思考。如“A Day of Harvesting”(收割的日子)的结尾：Evening came before we realized it. We put down our sickles and looked at each other. Our clothes were wet with sweat, but on every face there was a smile.5用反问结尾虽然形式是问句，但意义却是肯定的，并具有特别的强调作用，引起读者深思。如 “Should We Learn to Do Housework?” (我们要不要学做家务?) 的结尾。Everyone should learn to do housework. Dont you agree, boys and girls?6指明方向，激励读者结尾表示对将来的展望，或期待读者投入行动。如“Lets Go in for Sports”(让我们参加体育运动)的结尾：As we have said above, sports can be of great value. They not only make people live happily but also help people to learn virtues and do their work better. A sound mind is in a sound body. Lets go in for sports.文章的结尾没有一定的模式，可以根据表达主题的需要灵活创造。一般的习惯是，一些记叙文和描写文经常采用自然结尾的方法；但说理性和逻辑性较强的说明文和议论文则往往都有结束语，以便使文章首尾呼应，结构完整。41六级写作试题按体裁分类六级写作试题按体裁分类记叙文在写记叙文的过程中，要抓住事件发生的时间，地点，人物，原因，结果等几个要素描写文在写描写文时，就必须围绕中心，突出重点，层次分明，并且要带有一定的感情色彩说明文在写说明文时，我们可以采用各种方法，如举例法，定义法，比较法等来抓住事物的特点，揭示事物的本质，规律及意义议论文在写议论文时，很重要的一点是提出自己观点，并说服读者接受自己的观点应用文在写应用文时要求格式准确，语言通俗，言简意赅42六级写作试题按出题样式分类六级写作试题按出题样式分类提纲式作文图表式作文3. 书信体43布局谋篇布局谋篇-提纲式作文提纲式作文谋篇布局 (1)将提示的第一句作为文章的第一句将提示的第三句作为第一段的最后一句将提示的第二句展开成文章的中心段落结论段归纳概括，提出建议。例证标题： City Life and Suburban Life提纲： 1) 最近几年越来越多的人迁往近郊居住2 )城市生活和近郊生活各有特点3 ) 比较起来，我喜欢的是In recent years more and more homes are being pushed outwards as the activities of business, government and pleasure tend to be concentrated in the centers of the cities. Although most people are reluctant to move to the outskirts of the cities, I feel like living in the suburbs.It is true that the city can provide much convenience and entertainment, the very reason why people cant bear to part with city life. But the cost for the privilege of living in the city is also high. Whats more, there is more gas and noise pollution in the city, which is full of petrol fumes and toxic gases, torn by the roar of buses and taxies, and thronged ceaselessly by great crowds. In contrast, living near the countryside one can enjoy the clean atmosphere, the closeness to nature and the quiet, peaceful surroundings - the essentials of a healthy life. Although living in the suburbs one may suffer a little discomfort brought about by the necessity of traveling miles to work every day, it means nearly nothing when thinking of the high cost and heavily polluted environment of the city.The new suburban life is fast becoming a predominant pattern of living in most cities; and with the improvement of traffic and the perfection of services, it will prove to hold great superiority over city life.44谋篇布局( 2 )- 根据话题加引段，于段尾提出自己的观点(也就是提示中的第三句要求内容)- 将提示的第一句和第二句写成文章的中心段落- 根据文章的叙述重点，总结全文，提出方法等。标题： My View on College Students Part-time Jobs提纲 1)有人认为大学生做兼职工作很有好处;2)然而，有人认为大学生做兼职工作弊多利少;3)我的看法Nowadays, an increasing number of college students are doing part-time jobs. People hold different opinions on that.Some people think that there are many advantages for college students to have part-time jobs. Firstly, part-time jobs offer them opportunities to apply what they have learned in school and demonstrate their abilities. Secondly, it enables them to be more independent of their family and builds up their self-confidence. Thirdly, part-time experiences may be of great help to their future careers. Finally, part-time jobs can broaden their college lives and help them know more of themselves and society.However, some other people hold that doing part-time jobs has more