Review1.Definition2.Types3.ConjunctionsNounClausesNounClausesSubjectSubjectObjectObjectAppositiveAppositivePredicativePredicativeClausesClausesConjunctionsofNounClauses连接词连接词连接代词连接代词连接副词连接副词what,whateverwhat,whatever ;who,whoever;whom,;who,whoever;whom,whomever;which,whichever;whosewhomever;which,whichever;whosethat,whether,if,because,asif/asthoughthat,whether,if,because,asif/asthoughwhen,whenever;where,wherever;when,whenever;where,wherever;how,however;whyhow,however;why状语状语主语、宾语、表语、定语主语、宾语、表语、定语不充当从句的任何成分不充当从句的任何成分NounClausesIntroducedbyQuestionWordsNounClausesIntroducedbyQuestionWordsWhatwashedoing?Whatwashedoing?Hisfatherwassurprised.Hisfatherwassurprised.subject clause 主语从句主语从句What he was doing surprisedhis father.WhatsyourfirstimpressionWhatsyourfirstimpressionofhim?ofhim?Iwanttoknow.Iwanttoknow.object clause 宾语从句宾语从句I want to know what your first impression of him is.How did Alice respond to Toms proposal(求婚求婚)?I have no idea.appositive clause 同位语从句同位语从句I have no idea how Alice responded to Toms proposal.HowcanImakeagrammarHowcanImakeagrammarlessoninteresting?lessoninteresting?Thatismyquestion.Thatismyquestion.predicative clause 表语从句表语从句My question is how I can makea grammar lesson interesting.Noun Clauses Introduced by Question WordsSouthernersfinditdifficulttounderstandwhatnorthernersaresaying.Southernersfinditdifficulttounderstandwhatarenorthernerssaying. 1. The word order of the noun clause should be changed into that of a statement.(陈述句)e.g.Idontcarewhoyouare.e.g.Idontcarewhatyoudid.e.g.HowJohnbecameblindisstillamystery.Noun Clauses Introduced by Question Words2. Question words cant be left out in noun clauses in any cases, because they act as certain sentence elements(成分) in the clauses. .e.g.Dontcarewhatiswrittenaboutyou.SubjectClauses 连接代词和连接副词都可以引导主语从句。可放于句首、句尾，放于句尾需用形式主语it。e.g.Whenthenewroadisopentotraffichasntbeenmadeclear.=Ithasntbeenmadeclearwhenthenewroadisopentotraffic.e.g.Thatourbosswillcometotheconferenceexcitesus.Comparethetwosentences:SubjectClausese.g.Whatweshoulddonextremainsunknown.e.g.Whatourclassteachersaidisofgreatvalue.e.g.Whoeverbreakstheruleshouldbepunished.(=thethingthat)e.g.Whateverhedidwassupportedbyus.(=anyonewho)(=anythingthat)Conclusion: what、whatever、whoever等连接代词既可以表示疑问，又可以表示陈述既可以表示疑问，又可以表示陈述，可表示“（任何） 的事、话、东西、人”。ObjectClauses 连接代词和连接副词都可以引导宾语从句。e.g.Thisbookwillshowyou_.最好的首席执行官了解什么最好的首席执行官了解什么whatthebestCEOsknowe.g.Imcuriousabout_,aLGoranApple.你会买哪一个你会买哪一个whichyouwillbuyObjectClausese.g.Couldyoutellmewhenyougraduated?e.g.Hetoldmewhenhegraduated.e.g.Heinformedmewherewewouldmeetnexttime.(=thetimewhen)(=theplacewhere)Conclusion: when、where等连接副词既可以既可以表示疑问，又可以表示陈述表示疑问，又可以表示陈述，可表示“的时间、 的地点”。Comparethetwosentences:ObjectClauses 有些动词带宾语从句时需要在从句前加it。如：hate, dislike, like, take for granted等。e.g.Ihateitwhenpeopletalkwiththeirmouthfulloffood.PredicativeClauses 连接代词和连接副词都可以引导表语从句。e.g.Thisplaceisnolonger_itusedtobe.e.g.Thequestionishoweverwecandotheworkbetter.whate.g.Thisis_youarewrong.whereAppositiveClauses 连接代词和连接副词都可以引导同位语从句。e.g.Thequestion_somanypeoplewouldchoosetoliveinthecountrysidebuttoworkinthecityisstillunderdiscussion.why疑问词疑问词+ever和和nomatter+疑问词的区别疑问词的区别疑问词+ever可引导名词性从句。