CET-4 完形填空完形填空 1一、完型填空题的设计l填空填空(Cloze)又称综合填空又称综合填空l命题原理是格式塔心理学，强调整体感知，完形命题原理是格式塔心理学，强调整体感知，完形填空测试的就是考生结合上下文的语境填空测试的就是考生结合上下文的语境(context)对英语的对英语的整体感知能力整体感知能力。l如果空格要求学生填入如果空格要求学生填入连词、介词、冠词连词、介词、冠词等，则等，则空格为空格为功能性功能性空格；如果要求填入空格；如果要求填入名词、形容词、名词、形容词、动词动词等实义词，则空格为等实义词，则空格为语义语义空格。目前，完形空格。目前，完形填空试题的题目难度不断加大，重点从传统项目填空试题的题目难度不断加大，重点从传统项目题逐渐转到对整体预感的测试和整个语篇的理解，题逐渐转到对整体预感的测试和整个语篇的理解，所以根据所以根据上下文选择词汇上下文选择词汇的题目比例正在增大。的题目比例正在增大。2二、完型填空题的做题步骤l步骤一，阅读主题句，把握总的思想。步骤一，阅读主题句，把握总的思想。lWriting in a diary, watching television, talking with friends, speaking on the telephone, and reading a menu-what do they have in common? . Thus, _ may be defined as the means by which people exchange feelings and ideas with each other. A. information B. learning C. communication D. acquisition 3步骤二，选择答案。步骤二，选择答案。l按照先易后难的原则，即首先选出那些只根据上下文就能确定的直接的明显的答案。这就增强了信心，减轻了心理压力。然后瞻前顾后，不要忘记首尾照应。另外，要牢记文章的中心思想，每个空白处的含义应与前后句的意义联系起来理解。4步骤三，为不确定答案寻找线索。步骤三，为不确定答案寻找线索。 对于那些难度颇高的空格只有在对于那些难度颇高的空格只有在字里字里行间寻找线索。一定要上下连贯，合行间寻找线索。一定要上下连贯，合乎逻辑。乎逻辑。步骤四，回头补缺步骤四，回头补缺 不提倡在一个题上耽误太多的时间。不提倡在一个题上耽误太多的时间。步骤五，核实答案。步骤五，核实答案。 5三、考察内容|词汇词汇第一、第一、 词义辨析词义辨析（单词的掌握，基本义）（单词的掌握，基本义） 例例1 That “something special” was men creative individuals who could invent machines, find new 75 of power, and establish business organizations to reshape society. A) origins (由来,出身) B) sources C) bases D) discoveriesl第二、 形近词辨异例例1 Speaking quickly but almost in a whisper, she 75 everyone that the pilot had fainted and asked if any of the passengers knew anything about machines or at least how to drive a car. A) inquired B) insured C) informed D) instructed例例2 Following 88 , the man guided the plane toward the airfield. A) impression B) information C) inspections D) instructions7第三、第三、 词语搭配词语搭配例例1 The man had to circle the airport several times in order to become 85 with the controls of the plane. A) intimate B) familiar C) understood D) close例例2 Something 73 was needed to start the industrial process. A) else B) near C) extra D) similar8lTake it _69_ granted that he likes everything and he probably will A. with B. as C. over D. forlBut these various means of communication differ in important ways _68_ human language. A. about B. with C. from D. inlthe great tit(山雀) is a case _77_point. A. in B. at C. of D. for9语法：（句）语法：（句）第一、第一、 指代关系指代关系l例例1 The foreign research scholar usually isolates 76 in the laboratory as a means of protection; However, what he needs is to be fitted into a highly organized university system quite different from 79 at home.76. A) himself B) oneself C) him D) one79. A) those B) which C) what D) thatl例例 2 No two speakers speak in exactly the same way. We can always hear differences 74 them,74. A) between B) among C) of D) from10l例例 3 We can change an utterance by replacing one word in it with _73_. A. ours B. theirs C. another D. othersl例例4 They also suggest that our readers do not call for friends only among those who are most like them, but find many_78_ differ in race. 78. A. people B. who C. what D. friends11l第二、第二、 虚拟语气虚拟语气l例例1 Professors will help students who need it, but 84 that their students should not be too dependent on them.84. A) hate B) dislike C) like D) preferl例例 2 If places 87 alike, there would be little need for geographers. 87. A) being B) are C) be D) werel例例 3but _63_ you were to move the skin you would not tell anything about the race to which the individual belonged. A. since B. if C. as D. while12第三、第三、 倒装倒装部分倒装，即只有部分倒装，即只有系动词、助动词和情态动词系动词、助动词和情态动词参参与的倒装。常见的倒装结构可以分为四大类：与的倒装。常见的倒装结构可以分为四大类：1、 否定倒装。指否定副词或否定的副词性结构（hardly, seldom, scarcely, never, little, nowhere, not once ，under no circumstances, in no way， no sooner than）用于句首时所导致的倒装。如：Vitamins do not provide energy, _42_ do they construct or build any part of the body. A. either B. so C. nor D. never 132、 虚拟倒装。