disadvantages. The main job of college students is to study, not to work. If they have part-time jobs, they may have to reduce their time for sleep, rest, study and activities. Working several hours a day consumes a lot of time and energy and may affect their studies. As a result, they may find it hard to adjust to what the college expects of them as well as their employers expect, and finally, they may fall behind or fail in their studies.In my opinion, students can choose to take up a part-time job according to their own situation. The most important thing for them is to keep a good balance between part-time jobs and his study.45谋篇布局( 3 )- 将提示的第一句和第二句合为第一段，于段尾提出自己的观点;- 说明自己的理由;- 结论段总结全文标题： How to Achieve Success提纲：1 )有人说成功主要靠运气;2 )有人则认为成功主要靠勤奋，与运气毫无关系;3 )我的观点Some people say the key to success is the luck, while others claim it is hard work. As far as I am concerned, there are many factors contributing to success and the three fundamental ones are diligence, devotion and perseverance.Diligence is the first key factor to success. Diligence helps us remove ignorance, overcome difficulties, and enlighten our minds. It makes a fool wise, and a poor man rich. Devotion is another factor to success. Whatever we do, we must love it and do it whole-heartedly. Only when we set our minds on the job, can we do it well. Furthermore, perseverance, or a strong will, is the last key to success. Without a strong will, we are likely to give up when we meet some difficulties, let alone perform wonderful deeds.To conclude, all great men achieve success through diligence, devotion and perseverance. Just as the famous saying goes, No pains, no gains, Where there is a will, there is a way.46谋篇布局( 4 )将提示中的第一句做为第一段主题句，然后拓展开，将提示的第二句做为第二段的主题句，拓展说明将提示的第三句拓展成第三段，但注意与上面两段的照应，使其有总揽全文的作用。标题： On Housing Reform提示：1)旧房屋政策的弊端;2)房改带来的好处;3)我怎么办?The old house-allotting policy had at least two disadvantages. First, the government spent a lot of money building some houses, but these houses were allotted to people free of charge. Thus, the government would have no money to build more houses for people who badly needed them. Second, the persons who were in power could get more houses than those who were powerless. This was quite unfair.On the contrary, the new system of house allotment may bring about many new things. For example, the government will have more money which can be used in house construction. So, the housing industry can develop more quickly. Besides, because houses will be sold to people, the chances they get will be equal.When I enter the society, I would get a loan from the bank to buy my own house. Then, I would try to pay back the loan in the shortest time possible. After that, I would proudly claim: Now, I am the master of that house.47谋篇布局( 5 )将提示中的第一句作为文章的第一段，并提出主题;举例说明自己的观点;结论重述主题标题： On Punctuality提示：1 ) 准时在现代生活中仍然很重要;2 ) 试举例说明In our modern life, punctuality is one of the most important qualities that any person should possess. Punctuality demonstrates that you are reliable and can be trusted with responsibilities. Besides, it can make a person a good man. And if you are not punctual, you may injure others.We should practice punctuality for the sake of others, as well as ourselves. He who is punctual will accomplish far more in a day than he who is not so. Washington was remarkable for this virtue. His mother had taught