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I.句子的写作句子的写作1.句子的基本概念句子的基本概念+基本句式基本句式2.五类经典句子的写作五类经典句子的写作3.怎样使句子多样化?怎样使句子多样化?4.用词的准确用词的准确II.作文作文“精彩精彩”句型句型CET4 作文作文学生的作文主要有以下几个方面的问题:学生的作文主要有以下几个方面的问题:第一、英语底子太薄。第一、英语底子太薄。第二、词汇量太小,且对已学词汇记忆不清。第二、词汇量太小,且对已学词汇记忆不清。第三、表达思想不清楚。第三、表达思想不清楚。 下面我们以考生的实际作文来进行一下分析。下面我们以考生的实际作文来进行一下分析。1) Some one consider that fresh water will not touch its end.(96年年1月,月,2分分)2) One mans life lack of money, he will impossible to live on. (95年年1月,月,5分)分)3) As is know, that there are much fake commodities in todays society.(97年年12月,月,6分分)这里引述的例句与考生通篇作文的写作水平是一致的,其这里引述的例句与考生通篇作文的写作水平是一致的,其中中5、6分的例句具有典型性,代表了近乎中等水平考生的写作分的例句具有典型性,代表了近乎中等水平考生的写作水平。从这些例句中不难看出,中等水平的考生,事实上也包水平。从这些例句中不难看出,中等水平的考生,事实上也包括中上等水平的考生,在写作上存在的主要问题是表达思想不括中上等水平的考生,在写作上存在的主要问题是表达思想不清楚。清楚。表达思想不清楚的主要原因是考生作文中严重汉化的表达思想不清楚的主要原因是考生作文中严重汉化的英语,即中式英语,比如英语,即中式英语,比如: “man can live happiness”, “Man is iron, and food is steel.”, “Women are half side sky.“。 此外,语言错误的普遍性和严重性十分惊人,比如,此外,语言错误的普遍性和严重性十分惊人,比如,主谓不一致,名词单复数不分,动词时态语态滥用,常用主谓不一致,名词单复数不分,动词时态语态滥用,常用词词 拼写错误比比皆是。这些严重地影响了思想的表达。拼写错误比比皆是。这些严重地影响了思想的表达。 考试实践表明,多数考生在写作上的主要欠缺是最基本考试实践表明,多数考生在写作上的主要欠缺是最基本的单句写作能力。的单句写作能力。 文章无论长短,都是由句子组成的,句子是表达思想文章无论长短,都是由句子组成的,句子是表达思想的最基本的单位。因此,句子是否能写得正确、达意和清的最基本的单位。因此,句子是否能写得正确、达意和清楚,将直接影响整篇文章的写作质量。大学英语四、六级楚,将直接影响整篇文章的写作质量。大学英语四、六级考试和研究生入学英语考试的实践都表明,考生写作成绩考试和研究生入学英语考试的实践都表明,考生写作成绩长期得不到明显提高的主要原因是欠缺写好单句的能力。长期得不到明显提高的主要原因是欠缺写好单句的能力。句子的基本概念句子的基本概念Top important!每一个句子都要符合句子基本结构每一个句子都要符合句子基本结构主语主语谓语谓语宾语宾语定语从句定语从句多由副词修饰多由副词修饰宾语从句宾语从句英语中有哪些基本句式英语中有哪些基本句式?S十十V主谓结构主谓结构S十十V十十P主系表结构主系表结构S十十V十十O主谓宾结构主谓宾结构S十十V十十O1十十O2 主谓双宾结构主谓双宾结构S十十V十十O十十C 主谓宾补结构主谓宾补结构 说明:说明:S主语;主语;V谓语;谓语;P表语;表语; O宾语;宾语;O1间接宾语;间接宾语; O2直接宾语直接宾语;C宾语补足语宾语补足语 五个基本句式详细解释如下:五个基本句式详细解释如下:1S十十V 句式句式在此句式中,在此句式中,V是不及物动词,又叫自动词是不及物动词,又叫自动词(vi)。例。例如:如:He runs quickly他跑得快。他跑得快。They listened carefully他们听得很仔细。他们听得很仔细。He suffered from cold and hunger他挨冻受饿。他挨冻受饿。China belongs to the third world country中国属于第三世界国家。中国属于第三世界国家。The gas has given out煤气用完了。煤气用完了。My ink has run out我的钢笔水用完了。我的钢笔水用完了。2S十十V十十P 句式句式在此句式中,在此句式中,V是系动词是系动词(link v),常见的系动词有:常见的系动词有:look,seem,appear,sound,feel,taste,smell,grow,get,fall ill/asleep,stand/sit still,become,turn等。例如:等。例如:He is older than he looks他比看上去要老。他比看上去要老。He seem interested in the book他似乎对这本书感兴趣。他似乎对这本书感兴趣。The story sounds interesting这个故事听起来有趣。这个故事听起来有趣。The desk feels hard书桌摸起来很硬。书桌摸起来很硬。The cake tastes nice饼尝起来很香。饼尝起来很香。The flowers smell sweet and nicc花闻起来香甜。花闻起来香甜。You have grown taller than before你长得比以前高了。你长得比以前高了。He has suddenly fallen ill他突然病倒了。他突然病倒了。He stood quite still他静静地站看。他静静地站看。