句子的基本结构句子的基本结构2021/5/251句子种类两种分类法按句子的用途可分四种：按句子的用途可分四种：1）陈述句陈述句（肯定、否定）：（肯定、否定）：Heissixyearsold.2）疑问句疑问句（一般、特殊、选择、反意）：（一般、特殊、选择、反意）：Dotheylikeskating?Howoldishe?Marycanswim,cantshe?3）祈使句祈使句：Becareful,boys.Donttalkinclass4）感叹句感叹句：Howclevertheboyis!2021/5/252按句子的结构可分三种：1)简单句简单句2)并列句并列句3)复合句复合句2021/5/253v1）简单句简单句：只有一个主语（或：只有一个主语（或并列主语）和一个谓语（或并列并列主语）和一个谓语（或并列谓语）。谓语）。ve.g.HeoftenreadsEnglishinthemorning.vTomandMikeareAmericanboys.vShelikesdrawingandoftendrawspicturesforthewallnewspapers.2021/5/254v我们可以给句子的我们可以给句子的动词加上副词动词加上副词修饰，给修饰，给名词加上形容词、介词短语名词加上形容词、介词短语修饰，给句子修饰，给句子加上加上状语状语进行修饰等，以使整个句子的意进行修饰等，以使整个句子的意思变得更加的丰富和充实。但不管如何变，思变得更加的丰富和充实。但不管如何变，都只有都只有一个主谓结构一个主谓结构。vHeworkedhardallhislife.vHeisaschoolstudentinNo.1MiddleSchool.2021/5/255v2)并列句：并列句：v句型：句型：简单句简单句+并列连词并列连词+简单句简单句v并列句是由两个或两个以上的简单句并列句是由两个或两个以上的简单句连接而成。并列句中的各简单句意义连接而成。并列句中的各简单句意义同等重要，同等重要，相互之间没有从属关系，相互之间没有从属关系，是平行并列的关系是平行并列的关系。它们之间用连词。它们之间用连词连结。连结。ve.g.Youhelphimandhehelpsyou.vThefutureisbright;theroadistortuous.2021/5/256并列句的分类v1、表示连接、表示连接两个同等概念两个同等概念，常用，常用and,notonlybutalso,neithernor,then等连接。等连接。ve.g.TheteachersnameisSmith,andthestudentsnameisJohn.v2、表示、表示选择选择，常用的连词有，常用的连词有or,eitheror,otherwise等。等。e.g.Hurryup,oryoullmissthetrain.2021/5/257v3、表示、表示转折转折，常用的连词有，常用的连词有but,yet,while等。等。ve.g.Hewasalittlemanwiththickglasses,buthehadastrangewayofmakinghisclasseslivelyandinteresting.v4、表示、表示因果因果关系，常用的连词有关系，常用的连词有so,for等。等。ve.g.Augustisthetimeoftheyearforriceharvest,soeverydayIworkfromdawnuntildark.2021/5/2583）复合句：）复合句：含有一个或一个以上从句的含有一个或一个以上从句的句子。句子。从句包括从句包括名词性从句名词性从句（主语从句、宾语从（主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句）句、表语从句和同位语从句）定语从句和状语从句定语从句和状语从句等。等。句型句型主句主句+连词连词+从句；或连词从句；或连词+从句从句+主句主句ve.g.TheforeignvisitorstookalotofpictureswhentheywereattheGreatWall.2021/5/259v复合句就是复合句就是含有两个或两个以上主谓结构含有两个或两个以上主谓结构的句的句子。这种结构中，必定有一个主谓结构是句子子。这种结构中，必定有一个主谓结构是句子的主句部分，而另一个主谓结构则是句子的次的主句部分，而另一个主谓结构则是句子的次要部分，即从句部分。要部分，即从句部分。vWherethereisawill,thereisaway.2021/5/2510Exercises判断句型v1.Havingfinishedhishomework,theboywentontohelphismother.v2.Whathesaysdoesntsuitwhathedoes.(简单句简单句划线部分在句中作状语，修饰划线部分在句中作状语，修饰整个句子整个句子)(复合句复合句包含两个名词性从句：包含两个名词性从句：Whathesays是一个主语从句；是一个主语从句；whathedoes是一个宾语是一个宾语从句从句)2021/5/2511v3.WeoftenstudyChinesehistoryonFridayafternoon.v4.TheboywhoofferedmehisseatiscalledTom.v5.Thereisachairinthisroom,isntthere?简单句简单句复合句复合句简单句简单句2021/5/25126.HeisinClassOneandIaminClassTwo.7.Hewasfondofdrawingwhenhewasyetachild.8.MybrotherandIgotoschoolathalfpastseveninthemorningandcomebackhomeatsevenintheevening.