吝涪镣巴缺学劣辆曳蝎簿协牲窃舱贾移忍孺贝槐骂偷吉敷镍每宅学客铀捆国际会计学第六版chapter3国际会计学第六版chapter3International Accounting, 6/eFrederick D.S. ChoiGary K. MeekChapter 3: Comparative Accounting: Europe一弗渣谁纲恤摇咳饰静迸骋孪仍菊硷吻痔赘返放挑盲猴塌衅扯巴羔巧警芜国际会计学第六版chapter3国际会计学第六版chapter31Learning ObjectiveslUnderstand how financial reporting is regulated and enforced in five European countries: France, Germany, the Czech Republic, the Netherlands, and the U.K.lDescribe the key similarities and differences between the accounting systems of these five countries.积凳兵疗籍稗什比戈移枉陀课航舒遥圈妊灶湘徘锄该孝拾钢荒悦关仓爽椭国际会计学第六版chapter3国际会计学第六版chapter32lIdentify the use of International Financial Reporting Standards at the levels of the individual company and the consolidated financial statements in these five countries.lDescribe the audit-oversight mechanisms in these five countries.袜盘晋汽钱续郁鲸货米盯叛郭牢埂占梯始乒摆枉诺谢遥敲辖弹垮怠古浓拓国际会计学第六版chapter3国际会计学第六版chapter33IFRS in the European Union lStarting in 2005, all EU-listed companies must follow IFRS in their consolidated financial statements.lGenerally, IFRS consolidated statements are permitted for non-listed companies.lRequirements for individual company financial statements vary IFRS may be required, allowed, or prohibited.积壁茄钠赚依鸯饥史尚沤头捣豢味睬艘史匠廉暑漂呢攀氦邮碌秉轨昧共设国际会计学第六版chapter3国际会计学第六版chapter34蔡山胆宋邢雁套驮田卞节仗免仔台酝讽偿斩汲厩牲靠恨铲势吊了某猩朝五国际会计学第六版chapter3国际会计学第六版chapter35IFRS (contin)lIFRS are based on fair presentation principleslIFRS may be overridden in rare circumstances to achieve fair presentationlAccounting measurementslBusiness combinations purchase accountinglGoodwill annual impairments testlInvestments in associates equity methodlTranslation of financial statements of foreign operations functional currency concept敲啮冕韧篷诀蛀朝晾麻裂郊枯溺荔闯慎俊欣杜奖一判弥催足烃沪倍篷恶厕国际会计学第六版chapter3国际会计学第六版chapter36lAssets valued at historical cost or fair valuelResearch costs expensed; development costs capitalizedlLIFO （Last in, First out ）not allowedlFinance leases capitalized; operating leases expensedlProvisions recognized when probable and estimablelDeferred taxes recognized in full, using the liability method, for temporary differences between the carrying amount and tax base芬付甫摹域腋美铁衬则皋抵葫墩壁草幅凹耻醒验阑画闺蓟急夫驹枯坠愈缀国际会计学第六版chapter3国际会计学第六版chapter37捅沪僻姜锭粮师误尔慑用幂壤自芯刮吹琶干驻锦擒匹傈眠顺咐文溯炼宠火国际会计学第六版chapter3国际会计学第六版chapter38France lOverviewl“The Plan” national uniform chart of accounts (national accounting code)lObjectives and principles of financial reportinglDefinitions of elementslRecognition and valuation ruleslStandardized chart of accountslModel financial statementslOther influences on French accounting ruleslCommercial legislation (Code de Commerce)lTax laws漾凳呐叔仲俐像匙浴串嗓洪掳俗族照儒匈渣漏胞冠臻琼岂缉石胳嗣桌抬统国际会计学第六版chapter3国际会计学第六版chapter39France (contin)lAccounting regulation and enforcementlCNC National Accounting BoardlKeeps plan currentlMakes rulings and recommendations on accounting issueslCRC Accounting Regulation CommitteelConverts CNC rulings and recommendations into binding regulations并倪宪列迂棒影几鸡幼厨椰威喀樊惯弗专虞遍泉撑险汀附既疙森镀造姑芥国际会计学第六版chapter3国际会计学第六版chapter310lAMF Financial Markets AuthoritylSupervises securities marketslOEC Institute of Public AccountantslRepresents the accounting professionlMembers prepare financial statements, and provide tax, information systems, and management advisory services系灿记宜颇八跪含嗣虹货驴峭陨视甚汐猫层悯莉褥痒谎抉茄说遵捂诸氖希国际会计学第六版chapter3国际会计学第六版chapter311lCNCC National Institute of Statutory AuditorslMembers audit and give an opinion on financial statementslMust report criminal acts to the High Council of External AuditorslSubstantial overlap in OEC and CNCC membershiplStatutory auditors not allowed to provide accounting services to the same clientlAMF oversees audits of listed companies, but relies on a committee of the CNCC to conduct audit-quality reviews维虱坎昌勇缴晦眠放搽斋纷醋娇瓦葵藏蹭喊挡匈闪艺泉航涩尽齿乍办义沟国际会计学第六版chapter3国际会计学第六版chapter312France (contin)lUnusual features of French financial reportinglMust report results of environmental activitieslReports aimed at preventing bankruptcieslSocial report帜锯情竣呼卓埋讨侄彩昂铅那铣犊绩救鞠拂南攒椅板定臼衍熟封辖凡壮吟国际会计学第六版chapter3国际会计学第六版chapter313GermanylOverviewlCreditor protectionlConservative balance sheet valuationslReserves as protection against unforeseen risks and insolvencylAccounting is designed to compute a prudent income amount that leaves creditors unharmed after distributions are made to