Whoeverbreakstherulemustbepunished.Youcanchoosewhateveryoulikeintheshop.疑问词+ever还可引导让步状语从句。如：Whoeverbreakstherule,hemustbepunished.Whateveryoudo,youmustdoitwell.nomatter+疑问词只能引导让步状语从句。Nomatterwhatyoudo,youmustdoitwell.Nomatterwhobreakstherule,hemustbepunished.DecidewhatsentenceelementeachDecidewhatsentenceelementeachhighlightednounclauseisinitssentence.highlightednounclauseisinitssentence.(P28)(P28)IalwayswonderedwhenIwouldgettheEnglishnovelmyparentshadpromisedtogiveme.Ifinallygotittoday.WhatIalwaysdreamtofhascometrue.Itisreallyexciting!ThedifficultyishowImgoingtoreadthebookwithoutadictionary.OSpLookingupeverynewwordwillcertainlyLookingupeverynewwordwillcertainlybeawasteoftime.MissChengalwaystoldbeawasteoftime.MissChengalwaystoldustoguessthemeaningsofnewwordsustoguessthemeaningsofnewwordsfromthecontext.Iusedtowonderfromthecontext.Iusedtowonderwhywewhywe shoulddothisshoulddothis. .Iunderstandnow,buttheIunderstandnow,butthequestionisquestioniswhatIshoulddoifIcannotwhatIshoulddoifIcannotguessthemeaningsguessthemeanings. .ImusttalktoMissImusttalktoMissChengaboutthistomorrow.Chengaboutthistomorrow.OP1. _ matters most in learning English is enough practice. (全国全国II) A. What B. Why C. Where D. Which 2. _ he referred to in his article was unknown to the general reader. (上海上海) A. That B. What C. Whether D. Where3. Could I speak to _ is in charge of International Sales, please? ( 山东山东) A. anyone B. someone C. whoever D. no matter who 4. _ parents say and do has a life-long effect on their children. (陕西陕西) A. That B. Which C. What D. As5. Someone is ringing the doorbell. Go and see _. A. who is he B. who he is C. who is it D. who it is 6. _ caused the accident is still a complete mystery. A. What B. That C. How D. Where 7. Go and get your coat. Its _ you left it A. where B. there C. here where D. where there 高考链接高考链接 8. The photographs will show you _ A. what does our village look like B. what our village looks like C. how does our village look like D. how our village looks like 9. Great changes have taken place in that school. It is no longer _ it was 20 years ago, _ it was so poorly equipped. A. what; when B. which; that C. what; which D. that; which高考链接高考链接在自己家里可以随心所欲。在自己家里可以随心所欲。Inonesownhomeonecandowhatonelikes.我不知道他什么时候回来。我不知道他什么时候回来。 I have no idea when he will return.还没决定谁做那项工作。还没决定谁做那项工作。 It hasnt yet been decided who will do that job.Whenshouldweusepreparatorysubjectit?Whenshouldweusepreparatorysubjectit?Preparatorysubject“Preparatorysubject“it”it”1.Wecanuse1.Wecanuseit itasanasanpreparatorysubject.preparatorysubject.A.A.whenweuseanounclauseasthesubjectofawhenweuseanounclauseasthesubjectofasentence.sentence.a.(preferable)a.(preferable)ItiscertainthatwewouldnotbeItiscertainthatwewouldnotbeabletounderstandOldEnglishtoday.=abletounderstandOldEnglishtoday.=(correct)Thatwewouldnotbeableto(correct)ThatwewouldnotbeabletounderstandOldEnglishtodayiscertain.understandOldEnglishtodayiscertain.preparatorysubject“preparatorysubject“it”:it”:b.(preferable)b.