并列句并列句复合句复合句简单句简单句2021/5/25139.Neitherhashechangedhismind,norwillhedoso.10.Whathesaidatthemeetingisveryimportant,isntit?11.BothTomandJackenjoycountrymusic.并列句并列句复合句复合句简单句简单句2021/5/2514句子成分和句子结构句子成分和句子结构2021/5/2515v简单句的五个基本句型简单句的五个基本句型v主语主语不及物动词不及物动词Shecame.v主语主语及物动词及物动词宾语宾语ShelikesEnglish.v主语主语系动词系动词主语补语主语补语vSheishappyv主语主语动词动词间接宾语间接宾语直接宾语直接宾语vShegaveJohnabookvSheboughtabookforme.v主语主语动词动词宾语宾语宾语补语宾语补语vShemakeshermotherangryvTheteacheraskedmetoreadthepassage.v（There+beThereisabookonthedesk.2021/5/25161.主语（主语（subject）：句子的中心词，说明的人或事物。句子的中心词，说明的人或事物。Thesunrisesintheeast（名词）Helikesdancing.（代词）Twentyyearsisashorttimeinhistory.(数词)Seeingisbelieving.（动名词）Toseeistobelieve.（不定式）Whatheneedsisabook.（主语从句）Itisveryclearthattheelephantisroundandtalllikeatree.（It形式主语，主语从句是真正主语）2021/5/2517(一）指出下列句中主语的中心词Theteacherwithtwoofhisstudentsiswalkingintotheclassroom.Thereisanoldmancominghere.Theusefuldictionarywasgivenbymymotherlastyear.Todotodayshomeworkwithouttheteachershelpisverydifficult.2021/5/25182.谓语（谓语（predicate）：）：是对主语加以陈述，表示主语的行为或状态，常用动词或者动词词组担任，放在主语的后面。WestudyEnglish.Heisasleep.(二).选出句中谓语的中心词Idontlikethepictureonthewall.A.dontB.likeC.pictureD.wallThedaysgetlongerandlongerwhensummercomes.A.getB.longerC.daysD.summerDoyouusuallygotoschoolbybus?A.DoB.usuallyC.goD.busTherewillbeameetingatthelibrarythisafternoon.A.willbeB.meetingC.thelibraryD.afternoon2021/5/25193.表语（表语（predicative）：系动词之后的成分，表示主语的性质、状态和特征。Heisateacher.（名词）Youdontlookit.（代词）Fiveandfiveisten.（数词）Heisasleep.（形容词）Hisfatherisin.（副词）Thepictureisonthewall.(介词短语)Mywatchisgone/missing/lost.（形容词化的分词）Thequestioniswhethertheywillcome.（表语从句）2021/5/2520（常见的系动词有（常见的系动词有:be,sound（听起来）（听起来）,look（看起来）（看起来）,feel(摸起来，摸起来，smell（闻起来）（闻起来）,taste（尝、吃起来）（尝、吃起来）,remain（保持，仍是）（保持，仍是）,feel（感觉）（感觉）Itsoundsagoodidea.Thesoundsoundsstrange.Hervoicesoundssweet.Tomlooksthin.Thefoodsmellsdelicious.Thefoodtastesgood.Thedoorremainsopen.NowIfeeltired.2021/5/2521(三三)挑出下列句中的表语挑出下列句中的表语Theoldmanwasfeelingverytired.WhyisheworriedaboutJim?Theleaveshaveturnedyellow.SoonTheyallbecameinterestedinthesubject.Shewasthefirsttolearnaboutit.2021/5/25224.宾语：宾语：1）动宾表示行为的对象，常由名词或）动宾表示行为的对象，常由名词或者代词担任。放在及物动词或者介词之后。者代词担任。放在及物动词或者介词之后。如：如：IlikeChina.（名词）（名词）Hehatesyou.（代词）（代词）Howmanydoyouneed?Weneedtwo.（数（数词）词）Ienjoyworkingwithyou.（动名词）（动名词）Ihopetoseeyouagain.（不定式）（不定式）Didyouwritedownwhathesaid?（宾语从（宾语从句）句）2021/5/25232）介词后的名词、代词和动名词）介词后的名词、代词和动名词-介介宾宾Areyouafraidofthesnake?Underthesnow,therearemanyrocks.3）双宾语）双宾语-间宾（指人）和直宾间宾（指人）和直宾（指物）（指物）Hegavemeabookyesterday.Givethepoormansomemoney2021/5/2524v(四四)挑出下列句中的宾语挑出下列句中的宾语vMybrotherhasntdonehishomework.vPeopleallovertheworldspeakEnglish.vYoumustpaygoodattentiontoyourpronunciation.vHowmanynewwordsdidyoulearnlastclass?vSomeofthestudentsintheschoolwanttogoswimming,howaboutyou?2021/5/2525v5.