Teaching aim: 1. Help students learn the definition and function of direct speech and reported speech,2.Help students learn how to change direct speech into reported speech in different tenses and sentence structure. MODULE 4 UNIT 1 ADVERTISEMENT GRAMMAR AND USAGE DIRECT SPEECH AND REPORTED SPEECH直接引语和间接引语直接引语和间接引语directspeechreportedspeechWeusedirectspeechtoreportwhatexactlyhasbeensaid.Ifwewritethespeechdown,thewordswillusuallyappearinquotationmarks.一、一、如果主句谓语动词为各种现在时或一般如果主句谓语动词为各种现在时或一般将来时，则间接引语中的动词仍保持将来时，则间接引语中的动词仍保持直接引语的原来直接引语的原来时态时态。例如：例如：直接引语直接引语间接引语间接引语1）Hesays,“Iamverybusytoday.”1）Hesaysthatheisverybusytoday.2）Hewillsay,“Ihavewateredtheflowers.”2）Hewillsaythathehaswateredtheflowers.Examples:Examples:4)“Ihavereceivedtheletter,”Tomsaidtome.4)Tomsaidtomethathehadreceivedtheletter.3)Hesaid,”ImleavingforBeijingthisafternoon.”3)HesaidthathewasleavingforBeijingthatafternoon.Examples:Examples:Examples:Examples:二、如果主句的谓语动词是过去时态，直接引语变为间接引语时，二、如果主句的谓语动词是过去时态，直接引语变为间接引语时，从句谓语动词的时态通常要作相应的变化。规则如下从句谓语动词的时态通常要作相应的变化。规则如下(时态呼应时态呼应)直接引语直接引语间接引语间接引语一般现在时一般现在时一般过去时一般过去时现在进行时现在进行时过去进行时过去进行时一般将来时一般将来时过去将来时过去将来时现在完成时现在完成时过去完成时过去完成时一般过去时一般过去时过去完成时过去完成时过去完成时过去完成时 1 . 1 .直接引语表述的是客观真理，变为间接直接引语表述的是客观真理，变为间接引语时，时态不变引语时，时态不变Eg:1)Thegeographyteachersaid,“Thesunrisesintheeastandsetsinthewest.”Thegeographyteachertoldusthatthesunrisesintheeastandsetsinthewest.SpecialcaseHe said that magnet attracts iron. 2)Hesaid,“Magnet(磁铁磁铁)attractsiron.”2.如果直接引语所表述的内容在目前和说话如果直接引语所表述的内容在目前和说话时同样有效，变间接引语时，时态时同样有效，变间接引语时，时态可可不变不变Eg:1) The children said, “We love this game.” They told us that they love that game.代词等一般也应作相应的变化代词等一般也应作相应的变化,变化方法如下表：变化方法如下表：在直接引语中在直接引语中在间接引语中在间接引语中指示代词指示代词表示时间表示时间的词的词表地点的词表地点的词动词动词this/thesethat/thosenow/todaythen/thatdaythisweek(month)thatweek(month)yesterdaythedaybeforelastyeartheyearbeforethepreviousyearetcthreedaysagothreedaysbeforenextweek(month)thenextdaythenextweek(month)tomorrowheretherecomegoHowtoreportstatements,questionsandimperative?陈述句陈述句(statements)变为以变为以that引导的引导的宾语从句宾语从句(陈述句序陈述句序),例如：例如：直接引语直接引语间接引语间接引语1.Shesaid,“Ourtrainwillarriveinfiveminutes.”Shesaid(that)theirtrainwouldarriveinfiveminutes.一）一） To report statements,We use object clauses introduced by “that” 2.“PSAsareoftenplacedforfree,”thewritersaid.ThewriterexplainedthatPSAsareoftenplacedforfree.Besides “tell, say”, the following words are also used to report statements:advise agree explain insist promise warn remind suggest一般疑问句变成一般疑问句变成if(whether是否是否)引导的宾语从句。引导的宾语从句。Eg:直接引语直接引语间接引语间接引语1）Hesaid,“Canyouswim,John?”1）HeaskedJohnif/whetherhecouldswim.2）Theteacheraskedtheclass“Haveyouallunderstoodme?”2）Theteacheraskedtheclassif/whethertheyhadallunderstoodher.二二) To report yes / no-questions, We use object clauses introduced by whether / if特殊疑问句变为由特殊疑问句变为由who,what,when,why,who,how等疑问词引导的宾语从句。等疑问词引导的宾语从句。Eg:直接引语直接引语间接引语间接引语1）Georgesaid,“WhenwillyougetbackfromLondon,John?”1）GeorgeaskedJohnwhenhewouldgetbackfromLondon.How to change this direct speech into indirect speech?I asked her, “How can that be true?” I asked her how that can be true. 三）三） Toreport wh-questions,we use object clauses introduced by wh-words. 2)“Wheredidyoufindtheadsforjobsabroad?”Billasked.BillaskedwhereIhadfoundtheadsforjobsabroad.直接引语是祈使句直接引语是祈使句,则间接引语变为动词不定式则间接引语变为动词不定式.即即:ask/tellsb.(not)todosth.eg:1）Theteachersaidtotheboy,“Openthewindow.”Theteachertoldtheboytoopenthewindow.