虚拟倒装。指在IF引导的虚拟条件句中，将IF省略，把should, had, were提至主语前，形成倒装。 e.g. Were I you, Ill never promise to do that.3、 强调倒装。强调倒装。为突出强调某一成分而将它提至句首时，实行倒装：句子结构要求倒装：如： a. so 倒装句 b. 以某些表示肯定的副词开头作状语：only, often， then, so c. 以某些表示否定的副词开头作状语；little, hardly, seldom, scarcely, never, nowhere, not once d. 某些表示否定的副词短语开头作状语: under no circumstances, in no way, no sooner than, hardly/scarcely/barelywhen/before e. As作“虽然但是”解时用半倒装。4、 省略倒装。省略倒装。涉及词语包括so, neither, nor l例例 _70_ does size have anything to do with intelligence.lA. Only B. Or C. Nor D. So14第四、从句和强调句型第四、从句和强调句型 l例例 1 The word geography comes from two Greek words, ge, the Greek word for “earth” and graphing, 75 means “to write”. A) what B) that C) which D) itl例例 2 but a bird has a single alarm cry, _75_ means “danger!” A. this B. that C. which D. itl例例 3 These secondary routes may go up steep slopes, along high cliffs, or down frightening hillsides to towns lying in deep valleys. Through these less direct routes, longer and slower, they generally go to places 88 the air is clean and the scenery (风景) is beautiful, A) there B) when C) which D) where 15第三、第三、 语篇考查语篇考查 （篇）（篇）例例 1 The United States is well-known for its network of major highways designed to help a driver get from one place to another in the shortest possible time. Although these wide modern roads are generally smooth and well maintained, with 73 sharp curves and many straight sections, a direct route is not always the most _75_ one. Large high ways often pass 76 scenic areas and interesting small towns.l73. A) little B) few C) much D) manyl75. A) terrible B) possible C) enjoyable D) profitablel76. A) to B) into C) over D) by16四、完型填空题的相应对策四、完型填空题的相应对策针对出题者的考察内容，我们有以下相应的对策： 第一种：词义与词形辨析第一种：词义与词形辨析同义词、反义词、形近词，和词的精确用法。 1) Geographers compare and contrast _ places in the world. A. similar B. various C. distant D. famous 172) The findings _ that issues of trust and betrayal are central to friendship. A. secure (保护) B. assure（保证） C. confirm（证实 ) D. resolve（决心，解决）3) The big shops, beautifully decorated and brightly lit, stay open long after dark. Shop owners like Christmas because it is a time when people _ presents. A. change B. exchange C. transfer （转移）D. transform （转变）18第二种：运用上下文逻辑关系填词。l作者除了在句子内部用指代（前指，后指）作者除了在句子内部用指代（前指，后指）、省略、连接外，还会运用到一些句与句、省略、连接外，还会运用到一些句与句之间的连词来表达之间的连词来表达并列、转折、对比、列并列、转折、对比、列举、原因、结果、让步、补充举、原因、结果、让步、补充等关系。下等关系。下面我们给大家一些常考的连接词：面我们给大家一些常考的连接词： 19l表示并列关系的：and, on the one hand, on the other, (也可表对比)l表示转折关系的：however, nevertheless, still, though, yet, in spite of, at any rate, in any case, etc.l表示对比关系的：on the contrary, in contrast, by contrast, in comparison, by comparison, conversely, etc.l表示补充关系的：also, further, furthermore, likewise, similarly, moreover, in addition, whats more, notbut, not only but also, etc.l表示让步关系的：although, though, no matter , even if, 20l表示原因关系的：because, since, as, for, now that, considering that, seeing that, in that, in as much as, on account of the fact that, for fear that, on the ground that, etc.l表示结果关系的：so, therefore, thus, hence, accordingly, consequently, as a result, etc.l表示列举关系的：first, second, third,firstly, secondly, next, in the first place, for one thing, to begin with, to conclude, etc.211) There are four types of blood. _ types are found in every race, and no types is distinct to any race. A. All B. Most C. No D. Some (上下文)2) The foreign research scholar usually isolates himself in the laboratory as a means of protection; _ what he really needs is to be fitted into a highly organized university system. A. otherwise B. moreover C. however D. also （逻辑关系）223) Earths animals are disappearing faster than they reproduce. Because there is too little research and too much ignorance, _ is aware of how much we are losing. A. anyone B. no one