宾补：宾补：对宾语的补充，全称为宾语补足语。对宾语的补充，全称为宾语补足语。vWeelectedhimmonitor.（名词）（名词）vWeallthinkitapitythatshedidntcomehere.（名词）（名词）vWewillmakethemhappy.（形容词）（形容词）vWefoundnobodyin.(副词副词)vPleasemakeyourselfathome.（介词短语）（介词短语）Dontlethimdothat.（省（省to不定式）不定式）vHisfatheradvisedhimtoteachthelazyboyalesson.（带（带to不定式）不定式）vDontkeepthelightsburning.（现在分词）（现在分词）vIllhavemybikerepaired.（过去分词）（过去分词）2021/5/2526v(五五)挑出下列句中的宾语补足语挑出下列句中的宾语补足语vShelikesthechildrentoreadnewspapersandbooksinthereading-room.vHeaskedhertotaketheboyoutofschool.vShefounditdifficulttodothework.vTheycallmeLilysometimes.vIsawMr.Wanggetonthebus.vDidyouseeLiMingplayingfootballontheplaygroundjustnow?vtoreadnewspapersandbooksinthereading-roomtotaketheboyoutofschoolvLilygetonthebusplayingfootballontheplayground2021/5/2527v划出句中的直接宾语和间接宾语vPleasetellusastory.vMyfatherboughtanewbikeformelastweek.vMr.Liisgoingtoteachushistorynextterm.vHereisapen.GiveittoTom.vDidheleaveanymessageforme?2021/5/2528v6.定语：定语：修饰或限制名词或代词的词、词组或修饰或限制名词或代词的词、词组或句子。句子。vYanlingisachemistryteacher.（名词）（名词）vHeisourfriend.（代词）（代词）vWebelongtothethirdworld.（数词）（数词）vHewasadvisedtoteachthelazyboyalesson.（形容词）（形容词）vThemanoverthereismyoldfriend.(副词副词)vThewomanwithababyinherarmsismysister.(介词介词)vTheboysplayingfootballareinClass2.（现在分词）（现在分词）vThetreesplantedlastyeararegrowingwellnow.（过去分（过去分词）词）vIhaveanideatodoitwell.（不定式）（不定式）vYoushoulddoeverythingthatIdo.（定语从句）（定语从句）2021/5/2529v挑出下列句中的定语挑出下列句中的定语vTheyuseMr.,Mrs.withthefamilyname.vWhatisyourgivenname?vOnthethirdlapareClass1andClass3.vIamafraidsomepeopleforgottosweepthefloor.vThemandownstairswastryingtosleep.vfamilygiventhirdsomedownstairs2021/5/2530v7.状语状语：用来修饰：用来修饰v.,adj.,adv.,or句子。表示时间、句子。表示时间、地点、原因、目的、结果、程度、条件、方式和让步。地点、原因、目的、结果、程度、条件、方式和让步。（以下例句按上述顺序排列）（以下例句按上述顺序排列）vIwillgotheretomorrow.vThemeetingwillbeheldinthemeetingroom.vThemeatwentbadbecauseofthehotweather.vHestudieshardtolearnEnglishwell.vHedidntstudyhardsothathefailedintheexam.vIlikesomeofyouverymuch.vIfyoustudyhard,youwillpasstheexam.vHegoestoschoolbybike.vThoughheisyoung,hecandoitwell.2021/5/2531v挑出下列句中的状语挑出下列句中的状语vTherewasabigsmileonherface.vEverynightheheardthenoiseupstairs.vHebegantolearnEnglishwhenhewaseleven.vThemanonthemotorbikewastravellingtoofast.vWiththemedicineboxunderherarm,MissLihurriedoff.vonthefaceEverynightwhenhewaselevenfastoff2021/5/25328.同位语同位语：对句子中某一成分作进一步解释、：对句子中某一成分作进一步解释、说明，与前面的名词在语法上处于同等地位说明，与前面的名词在语法上处于同等地位的句子成分叫同位语。的句子成分叫同位语。