owners署骏餐塌脾颠限燕企爱埋运宁杂砖岿袱吱吭惟访泡罢哎慕项操晚争纽飘痔国际会计学第六版chapter3国际会计学第六版chapter314lInfluence of tax lawlDetermination principle: taxable income is determined by what is booked in a companys financial recordslReliance on statutes and court decisions器驻玫骏讨排揩碴广雁冕勒灌挑涂拟矽冤同钳察冤喉秽呵蘸刊馏纳徐南计国际会计学第六版chapter3国际会计学第六版chapter315Germany (contin)lAccounting regulation and enforcementlGerman Commercial Code (HGB) lApplies to all business entitieslGerman Accounting Standards Board lDevelops recommendations for consolidated financial statements玖祟兜距矮贮烟奖古殷秧缕莉晕谈欧蚊笔喻妖哲扩堰笺叉硼乃杂踊澜货昼国际会计学第六版chapter3国际会计学第六版chapter316lFinancial Reporting Enforcement Panel lEnforces compliance with German financial reporting requirements and IFRS by listed companieslChamber of Accountants lOversees WPs (“enterprise examiners”)lUnusual features of German financial reportinglAuditors private report to board of directors and supervisory board on companys future prospects拆人符鲍脆舍慰蝗郡删糠稼膜墙茧芍醚鼻佛没绢躲蔫幢灯镣摇绊泞寨炬芯国际会计学第六版chapter3国际会计学第六版chapter317Czech RepubliclOverviewlAccounting changed directions several times in 20th century, reflecting the countrys political historylUntil end of World War II German influenceslAfter World War II Soviet influenceslAfter 1989 EU influences (market orientation)沙羚髓虎戴蜘脊龙最班徽盂划凳扳扭困邦锤借伴汰赊绵呢测祷定柬略瑞叭国际会计学第六版chapter3国际会计学第六版chapter318lAccounting regulation and enforcementlMinistry of FinancelOversees Commercial Code (modeled on German commercial law)lOversees Accountancy Act (based on EU directives)lChamber of AuditorslOversees auditorslUnusual features of Czech financial reportinglForm over substance still applies in some caseslStill implementing accounting practices consistent with EU directives and IFRS报父霍挂屏照糙寸涨饿景掏枚颖永攒梆嗜岂愿鄂昭蔡枉映耕契镇垮违唉傻国际会计学第六版chapter3国际会计学第六版chapter319The NetherlandslOverviewlAccounting paradoxeslPermissive requirements, but high professional practice standardslCode law country whose accounting is oriented toward fair presentationlFair presentation orientation developed without a strong stock marketlOther influences on Dutch accountinglU.K. and U.S. as much as continental European countrieslAccounting professionlBusiness economics (microeconomics)lIASB盔斯黑焰母室宴宗侍涨深荧峪木想蛋渭豌侄栗慰肤容怪许影再现敝究囱珍国际会计学第六版chapter3国际会计学第六版chapter320The Netherlands (contin)lAccounting regulation and enforcementlCompany law Act on Annual Financial StatementslDutch Accounting Standards BoardlDevelops guidelines on generally acceptable accounting standardslEnterprise ChamberlEnforces compliance with accounting requirementslNIvRAlOversees auditing professionlUnusual features of Dutch financial reportinglFinancial statements may be in Dutch, French, German, or EnglishlOther than consolidated financial statements of Dutch listed companies, financial statements may be based on Dutch guidelines, IFRS, or a combinationlFlexible accounting measurementslCurrent values are permitted for tangible assetslOpportunities for income smoothing卿诽留豢企詹烂畦频例锑途孪瀑囊摔诉默嘛罕恋卉匿笛洼通命馋最傍结校国际会计学第六版chapter3国际会计学第六版chapter321United KingdomlOverviewlLegacy of British accountinglFirst country to develop an accountancy professionlFair presentation (true and fair view)lExported British accounting around the world聪卧凹巳饱山散酶贴谬渣函冒逝要细刻维俞乓低打窒寓倡券胞挟官柴燃气国际会计学第六版chapter3国际会计学第六版chapter322United Kingdom (contin)lAccounting regulation and enforcementlCompanies ActlBroad financial reporting frameworklFinancial Reporting Council oversees:lAccounting Standards BoardIssues Financial Reporting Standards (FRSs)UITF clarifies FRSslAuditing Practices BoardIssues auditing standardslFinancial Reporting Review PanelEnforces compliance with FRSslProfessional Oversight BoardOversees auditing professionAudit Inspection UnitMonitors the audit of listed companiesAccountancy Investigation and Discipline BoardInvestigates and disciplines accountants for professional misconductlUnusual features of British accountinglTrue and fair override 扶逆疑讳辗盼开墟荆域馅柒荣地牙宴拦霖概始荆捣林聂埠凭轩棺卷倒烩于国际会计学第六版chapter3国际会计学第六版chapter323浩圆姑劲葵疑哑贰馆艰密盖哨踊舍燥圆戎棋武唾桅磁伙昆赛阻鳞缎栖猫裤国际会计学第六版chapter3国际会计学第六版chapter324Other Chapter Exhibits狸超实劈咀蔫镁氦哺耪窝仗榜古号总狄艳们桂唾斩料触篇伐独阳掩挫篆听国际会计学第六版chapter3国际会计学第六版chapter325Other Chapter Exhibits (contin)丘鳃纶胚班携倾币尾询根秒塌畜忌屹愈韶爷蛆蒲蔽裴辑侵膘颊陷筋灰修矩国际会计学第六版chapter3国际会计学第六版chapter326Other Chapter Exhibits (contin)写痕彩寿若轻寓糊蛇诲咖焕贰工谣钓妒司类帛运非知屠萍迎拒告赠力港驮国际会计学第六版chapter3国际会计学第六版chapter327