(preferable)ItiseasytoanswerwhetherItiseasytoanswerwhetherEnglishwillcontinuechanginginthefuture.Englishwillcontinuechanginginthefuture.= =(correct)WhetherEnglishwillcontinue(correct)WhetherEnglishwillcontinuechanginginthefutureiseasytoanswer.changinginthefutureiseasytoanswer.c.(preferable)c.(preferable)ItdependsonthestyleofItdependsonthestyleofwritingwhenweusecertainwords.=writingwhenweusecertainwords.=(correct)Whenweusecertainwords(correct)Whenweusecertainwordsdependsonthestyleofwriting.dependsonthestyleofwriting.a a.(preferable).(preferable)ItishardtomasteraforeignItishardtomasteraforeignlanguage.=language.=(correct)Tomasteraforeignlanguageis(correct)Tomasteraforeignlanguageishard.hard.b.(preferable)b.(preferable)ItisimportanttoknowhowItisimportanttoknowhowtouseacomputertouseacomputer.=.=(correct)Toknowhowtouseacomputer(correct)Toknowhowtouseacomputerisimportant.isimportant.B.whenthesubjectisaB.whenthesubjectisato-infinitiveto-infinitive. .C.whenthesubjectisaC.whenthesubjectisav-ingformv-ingform. .a.(preferable)a.(preferable)Smokingisdifficulttostop.=Smokingisdifficulttostop.=(correct)Itisdifficulttostopsmoking.(correct)Itisdifficulttostopsmoking.b.(preferable)b.(preferable)TravellingtoBeijingtakesupaTravellingtoBeijingtakesupalotofmytime.=lotofmytime.=(correct)Ittakesalotofmytimetravelling(correct)IttakesalotofmytimetravellingtoBeijing.toBeijing.WeusuallyusethepreparatorysubjectWeusuallyusethepreparatorysubjectitit withaclauseorto-infinitive(withaclauseorto-infinitive(preferablepreferable),),butwiththev-ingformweprefertherealbutwiththev-ingformweprefertherealsubjectatthebeginning.subjectatthebeginning. TipTip2.Itcanalsobeusedbefore2.Itcanalsobeusedbeforeseem,appear,seem,appear,happen,chance,turnouthappen,chance,turnoutandandproveproveastheasthepreparatorysubjectofasentence.preparatorysubjectofasentence.a. a.ItseemsthathespeakstwolanguagesItseemsthathespeakstwolanguages.=.=Heseemstospeaktwolanguages.Heseemstospeaktwolanguages.b.b.IthappensthatmynewneighbourIthappensthatmynewneighbour comescomesfrommyhometown.=frommyhometown.=MynewneighborhappenstocomefrommyMynewneighborhappenstocomefrommyhometown.hometown.1. It + be + adj. ( true/ certain/ possible/ obvious, likely) that2. It + be +noun phrase (no wonder/ an honour/ a pity/) that3. It+ be + past participle (said/ reported/ expected/ announced/ suggested) that4. It + seems/ appears/ happens/ proves/ turns out that. it 作形式主语的句型作形式主语的句型:Writing 6月将来临，月将来临，Mary将面临一场重要的考试将面临一场重要的考试-高考。高考。1、能否在高考英语中取得好成绩是她一直担心的事。、能否在高考英语中取得好成绩是她一直担心的事。（what 主语从句）主语从句）2、她发现学好英语是很重要的，那是因为它是世界上最、她发现学好英语是很重要的，那是因为它是世界上最 被广泛使用的语言。（被广泛使用的语言。（it作形式主语和表语从句）作形式主语和表语从句）3、她的愿望是被一所重点大学录取。、她的愿望是被一所重点大学录取。4、可是事实是她的成绩不是很理想。、可是事实是她的成绩不是很理想。5、但她坚信人人都有获得成功的潜力。、但她坚信人人都有获得成功的潜力。6、总之，她会尽一切努力实现她的梦想。、总之，她会尽一切努力实现她的梦想。WritingWhatworriesMarymostiswhethershecanachievehighgradesinEnglishinCollegeEntranceExamination.ShefindsitisimportanttolearnEnglishwell.Thatsbecauseitisthemostwidelyspokenlanguageallthroughtheworld.Itisherhopethatshecanbeadmittedintoakeyuniversity.However,itsafactthatshedoesntdowellinstudy.Butsheholdsabeliefthateveryonehasthepotentialtoachievesuccess.Allinall,shewilldowhatevershecantorealizeherdream.