1.起源北美印第安人是美洲土著居民。属蒙古人种美洲支系。使用印第安语，包括十几个语族。美洲印第安人是在大约25400年前分多批从西伯利亚经白令海峡到达阿拉斯加，逐步向南迁徙，一直抵达美洲最南端，散布于整个美洲。印第安人的祖先迁入美洲不是一次，而是分批陆续到达美洲的，然后又经过长期的不断迁移与推进，最终散布到美洲全境。美洲大陆辽阔的地域、丰富的资源以及宜人的气候使得印第安人的祖先在美洲居住下来。随着人类生物体的进化以及社会经济的发展，分批迁入的印第安人由北而南在美洲各地建立起各种生活和社会制度，创造了大量的文化财富。但是美洲印第安人并不是一个统一的民族，他们进入美洲的时间不同，背景各异，受地理环境、自然条件等各方面的影响，逐渐形成了许多不同语言、不同习俗、不同文化的部落团体。2.Kiowa基奥瓦人基奥瓦人 基奥瓦人Kiowa北美印第安民族，基奥瓦-塔诺安(Kiowa-Tanoan)语系语言，居住在大平原南部；是最末向美国投降的部落之一20世纪晚期，基奥瓦人加上基奥瓦阿帕切人(KiowaApache)约3,000人，与1780年的人数大致相等。基奥瓦人分为7个宗族(其中夸托人Kuato已灭绝)，包括基奥瓦-阿帕切人在内。後者是一个小型的南部阿萨巴斯卡宗族(Athabascan)，操阿帕切语。基奥瓦人是典型的大平原游牧部落大平原游牧部落。自西班牙人那里获得马匹之後，改用骑马猎捕水牛，没有耕作，居住在大型三柱兽大型三柱兽皮圆锥帐篷皮圆锥帐篷里。组成若干武士会，其成员根据战功序级，战功不仅包括杀敌，还要触摸敌尸。基奥瓦人相信梦幻能赋予他们一种神奇力量，可用之於战争、狩猎及医疗等方面，基奥瓦人亦以其图画文字图画文字记事著称，每年二次，记录部落大事，这些历书历史始於1832年，迄於1939年，以冬、夏为期，由该部落的一名艺术家，将图画文字绘於兽皮之上。TheKiowaareanationofAmericanIndiansandindigenous（土著的）peopleoftheGreatPlains.Mostlynomadic（游牧的）,theysurvivedonbuffalo（野牛）meatandgatheredvegetable,livinginteepees,anddependedontheirhorsesforhuntingandmilitaryuse.Theyhadseveraldistinctivetraits,includingapictographic（象形文字的）calendarandtheworshipofastoneimage.Totalpopulation:12,000(2011)Languages:Kiowa,EnglishReligion:ChristianityandNativeAmericanChurchTeepeesn.（美）圆锥形帐篷calendar History of the KiowaInthe17thcentury,theKiowainhabitedwestMontana（蒙大纳州）.In1700,theyhadmovedtoanareasoutheastoftheYellowstoneRiver.HeretheycameintocontactwiththeCrowIndians(克劳族)whogavetheKiowapermissiontosettleintheBlackHills.Whilelivingthere,theyacquiredthehorse,probablyfromtheCrow.AftertheinvadingCheyenne(夏安族)andtheSioux(苏族)drovetheKiowafromtheBlackHills,theywereforcedtomovesouthtoWichita（威奇托现美国堪萨斯州城市）Mountains.In1790,afterabloodywar,theKiowareachedapermanentpeacewiththeComanche(科曼奇族).TheKiowaandComanchecametogetherandformedanalliance.Togethertheyoftenraided（袭击）Mexicansettlements.DuringthistimetheKiowabecameverywealthywithaneasyaccesstobuffalo.GraduallossoflandIn1837,theKiowawereforcedtosignatreatywiththegovernmentthatallowedAmericanstotravelthroughKiowaandComanche（科曼奇）lands.After1840,whentheKiowamadepeacewiththeCheyenne（夏安族）,fourgroupstheKiowa,theCheyenne,theComanche,andtheApache（阿帕切族）combinedtofighttheeasterntribes,whohadmigratedtoIndianTerritory.ThiscausedmorehostilitybetweenNativeAmericansandtheU.S.government.In1868.TheU.S.troopsforcedtheKiowaintoareservation(美国为土著美洲人划出的)保留地，居留地.In1874.TheKiowabrokeoutofthereservationandresumedactivewarfarewiththewhitesettlers.Manyoftheirchiefsandwarriorswerecaughtanddeported（放逐）.By1879mostofthemweresettledontheirpresentlandsinOklahoma（俄克拉荷马州）.In1968.KiowaTribalCouncilisformed.The Migration of KiowawestMontana(17thcentury)YellowstoneRiver(1700)BlackHills(1710-1790)Crows(克劳族人)WichitaMountains(1790-1868)Cheyenne(夏安族人)Comanche(科曼奇族)NebraskaandKansas(1868-1874)Oklahoma(1879)The culture of KiowauLivingTheKiowawerenomadicpeople,meaningtheydidnotliveinonearealongenoughtogrowplantsorcrops,butdidtradewithsedentarytribesthatgrewcrops.uLedgerArtLedgerArtisatermforPlainsIndiannarrativedrawingorpaintingonpaperorcloth. Kiowaledgerartfrom1874uTheceremonySunDanceTheoriginofSunDancelearnedfromtheCrowThetimeoftheceremonyeveryyearinSummerSolsticeThemainactivitiesdancing,singing,drumming,fasting（禁食）andself-tortureThelastSunDance(1890)uMusicKiowamusicoftenisnotedforitshymnsthattraditionallywereaccompaniedbydanceorplayedontheflute.uArtistsKiowa SixisagroupofsixKiowaartistsfromOklahomainthe20thcentury.TheywereSpencerAsah,JamesAuchiah,JackHokeah,StephenMopope,LoisSmoky,andMonroeTsatoke.Silver Horn(18601940)wasaKiowaLedgerArtistfromOklahomapaintingbySilverHorn(Kiowa),ca.1880Kiowa in the presentToday,therearemorethan12,000Kiowa,manyofwhomliveinOklahomaandotherareasoftheSouthwesternUnitedState.TheyhavetribalsovereigntyanddirectgovernmentalrelationswiththeUSGovernment.AndTheyliveinthemoderntimeastheotherAmericans.