He becomes a teacher when he grew up他长大后当了教师。他长大后当了教师。He could never turn traitor to his country他永远不会背叛他的祖国。他永远不会背叛他的祖国。注意:有些系动词同时也是及物动词,可构成注意:有些系动词同时也是及物动词,可构成SVO句式,句式,例如:例如:Helookedmeupanddown他上下打量我。他上下打量我。Hereachedhishandtofeeltheelephant他伸出手来摸象。他伸出手来摸象。Theyaretastingthefish他们在品尝鱼。他们在品尝鱼。Theygrowriceintheirhometown他们在家乡种水稻。他们在家乡种水稻。Hesgotachairtositon他有椅子坐。他有椅子坐。PleaseturnthesentenceintoEnglish请把这个句于泽成英语。请把这个句于泽成英语。3S十十V十十O 句式句式在此句式中,在此句式中,V是及物动词是及物动词(vt),因此有宾语。例如:因此有宾语。例如:I saw a film yesterday我昨天看了一部电影。我昨天看了一部电影。 Have you read the story?你读过这个故事吗你读过这个故事吗?They found their home easily他们很容易找到他们的家。他们很容易找到他们的家。They built a house last year他们去年建了一所房子。他们去年建了一所房子。Theyve put up a factory in the village他们在村里建了一座工厂。他们在村里建了一座工厂。They have taken good care of the children这些孩子他们照看得很好。这些孩子他们照看得很好。You should look after your children well你应该好好照看你的孩子。你应该好好照看你的孩子。4S十十V十十O1十十O2 句式句式在此句式中,在此句式中,V是带有双宾语的及物动词。常见的须是带有双宾语的及物动词。常见的须带双宾语的动词有带双宾语的动词有give,ask,bring,offer,send,pay,lend,show,tell,buy,get;rob,warn等。等。例如:例如:He gave me a book/a book to me他给我一本书。他给我一本书。He brought me a pen/a pen to me他带给我一枝钢笔。他带给我一枝钢笔。He offered me his seat/his seat to me他把座位让给我。他把座位让给我。注意下边动词改写后介词的变化:注意下边动词改写后介词的变化:Mother bought me a book/a book for me.妈妈给我买了一本书。妈妈给我买了一本书。He got me a chair/a chair for me他给我弄了一把椅子。他给我弄了一把椅子。Please do me a favor/a favor for me请帮我一下。请帮我一下。He asked me a question/a question of me他问我个问题。他问我个问题。注意,下边动词只有一种说法:注意,下边动词只有一种说法:They robbed the old man of his money他们抢了老人的钱。他们抢了老人的钱。Hes warned me of the danger.他警告我注意危险。他警告我注意危险。The doctor has cured him of his disease医生治好了他的病。医生治好了他的病。We must rid the house of the rats我们必须赶走屋里的老鼠。我们必须赶走屋里的老鼠。They deprived him of his right to speak他们剥夺了他说话的权利。他们剥夺了他说话的权利。5S十十V十十O十十C 句式句式在此句式中,在此句式中,V是有宾语补足语的及物动词。常作宾语补足语的词有形容词、副词、介词短是有宾语补足语的及物动词。常作宾语补足语的词有形容词、副词、介词短语、名词、不定式、现在分词、过去分词。语、名词、不定式、现在分词、过去分词。常见的可接宾语补足语的动词很多,哪些动词可接哪几种形式作宾补,须根据动词的惯用法常见的可接宾语补足语的动词很多,哪些动词可接哪几种形式作宾补,须根据动词的惯用法而定,不能统而概论。请看下面的例子。而定,不能统而概论。请看下面的例子。They made the girl angry他们使这个女孩生气了。他们使这个女孩生气了。They found her happy that day他们发现那天她很高兴。他们发现那天她很高兴。I found him out我发现他出去了。我发现他出去了。I saw him in我见他在家。我见他在家。They saw a foot mark in the sand他们发现沙地上有脚印。他们发现沙地上有脚印。They named the boy Charlie他们给这个男孩起名为查理。他们给这个男孩起名为查理。I saw him come in and go out我见他进来又出去。我见他进来又出去。They felt the car moving fast他们感到汽车行驶得很快。他们感到汽车行驶得很快。I heard the glass broken just now我刚才听到玻璃碎了。我刚才听到玻璃碎了。He found the doctor of study closed to him他发现研究所的大门对他关闭了。他发现研究所的大门对他关闭了。五类经典句子的写作五类经典句子的写作一、 “There be”结构 二、 比较结构 三、 表达原因的结构 四、 否定结构 五、 含有it的结构 考生病句考生病句Therearemanypeopleliketogotothemovies.Therearedifferentkindsofvegetablescanbeboughtonthemarketbypeople.