him ever since his childhood to have certain hours for every employment, and to do everything at the appointed time. This habit helped, in his later life, to make him a good man. Without it, he could never have made such a success. Neglect ofpunctuality may injure both to others and to oneself. An applicant may be turned away just for thesake of being late for the interview. Students coming late for class will undoubtedly interrupt theteacher. Therefore, we ought never to say It is only once - I will not do so again to excuse ourselves; otherwise we will be tardier and we will fail in our society.In a word, if we form the habit of punctuality at school, it will be of great advantage to us in our future life.48图表式图表式图表式以图表作为信息来源的写作模式，通常模式为：描述图表-解释原因-自我评论三图一表-柱状图(bar graph)、线形图(line graph)、饼状图(pie graph)、表格(table)图表题文章写作逻辑结构：paragraph i:(1)描述图表：趋势描写; (2)描述图表：必要数据支持(细节性)。paragraph ii:(1)提出自己理由和观点; (2)细节性分论点(支持自己观点)。paragraph iii:(1)预测未来和提出解决方法; (2)总结全文和表达作者自己观点。49书信体书信体信内格式日期date (aug 5, 2003)称谓solution (dear sir or madamto whom it may concern),body部分顶格写，段落之间要空格。署名左下角sincerely yours,Li Ming书信题写作五点基本结构开门见山说意图咨询建议一二三不同内容可分段感谢客气不可少期盼回信成老套50各类作文基本模版各类作文基本模版(一)书信式开 头 段：1、告知对方你的身份(假如对方不认识你)dear sir/mr. Prometheus,i was a student at your college, enrolled in philosophy department./ i am a at your / i am a at your college, enrolled in the course./ my name is , i am .2、问候收信人(假如他/她是你的朋友)dear Prometheus,hello/hi. how are you? / i hope everything is fine. / how are things going with you?/ how are you getting on in?3、解释写信的原因(1)致谢：i deeply appreciate your courtesy and i hope to reciprocate your favor when the opportunity arises./ i am greatly indebted to you for (the double) you have gone to on my behalf./ thank you for your letter about studying in Canada./ i am writing to you to express my heartfelt gratitude./ i am writing to tell you how grateful i am for./ i would like to thank you most sincerely for.51各类作文基本模版各类作文基本模版 (2)抱怨：i am writing to complain about the poor service at your dining-room./ i am writing to express my dissatisfaction with/at / i wish to make a complaint about./ i am writing to draw your attention to./ i am afraid i have got a complaint about.(3) 致歉：i would be grateful if you would be so kind as to provide me with certain essential information regarding the following aspects./ i am writing to you because i am unable to./ i am terribly sorry that./ i would like to express my apologies for not being able to.(4)询问：i would like to obtain/request/seek/inquire about some information about/ i am writing to ask if you can do me a favor./ i would like some detailed information on/about52各类作文基本模版各类作文基本模版(二) 结 尾 段：1、发出请求(1) please give this matter your immediate attention.(2)i would very much appreciate it ifas soon as possible.(3)please render me some valuable advice which is conducive to my final decision.2、提供帮助(1)i hope these will be helpful, and please feel free to contact me for more information.(2)will be taking over responsibility for you and if you should need any assistance, she/he will be pleased to help you.3、再次表示歉意或感激(1)thank you for your kind assistance.(2)please accept my heartfelt thanks and deepest gratitude, now and always.(3)i am sorry that I cannot, and trust that you will understand.(4)in addition, let me apologize for any inconvenience I may have caused.