四）四） To report imperative sentences(祈使句祈使句), we use the structure: reporting verb + obj. + (not) to-infinitive“Dont worry, Mike,” Jen said. Jen asked Mike not to worry.2)Thesalesmansaidtome,“Readwhatsomeofoursatisfiedcustomerssay.”The salesman asked me to read what some of their satisfied customers said. There are other verbs that can be used in this structure to report imperative sentencesadvise encourage invite remind warn1. “Dont believe every advertisement you read,” Michelle said to me. Michelle advised me not to believe every advertisement I read.2. “Dont forget to take your medicine, Dad,” my daughter said. My daughter reminded not to forget to take my medicine.直接引语变间接引语练习题直接引语变间接引语练习题1. He asked ,“ “ how much do you payfor the computer？”He asked _ for the computer. A. did you pay how much B. you paid how muchC. how much did I pay D. how much I paid2. “Have you seen the film?” he asked me. He asked me _.A. had I seen the film B. have I seen the filmC. if I have seen the film D. whether I had seen the film3. “Please close the window,” he said to me.He _ me _ the window.A. said to; to close B. told to; closingC. asked ; to close D. said to; please closeTips:直接引语为祈使句直接引语为祈使句,变间接引语时变间接引语时,主句中的动词一般主句中的动词一般换用换用ask(请求请求),tell,order(命令命令),invite,warn(警告警告),advise等等,而直接引语中的谓语动词要变成动词不等式。而直接引语中的谓语动词要变成动词不等式。即即ask/tell/order/invite/warn/advisesb.(not)todosth.4. He said, “Mother, the boy is very naughty.” He _- very naughty.A. said his mother that the boy wasB. said to his mother that the boy isC. told his mother that the boy wasD. spoke to his mother that the boy was5. “Youve already got well, havent you?” she asked. She asked _.A. if I have already got well, hadnt youB. whether I had already got wellC. have I already got well D. had I already got well.1.Whenwillhegofishing?-Doyouknow_?A.whenwillhegofishingB.whenhegofishingC.whenhewillgofishingD.whendoeshegofishing2.Whatdoesshewant?-Idontknowwhat_.A.doesshewantB.didshewantC.shewantedD.shewantsCD选择题选择题Changethefollowingdirectspeechintoindirectspeech：1.“Iwanttobeabusinessman,”Anniesaid.Anniesaidthat_beabusinessman.2.“Listentomeanddontmakesomuchnoise,children!”saidourteacher.Ourteacheraskedthechildren_and_makesomuchnoise.shewantedtotolistentohimnotto3.Theteachersaidtous,“Openyourbooks.”Theteacheraskedustoopenourbooks.4.Theoldladysaidtotheboy,“Couldyoupleasecarrythebagforme?”Theoldladyaskedtheboyif/whetherhecouldcarrythebagforher.5.ShesaystoTim,“Iwillcometoseeyousoon.”ShesaystoTim(that)shewillcometoseehimsoon.6.MissSuasked,“Whyareyoulateforschool?”MissSuaskedwhyIwaslateforschool.Marysaid,“I will post theletteronmywaytoschool.”玛丽说：玛丽说：“我会在去学校的路上寄出这封信。（直接引语）我会在去学校的路上寄出这封信。（直接引语）Marysaidthat she would posttheletteronherwaytoschool.玛丽说她会在去学校的路上寄出那封信。（间接引语）玛丽说她会在去学校的路上寄出那封信。（间接引语）“Whendid youseeher,John?”Jackasked.“约翰，你何时见到她的？约翰，你何时见到她的？”杰克问。（直接引语）杰克问。（直接引语）JackaskedJohnwhenhe had seenher.杰克问约翰何时杰克问约翰何时见到她的。（间接引语）见到她的。（间接引语）例如：例如：1) Mr. Smithsaid,“I amveryfrightened.”史密斯先生说：史密斯先生说：“我很害怕。我很害怕。”Mr. Smithsaidthathe wasveryfrightened.史密斯先生说他很害怕。史密斯先生说他很害怕。2)She said,“I readthebookyesterday.”她说：她说：“我昨天看了这部小说。我昨天看了这部小说。”She saidthatshe had readthebookthe day before.她说她前一天看了那部小说。她说她前一天看了那部小说。3)She said, “ I havent seen himsinceApril.她说：她说：“我从四月份就没看到过他。我从四月份就没看到过他。”She said that she hadnt seenhimsinceApril.她说她从四月份就没看到过他。她说她从四月份就没看到过他。4) Tom said, “ I hadfinishedmyhomeworkbeforesupper.”汤姆说：汤姆说：“我在晚饭前就已做完了家庭作业。