正确表达:正确表达:Therearemanypeoplewhowouldliketogotothemovies.Manypeopleliketogotothemovies.Therearedifferentkindsofvegetablesthatpeoplecanbuyonthemarket.一.“There be”结构Therewasnoschoolinthevillageatthattime.(=therewasnotaschool.)注意注意:在否定句中,否定词用:在否定句中,否定词用no,也可用,也可用nota或或notany。nota后接单数名词,后接单数名词,notany后接复数名词,后接复数名词,no后面的名词后面的名词单复数都可以。单复数都可以。Thereisnotamomenttobelost.Therearemanypeoplerushingintothecitieseveryyear.Therearemanythingswecandotopreventtrafficaccidents.Thereisalotwecandotopreventtrafficaccidents.Thereisnouseholdingbackthewheelofhistory. 二二. 比较结构比较结构考生病句:考生病句:1. Comparing with the bike, the car runs much faster.2. The climate in Walton is colder than other cities.正确表达:正确表达:1. Compared with the bike, the car runs much faster.2. The climate in Walton is colder than that of other cities.在例在例1中,对两个事物进行比较的句式为中,对两个事物进行比较的句式为Compared with A, B.,只能用只能用compare的过去分词,不能用现在分词,因为的过去分词,不能用现在分词,因为B是分词的逻是分词的逻辑主语,只能被比较。辑主语,只能被比较。在例在例2中,考生误将中,考生误将“天气天气”与与“城市城市”进行比较,而二者没有可比进行比较,而二者没有可比性,只有将后者改为性,只有将后者改为“其他城市的天气其他城市的天气”才符合逻辑,很显然,考生才符合逻辑,很显然,考生的错误是受了汉语表达习惯的影响。的错误是受了汉语表达习惯的影响。下面是比较结构的一些常用的表达方法下面是比较结构的一些常用的表达方法:同级比较同级比较In1998weproducedasmanycarsaswedidinthepreviousfiveyears.比较级比较级Childrennowenjoybettermedicaltreatmentthanbefore.Wecanlivelongerwithoutfoodthanwecan(live)withoutwater.morethan+名词名词Katewasmorethanateacher.Shealsodidwhatshecouldtotakecareofherpupils.morethan+数词数词Ihaveknownhimformorethantwentyyears.Morethantenpolicementurnedupatthespotwheretheaccidenthappened.morethan+形容词和分词形容词和分词Iwasmorethansurprisedtoseethelionstandingatthebody.morethan+动词动词HisprogressinEnglishlearningmorethanencouragedhimtolearnthesubjectwell.morethan+主语主语+aux.vThebeautyofthemountainouscountryismorethanIcandescribe.nomorethan/notmorethan/nomore.thanAllhiseducationaddeduptonomorethanoneyear.Lyingonthegroundwasapeasantboyofnotmorethanseventeen.DrHuisnomoreapoetthanDrWuisaphilosopher.Or:DrHuisnotapoetanymorethanDrWuisaphilosopher.Hearingtheloudnoise,theboywasmoresurprisedthanfrightened.Moreoftenthannotpeopletendtopayattentiontowhattheycantakeratherthanwhattheycangive.胡博士不是诗人,犹如吴博士不是哲学家。胡博士不是诗人,犹如吴博士不是哲学家。Nomorethan对比较的双方在意义上都给予否定,译为对比较的双方在意义上都给予否定,译为”A与与B都都不不”,着重点是着重点是than前面部分。前面部分。 3最高级最高级1)ThisisthemostinterestingbookIveeverread.2)OfallhisnovelsIlikethisonebest.4themorethemore结构结构1)Theharderyouwork,thegreaterprogressyouwillmake.2)Themoreamanknows,themorehediscovershisignorance.5 选择比较选择比较1) I prefer staying at home to going out.2) They prefer to work rather than (to) sit idly.3) He prefers to work alone.