(5)i shall feel obliged by a reply at your earliest convenience.(6)once again, I am sorry for any inconvenience caused.4、期盼回信(1)i look forward to your prompt response.(2)looking forward to a prompt reply.(3)i expect to hear from you very soon.(4)i hope to receive your reply shortly.53各类作文基本模版各类作文基本模版（二）提纲式作文 1、对立观点 A有人认为X 是好事，赞成X， 原因？ B有人认为X 是坏事，反对X，原因？ C我的看法。 Some people are in favor of X. According to them, 第一原因_。They also maintain that_ 另一原因_。By striking contrast, some others stand on a different ground. They argue that X is _harmful_. Meanwhile, they point out that_第一反对理由_ For instance, _举例_. There is some truth in both arguments. But I think the advantages of X overweigh its disadvantages. In addition to the above-mentioned negative effects it might bring about, X also may X 的有一个坏处。What we should do is to make use of the favorable effects and manage to avoid the negative effects.54各类作文基本模版各类作文基本模版 2 批驳观点 A提出一个观点。 B我不同意该观点。 Some people argue that (错误观点)。By saying that, they mean （对观点进一步解释）。An example they have presented is that （一个例子）. There might be some truth in their belief. However, if we explore this in depth, we can conclude that (与错误观点相反的观点). A number of reasons can be identified as the proof of my belief. (以下参照辩论文的议论文写法)。55各类作文基本模版各类作文基本模版3 社会问题（现象）类 A一个社会问题或者现象。(现象本身的描述+对社会的影响) B产生的原因 C解决方法。（如果是问题的话） Recently, there has been a growing concern among the public over (XXX).【引出现象/问题】(下面写现象的表现以及对社会的影响。) There are a couple of reasons accounting for this problem/phenomenon. (下面参照辩论式议论文的写法。) X has generated substantial impact on the society and our social life, to be illustrated in the following aspects. (参照辩论式议论文的写法)。 A dozen of measures are supposed to take to prevent X from doing more harm. 注意多种结尾方式(参照辩论式议论文的写法)56各类作文基本模版各类作文基本模版4利弊型议论文 Nowadays, there is a widespread concern over （the issue that）_作文题目_. In fact, there are both advantages and disadvantages in _题目议题_. Generally speaking, it is widely believed there are several positive aspects as follows. Firstly,_优点一_. And secondly _优点二_. However, _Topic_is without its own limitations and therefore have negative aspects. To begin with,_缺点一_. In addition, _缺点二_. To sum up, we should try to bring the advantages of _讨论议题_ into full play, and reduce the disadvantages to the minimum at the same time. In that case, we will definitely make a better use of the _topic_. 57各类作文基本模版各类作文基本模版（二）图表、图画式作文 注意事项：图表题通常要涉及到数字、数据问题，在表达不同阶段数字时，句式不要重复。 As is illustrated by the figure/percentage in the table（graph/pie/chart）,_【话题】_ has been on rise/decrease，dramatically/steadily rising/decreasing from_数字_ in _时间_ to _数字_ in 时间_. Judging from the sharp/marked decline/ rise in the chart, we may conclude that _. At least three sound reasons can be identified to account for _. In the first place,_. In the second place, _ can be attributed to the fact that _. In addition,_ is also responsible for _. From all those reasons given above, we can predict that the trend will continue for long, if no effective measures are taken. Therefore, it is crucial that_政府等职能部门_take every effort to _.58让文章有亮点让文章有亮点 要想获得高分就应在“正确”表达的基础上写出自己的特色，写出自己的“亮”点，就要在用词、造句或段落安排上都有独到之处。 一、词汇选择标新立异在写作中“较高级词汇”的使用主要是指使用大纲上没有的词语、使用通过构词法变化来的新词、使用同(近)义词或反义词等来代替常见词语。1)这栋房子在芳草街的一栋楼上。A: The flat is in a building on Fangcao Street.B: The flat situates in a building on Fangcao Street.分析:is in是常见词语，而situates in则是大纲上提到的高级词汇。