MrLin,ourheadmaster,isgivingusaspeech.Beijing,capitalofChina,isdevelopingfast.Theengineerhimselfrepairedit.Weallgotangry.Wetwowillgotoseeyou.Thenewsthathewillcomeistrue.2021/5/25339、独立成分：有时句子中会有一些与句子没有语法联系的成分，称为句子独立成分(注意：区别于分词独立结构)。vv感叹词：感叹词：感叹词：感叹词：oh,hello,aha,ah,等。vv肯定词肯定词肯定词肯定词yesvv否定词否定词否定词否定词novv称呼语称呼语称呼语称呼语：称呼人的用语。vv插入语插入语插入语插入语：一些句中插入的Ithink,Ibelieve,等。v如:Thestory,Ithink,hasnevercometotheend./我相信,这个故事还远没结束.vv情态词情态词情态词情态词,表示说话人的语气（多作为修饰全句的状语）:perhaps也许,maybe大概,acturely实际上,certainly当然，等。2021/5/253410、分词独立结构：、分词独立结构：分词作状语时其逻辑主语与句子的主语一致!否则应有自己的逻辑主语，构成分词独立结构。Studyinghard,yourscorewillgoup.v正确：(1)Studyinghard,youcanmakeyourscoregoup.或(2)Ifyoustudyhard,yourscorewillgoup.v独立结构还可用with、without引导，作状语或定语。这种结构不但可以用分词，还可以用不定式、形容词、介词短语、副词或名词等。v如：vWithnothingtodo,hefellasleepsoon./vTheteachercamein,withglassesonhisnose.2021/5/2535v分词做状语时，其逻辑主语应该与句子的主分词做状语时，其逻辑主语应该与句子的主语保持一致，否则应该有自己的逻辑主语，语保持一致，否则应该有自己的逻辑主语，构成分词的独立结构。构成分词的独立结构。2021/5/2536v1）逻辑主语）逻辑主语+现在分词，表主动。现在分词，表主动。vMarycomingback,theydiscussedittogether.(whenMarycameback.)vAllbeingwell,theprojectwillbefinishedinfivemonths.(Ifalliswell.)vThatbeingthecase,wedbettermakeanotherplan.(Sincethatisthecase)vShewalkedalongthepath,herdaughterfollowingclosebehind.(herdaughterfollowedclosebehind)2021/5/2537v1）逻辑主语）逻辑主语+现在分词，表主动。现在分词，表主动。vMarycomingback,theydiscussedittogether.(whenMarycameback.)vAllbeingwell,theprojectwillbefinishedinfivemonths.(Ifalliswell.)vThatbeingthecase,wedbettermakeanotherplan.(Sincethatisthecase)vShewalkedalongthepath,herdaughterfollowingclosebehind.(herdaughterfollowedclosebehind)2021/5/2538做状语v1.做时间状语，相当于做时间状语，相当于when引导的从句引导的从句vEg:Hearingthenews,theyimmediatelysetoffforShanghai.(whentheyheardthenews)vSeenfromthepagoda,thesouthfootofthemountainisaseaoftrees.v2.做原因状语，相当于做原因状语，相当于as,since,because的从句的从句vBeingSunday,theshopsareovercrowded.vAbitfrightened,hestoodmotionless.2021/5/25393.做方式伴随做方式伴随vHewalkeddownthehill,singingsoftlytohimself.vHehurriedtothehall,followedbytwoguards.vTheboyranhome,crying.v4.做条件状语，相当于做条件状语，相当于if,unless引导的从句引导的从句vGivenanotherchance,Illdoitmuchbetter.v5.做结果状从，做结果状从，相当于相当于sothat的从句的从句vHeturnedoffthelight,seeingnothing.2021/5/25406.做让步状从，相当于做让步状从，相当于though,evenif的从句的从句vWounded,thebravesoldiercontinuedtofight.vAdmittingwhatshehassaid,Istillthinkthatshehasnttriedherbest.2021/5/2541练习练习一一.