注意:这里的注意:这里的1)句用的是)句用的是Prefer A to B结构,结构,to为介词,后接为介词,后接名词或动名词;名词或动名词;2)句是以不定式作)句是以不定式作prefer的宾语;的宾语;3)句用法同)句用法同2),),只是不把只是不把rather than部分表达出来。部分表达出来。6 对比对比1) Motion is absolute while stagnation is relative.2) He is tired out, whereas she is full of vigour.注意:注意:while 和和whereas均可用于连接两个意义对立的分句,均可用于连接两个意义对立的分句,相当于汉语的相当于汉语的“而而”字。许多考生能较好地运用这一句式,尤其在图表字。许多考生能较好地运用这一句式,尤其在图表作文中。作文中。 三三. 表达原因的结构表达原因的结构考生病句:考生病句:1. The real reason to our failure is not far to seek.2. The reason for this is because some people want to earn plenty of money without working hard.正确表达:正确表达:1. The real reason for our failure is not far to seek.2. The reason for this is that some people want to earn plenty of money without working hard.评议与分析:评议与分析:第一位考生不知道第一位考生不知道reason不与不与to搭配而应接介词搭配而应接介词for,第二位考生第二位考生犯了一个中国学生常犯的错误,就是用犯了一个中国学生常犯的错误,就是用because引起表语从句,引起表语从句,because这个词不能引起表语从句,在本句中只能改用这个词不能引起表语从句,在本句中只能改用that才正确。才正确。掌握好表达原因的结构是十分重要的,几乎所有的写作试题都掌握好表达原因的结构是十分重要的,几乎所有的写作试题都要求写原因或可以写原因。在大学英语四、六级考试、研究生入学要求写原因或可以写原因。在大学英语四、六级考试、研究生入学英语考试以及英语考试以及TOEFL考试中,写作的文体基本上是议论文,而议论考试中,写作的文体基本上是议论文,而议论文的基本模式是摆事实、讲道理,讲道理就是说明原因。写作测试文的基本模式是摆事实、讲道理,讲道理就是说明原因。写作测试的文体决定了表达原因结构的重要性。的文体决定了表达原因结构的重要性。英语中用来表达原因这一概念的结构有多种。我们可用英语中用来表达原因这一概念的结构有多种。我们可用as , because, since, seeing that, considering that, now that, not that.等词组引出表示原因的从句。例如:等词组引出表示原因的从句。例如:1. Now that we have seen these great achievements with our own eyes, we feel more proud than ever of our country.2. Professor Liu is strict with us because he wants us to make rapid progress.3. Since we live near the sea, we enjoy a healthy climate.4. Pollution is still a serious problem, not that we dont have the ability to solve it, but that some people have not realized the consequences of the problem.我们还可以借助某些词语用简单句表达原因结构。例如:我们还可以借助某些词语用简单句表达原因结构。例如:1. The reason for this change is quite obvious.2. Diligence is the key factor of success.3. Idleness is the root of all evils.4. He was ashamed to have made the mistake.(=He was ashamed that he had made the mistake. =He was ashamed because he had made the mistake.)除了上述的例句外,英语中还有很多或易或难的表达原因的结构。除了上述的例句外,英语中还有很多或易或难的表达原因的结构。我们在进行写作训练的时候,不能满足于一知半解,要讲究书面语言我们在进行写作训练的时候,不能满足于一知半解,要讲究书面语言的正确性和准确性。比如,的正确性和准确性。比如,because是最常用的引导原因从句的连词,是最常用的引导原因从句的连词,语气最强,表示直接的原因语气最强,表示直接的原因,若,若because置于句首,后面的主句不能置于句首,后面的主句不能再用再用so。用。用as引导的原因从句语气较弱,所说明的原因是附带的,引导的原因从句语气较弱,所说明的原因是附带的,而而since表示的原因暗示着是稍加分析之后才能推断出来的原因。表示的原因暗示着是稍加分析之后才能推断出来的原因。 四四. .否定结构否定结构考生病句考生病句1. Some people think we neednt to worry about fresh water.2. Nowadays many people dont like to go to the movies, too.正确表达:正确表达:1. Some people think we neednt worry (或或dont need to worry) about fresh water.2. Nowadays many people dont like to go to the movies, either.