2)在周末我们做很多作业。 A: At weekends, we have a lot of homework to do. B: At weekends, we have endless homework to do.分析:B句在表达时没有使用过于直接的a lot of，而是使用了endless。endless就是由大纲词汇end加后缀-less变化来的。3)洗澡间和厨房都很好。A: The bathroom and the kitchen are good.B: The bathroom and the kitchen are well-furnished.在表达要点时，B句使用了well furnished，这比good语气强，也显得生动。在造句时,“较高级词汇”如能运用贴切自然，哪怕整篇文章只用上一个，也会使你的作文显示出与众不同。59二、句式结构与众不同在造句时，既要使句子生动，又要使其简明扼要。1、使用与别人不同的表达方式，特别是要打破汉语句子结构的束缚，采用地道的英语思维习惯和表达方式。1)唐山曾在二十世纪八十年代发生过一次大地震。A: There was a strong earthquake in Tangshan in the 1960s.B: A terrible earthquake hit/struck Tangshan in the 1960s.大多数同学使用了there be结构，这是对的，但是B句却摒弃了常见句式。另辟蹊径而使用了“主语+谓 语+宾语”结构，且使用了terrible, hit/strike这样的词汇，更是难能可贵的。2)你八月十五日的来信我今天早晨收到了。A:I received your letter which was written on August 15th this morning.(多数人使用的方式)B: Your letter of August 15th reached/ got to me this morning.(与多数人使用的方式不同,简洁)2.使用一些强势句式，如强调句、感叹句、倒装句等，增强语句的表现力。如：3)他救了我妹妹。A: He saved my sister.(一般句式)B: It was he who saved my sister.(强调句式)4)我们看到庄稼和蔬菜长势喜人很是高兴。A: We are glad to see crops and vegetables growing so well.(一般陈述句)B: How glad we are to see crops and vegetables growing so well！(感叹句)603、句式多样，复杂得体。在写作中应避免使用相同长度的相同句型，而应注意句式的变化，如长短句结合，简单句、并列句与复合句共用，还可使用简化句等；一些较复杂的结构如独立主格，分词结构等也可使用。下面的表达中A句简单句多，而且多处使用there be结构，显得单调、乏味，而B句就有自己的特色。5)这是一套25平方米的住房，住房里面有卧室、有洗澡间、有厨房；卧室里有床、沙发、桌子和椅子等。A: Its a flat of 25 square meters. There is a bedroom in the flat. There is a bathroom and a kitchen in it, too. In the bedroom, there is a bed; there is a sofa, a desk and a chair as well.B: Its a flat of 25 square meters, with a bedroom, a bathroom and a kitchen. In the bedroom there is a bed, a sofa, a desk and a chair. 61三、布局谋篇独具匠心在写作中，我们可按时间、空间或其它逻辑顺序来安排各要点，同时为使主题突出，结构严谨，我们应注意学习和使用交代句以及段落的主题句等。在布局谋篇上，CET2002范文堪称典范。请看：Opinions are divided on the question.60% of the students are against the idea of entrance fees. They believe a public park should be free of charge. People need a place where they can rest and enjoy themselves. Charging entrance fees will no doubt keep some people away. What is more, it will become necessary to build gates and walls, which will do harm to the appearance of a city.On the other hand, 40% think that fees should be charged because you need money to pay gardens and other workers, and to buy plants and young trees. They suggested, however, fees should be charged low.62使文章富有表现力的手段：使文章富有表现力的手段：强调句Themorethemore倒装句口号：能倒的坚决倒，不能倒的创造条件也口号：能倒的坚决倒，不能倒的创造条件也要倒！要倒！On no account should we follow blindly.我们决不应盲从。比较结构和倍数关系修辞问句并列虚拟语气插入语(Ithinkyouareahooligan就不如You,Ithink,areahooligan)使用有一定难度的词汇631.文不对题或主题不突出2.结构松散，层次混乱3.缺乏有效地关联，思维逻辑混乱（代词及连接词使用不当）4.思路狭窄，例证堆砌，缺乏主题提升5.汉语式表达痕迹明显6.词汇语法和拼写错误出现三处以上（包括大小写和标点符号）7.卷面不洁，字体特别潦草8.抄袭阅读部分内容或胡乱写些其他不相干材料作文主要失分点：作文主要失分点：64写作拿高分的十大要领写作拿高分的十大要领 1.绝对不能提笔就写而是应该认真审题，看清题目的要求和提示，充分利用题目所提供的信息、关键词所圈定的范围，在确立主题后再动笔。2.文体要统一正式文体的文章不宜用非正式的语句。3.主题要突出4.文字要连贯一篇好文章要注重连贯性。连贯性主要体现在句子与句子、段落与段落的衔接上，这种衔接要通过过渡词语来实现，以达到文章通顺，语言流畅。5.内容要一致，要删除多余的词语，否则，一是破坏了文章的一致性，二是有凑字数之嫌。656.表达方式要多样化词、句型使用的多样化不仅给文章增加了色彩和可读性，与此同时也可反映考生的词汇量和语言掌握的程度等。为避免文章平淡、呆板，可使用不同的句式强调句、倒装句、否定句等等。长短句使用合理相间，用短句表达有力的结论，用长句体现严密的逻辑关系。7.考点要覆盖全无论是什么形式的写作都有写作内容上的要求，一般为三个方面。考生在动笔前一定要看清写作内容上的要求，以确保文章覆盖所有考点。8.语言要流畅评分标准已清楚地告诉考生文章要语言流畅、字句通顺、表达准确，这是得高分的基础。9.首尾要呼应10.检查要到位这个重要环节往往被考生忽略不计，而因为少了这个环节所造成的后果真可谓是功亏一篑。66There is no rule that has no exception.任何规则都有例外。任何规则都有例外。67预祝大家顺利通过六级考试！六级辅导班六级辅导班实力+技巧+练习=六级写作高分68