C. someone D. either one 4) This act (法案) was formed to protect endangered species. _, land developers and factory owners disagree. A. However B. Furthermore C. Therefore D. Though23第三种：固定搭配1) We judge race usually _ the coloring of the race: a white race, a brown race, a yellow race and a black race. A. in B. from C. at D. on 2) Unlike other social roles that we are expected to _1_- as citizens, employees, members of professional societies and _2_ organizations, it has its own principle. A. keep B. do C. show D. play A. all B. any C. other D. those24第四种：结构识别lbut, not only but also, some others, 等词组结构和一些重要的句型结构。There is no doubt that , so/suchthat, the sameas, it is that强调句型等等。lRich as our country is, the qualities of our living are by no means satisfactory. l The harder you work, the more progress you make. 251）They also suggested that our readers do not look for friends only among those who are most like them, _ find many who differ in race. A. only B. and C. but D. then2）Lets look at this definition in more detail because it is language, more than anything else, _62_ distinguishes man from the rest of the animal world. A. that B. it C. as D. what 26第五种：一些重点单词的特殊用法lProfessors should _ repeating in lectures material that is in the textbook. A. refuse B. prohibit C. prevent D. avoidlDespite the growing rate of divorce, but couples are now taking a different approach _ those wedding vows(誓言). A. making B. make C. to making D. to make 27第六种：语法大项。l定语从句、状语从句、非谓语动词、主谓一致、逻辑主语、宾语，句型句式等l1）The king placed wealth and power at Wagners disposal and made possible the building of a place- house, _ Wagners works could be performed (表演). A. and B. because C. there D. wherel2）Formal learning is de-contextualized from daily life and indeed, _ Scibner and Cole have observed, may actually “promote ways of learning and thinking ”. A. like B. as C. what D. which 28五、完型填空的解题技巧 技巧一：词汇手段（利用词汇复现）1、 原词复现原词复现 例例 1： but it is the subconscious (下意识的) 78 that go to work to dig up a dim memory. Meanwhile, deeper mental activities in the subconscious mind are taking place. A) deeds B) activities C) movements D) procedures292、同根词复现、同根词复现 l例例 1 ：Even if a grade is not given, the student is 77 for learning the material assigned. It is the students responsibility to find books, magazines, and articles in the library. A) criticized B) innocent C) responsible D) dismissed30l例例2： India or West Africa, where there is a long 81 of speaking English for general communication purposes, you should On the other hand, if you live in a country where there is no traditional use of English， A) custom B) use C) tradition D) habit313、上下义或同义词复现、上下义或同义词复现例例 1As a result, the trip had to be canceled, and they returned home _ and unhappy. A. disappointed B. disappointedly C. tired D. tiredly 324、解释型复现、解释型复现例1：Our new house is very _ for me as I can get to the office in five minutes. A adaptable B comfortable C convenient D available33技巧二：同现技巧二：同现l围绕一定的话题，一定的词往往会同时出现，这些词语属于同一个词汇套，形成了词汇链，因此，每当我们遇到了其中的一个词语时，根据情境便会联想到词汇套中的其他词语。比如，提到教室一词，下面出现的词可能就是：blackboard, desk, students, chair, floor, lights, etc. 34例1：My grandmother worked hard all day, making butter, washing clothes, cleaning the house, and even _ in the field when help was scarce. A. worked B. working C. did D. doing 35lI usually have the problem of parents coming in and telling me how they really _ their kids. They tell me they stand over them when they do their homework. They check their work and make a big fuss over their grades. They criticize the kids over everything having to do with school A. like B. treat C. hate D. make 36技巧三：同性元素相斥Within the next fifteen years man had gone to the moon, searching beneath its _ and dusty soil for signs of life. A. wet B. damp C. moist D. dry 37