指出下列句子划线部分是什么句子成分：指出下列句子划线部分是什么句子成分：v1.Thestudentsgotontheschoolbus.v2.Hehandedmethenewspaper.v3.Ishallansweryourquestionafterclass.v4.WhatabeautifulChinesepainting!v5.Theywenthuntingtogetherearlyinthemorning.S.AttributeO.PredicateAdverbialAttributeAdverbial2021/5/2542v6.Hisjobistotrainswimmers.v7.HetookmanyphotosofthepalacesinBeijing.v8.ThereisgoingtobeanAmericanfilmtonight.v9.HeistoleaveforShanghaitomorrow.v10.Hiswishistobecomeascientist.v11.Hemanagedtofinishtheworkintime.v12.Tomcametoaskmeforadvice.AttributePredicativeO.PredicateS.PredicateS.PredicativePredicateAdverbial2021/5/2543v14.Doyouhaveanythingelsetosay?v15.Tobehonest，yourpronunciationisnotsogood.v16.Wouldyoupleasetellmeyouraddress?v17.Hesatthere,readinganewspaper.v18.Itisourdutytokeepourclassroomcleanandtidy.v19.Henoticedamanentertheroom.v20.Theapplestastedsweet.O.AttributeParenthesisO.AdverbialAdverbialPredicativeO.C.O.C.Predicative2021/5/2544划分划分句子成分句子成分1.weareworking.2.Icanswimverywell.3.Thewaiterbroughtabottleofbeertome.4.Whydoesthewindblow？5.Therainhasbeenpullingdownforawholeday.6.BothTomandJackenjoycountrymusic.2021/5/2545二、用符号划出下列短文各句中的主语（）、谓语（）、宾语（）：vIhopeyouareverywell.Imfine,buttired.RightnowitisthesummervacationandImhelpingmyDadonthefarm.Augustisthehottestmonthhere.Itisthetimeofyearforthericeharvest,soeverydayIworkfromdawnuntildark.Sometimeswegoonworkingafterdarkbythelightsofourtractors.WegrowriceinthesouthoftheStates,butinthenorthwhereitiscoldertheygrowwheat.Wehavealotofmachinesonthefarm.2021/5/2546三、用符号划出下列短文各句中的定语（）、状语（）、补语（）：vMostSaturdayeveningsthereisaparty,evenatharvesttime.Thesepartiesoftenmakeusveryhappy.Wecookmeatonanopenfireoutside.Itsgreat!Americanseatalotofmeattoomuchinmyopinion.Someofmyfriendsdrinkbeer.Idont,becauseIhavetodrivehomeaftertheparty.InyourletteryouaskedaboutthetimeindifferentareasoftheStates.TherearefivedifferenttimeareasintheStates.InmystatewearefourteenhoursbehindBeijingtime.HowmanydifferenttimeareasdoyouhaveinChina?Well,Imuststopandgetsomesleep.Pleasegivemybestregardstoyourparents.2021/5/25472021/5/2548句子成分详解表句子成分详解表句子成分句子成分意意义义充当充当词类词类例句例句主主语语表示句子表示句子说说的是什么人或什么的是什么人或什么事事名，代，数，不定名，代，数，不定式，式，动动名名词词，短，短语语或或句子句子We study in HuangQiao Middle School.谓语谓语说说明主明主语语做什么，是什么或怎做什么，是什么或怎么么样样动词动词或或动词词组动词词组She is dancing under the tree.宾语宾语表示表示动动作行作行为为的的对对象象同主同主语语Both of us like English.表表语语与与联联系系动词连动词连用，一起构成用，一起构成谓谓语语，说说明主明主语语的性的性质质或特征或特征同主同主语语Her father is a chemist.His words sound reasonable.定定语语用来修用来修饰饰名名词词或代或代词词形，代，数，名形，代，数，名, 副，介副，介词词短短语语或句子或句子We have eight lessons every day.状状语语修修饰动词饰动词，形容，形容词词，副，副词词，表，表示示动动作作发发生的生的时间时间，地点，原，地点，原因，目的，方式，因，目的，方式，结结果等果等副副词词，介，介词词短短语语或句或句子子He works very hard.They held a party in Hollywood.宾语宾语补补足足语语逻辑逻辑上与上与宾语宾语是主是主谓谓关系关系形容形容词词，名，名词词，介，介词词短短语语等等She always keeps the house clean.主语谓语是基础，宾表定状补辅助。宾主来自名代数，动词作谓不可无！主语谓语是基础，宾表定状补辅助。宾主来自名代数，动词作谓不可无！2021/5/2549