我在晚饭前就已做完了家庭作业。”Tom said that he had finished hishomeworkbeforesupper.汤姆说他在晚饭前就已做完了家庭作业。汤姆说他在晚饭前就已做完了家庭作业。5)Tom said, “ Ill doitaftersupper.”汤姆说：汤姆说：“我将在饭后做这件事。我将在饭后做这件事。”Tom said that he would doitaftersupper.汤姆说他将在饭后做那件事。汤姆说他将在饭后做那件事。注：注：如果直接引语表示客观真理，在变为间接引语时，如果直接引语表示客观真理，在变为间接引语时，时态不变。例如：时态不变。例如：Theteachertoldus,“Theearthmovesroundthesun.”老师告诉我们：老师告诉我们：“地球绕着太阳转。地球绕着太阳转。”Theteachertoldusthattheearthmovesroundthesun.老师告诉我们地球绕着太阳转。老师告诉我们地球绕着太阳转。转述祈使句时的变化转述祈使句时的变化：如果直接引语是表示请求的口气，则间接引语用asksb.todosth.如果直接引语是表示命令的口气，则间接引语用tell/ordersb.todosth.否定式是nottodosth.注意人称，时态做相应变化。例：“Donoteatcoldfood”,thedoctorsaid.Thedoctortoldthepatientnottoeatcoldfood.“Dosomeshoppingforme,please.”,hesaidtoher.Heaskedhertodosomeshoppingforhim.“YoumustdoeverythingasIdo”,theprofessorsaid.Theprofessororderedhisstudentstodoeverythingashedid.请将下列句子进行直接引语和间接引语的互换。请将下列句子进行直接引语和间接引语的互换。1.Hesaidtoher,“Goaway!”Heorderedhertogoaway.2.Mothersaidtome,Comebackbefore10：00.Mothertoldmetocomebackbefore10:00.3.Sheaskedustositdown.Shesaidtoas,“pleasesitdown.”C、D四个选项中，选出可以填入空白处的最佳选项。四个选项中，选出可以填入空白处的最佳选项。1. He asked me _ I would go to Beijing by air the next day. A. that if B. if C. that whether D. how2. Joyce, please dont open the window. Pardon? I _ open the window. A. tell you dont B. tell you not to C. told you didnt D. told you not to3. He _ they didnt start early they wouldnt catch the first bus. A. said that if B. asked if C. asked whether D. said that whether4. He asked _ for the violin. A. did I pay how much B. I paid how much C. how much I paid D. how much did I pay 5. The teacher asked us _ so much noise. (北京2003) A. dont make B. not make C. not making D. not to make 6. The doctor asked me what _ with me. A. is wrong B. wrong is C. was wrong D. wrong was 7. He asked the boy where _. A. his mother was B. was his mother C. his mother is D. is his mother8. They said at last that they _ better start out at once. A. had had B. had C. had been D. was 9. The teacher said that doubt _ the key of knowledge. A. were B. are C. was D. is10. The actor said he _ born in 1984. A. was B. is C. be D. had beenII. 将下列直接引语变为间接引语，间接引语变为直接将下列直接引语变为间接引语，间接引语变为直接引语。引语。1. Mr. Stone said, “May I have a cup of tea?” Mr. Stone _.2. The nurse said, “Let the children wash their hands themselves.” The nurse _.3. My uncle said, “Do not open the window.”My uncle _.4. John asked Mary, “ What do you know about the sea?” John asked Mary _.5. The teacher said, “The sun rises in the east and sets in the west.” The teacher said that _.6. The teacher told Tom to be careful with his pronunciation. _.7. She asked me to open the door. _.8. My mother advised me to have a good rest. _.9. Peter asked me when I would leave Athens. _.10. He asked me how I was getting along with my studies then. _.Key:I. 1-5 BDACD 6-10 CABDA II. 1. Mr. Stone asked if / whether he might have a cup of tea. 2. The nurse suggested (that) the children (should) wash their hands themselves. 3. My uncle told us not to open the window. 4. John asked Mary what she knew about the sea. 5. The teacher said that the sun rises in the east and sets in the west. 6. The teacher said, “Be careful with your pronunciation, Tom.” 7. “Would you please open the door?” she asked. 8. “Why not have a good rest?” my mother said to me. 9. “When will you leave Athens?” Peter asked me. 10. He asked me, “How are you getting along with your studies now? ”