评议与分析:评议与分析:例句例句1 的错误在于该考生混淆了的错误在于该考生混淆了need作为情态动词和作为普通作为情态动词和作为普通动词的用法。动词的用法。need作为情态动词时,主要用于否定句,后面的动词作为情态动词时,主要用于否定句,后面的动词不带不带to, neednt worry,作,作we的谓语。的谓语。need作为实意动词时,作为实意动词时,可用于肯定句、否定句和疑问句,可用于肯定句、否定句和疑问句,dont need to worry 中的中的to worry作作dont need的宾语。的宾语。 例句例句2的错误在于该考生混淆了的错误在于该考生混淆了too和和either的区别,这两个词的区别,这两个词都表示都表示也也的意思,但是在英语中的意思,但是在英语中too, also只能用于肯定句,而只能用于肯定句,而either只能用于否定句。只能用于否定句。除了在助动词、情态动词,除了在助动词、情态动词,be和和have后面加后面加not之外,还有许多不含之外,还有许多不含not的的否定结构。若能正确使用他们,文章会显得生动活泼,增加写作的闪光点。否定结构。若能正确使用他们,文章会显得生动活泼,增加写作的闪光点。下面我们就来看看下面我们就来看看:1 含有否定意义的词汇和短语含有否定意义的词汇和短语以下列举的词和词组本身就具有否定的含义,因此无需用否定词。以下列举的词和词组本身就具有否定的含义,因此无需用否定词。介词介词against, beyond, but, except, without,.形容词和动词形容词和动词absent, deny, differ, different, fail, free, ignore, miss, refuse, the last, used to, reluctant, lack, want,.短语短语keep.from, protect.from, prevent.from, let alone, at a loss, in vain, instead of, out of the question, rather than, too.to, by no means, anything but,.我们看以下例句:我们看以下例句:1) Women fail to get the equal rights in some countries. 在一些国家里妇女没有得到平等的权利。在一些国家里妇女没有得到平等的权利。2) This is by no means the best way to solve the problem of energy crisis.这不是解决能源危机的最好的办法。这不是解决能源危机的最好的办法。3) We should protect trees from being destroyed.我们应保护树木,不让它们受破坏。我们应保护树木,不让它们受破坏。4) In old China we could not make a nail, let alone(make) machines.在旧中国,我们连一个钉子都造不了,更不用说制造机在旧中国,我们连一个钉子都造不了,更不用说制造机器了。器了。2 含有半否定意义的词语含有半否定意义的词语barely, hardly, few, little, rarely, scarcely, seldom, not all, not everyone, not everything,.具有半否定的意义。例句:具有半否定的意义。例句:1) We could hardly see any fresh vegetables in winter on market several years ago.几年前在冬天市场上很难见到新鲜蔬菜。几年前在冬天市场上很难见到新鲜蔬菜。2) These young people know little about how to choose good books to read.这些年轻人几乎不知道如何挑选优秀的书籍来读。这些年轻人几乎不知道如何挑选优秀的书籍来读。3 不含否定意义的否定结构不含否定意义的否定结构 有些词和词组形式上是否定结构,但其含义是肯有些词和词组形式上是否定结构,但其含义是肯定的,比如:定的,比如:cannot but, cant help,no sooner.than, not.until, in no time, none other than(不是别的而正是不是别的而正是) , nothing but,等等。例句:等等。例句:1) We cant but face the reality.我们只有面对现实。我们只有面对现实。2) These old buildings will be replaced by modern apartment buildings in no time.这些旧建筑将很快为现代化的公寓所代替。这些旧建筑将很快为现代化的公寓所代替。4否定结构的倒装语序否定结构的倒装语序我们有时为了强调而把否定词和词组放在句我们有时为了强调而把否定词和词组放在句首,这时句子结构应倒装。例如:首,这时句子结构应倒装。例如:1)Onnoaccountshouldwefollowblindly.我们决不应当盲从。我们决不应当盲从。2)Nowherehastheworldeverseensuchgreatenthusiasmforlearningasinourcountry.没有任何其他地方有我国这样高的学习热没有任何其他地方有我国这样高的学习热情。情。 五五. 含有含有it的结构的结构考生病句:考生病句:1. As is known to all of us that science and technology play an important role in the development of society.2. It is known to us, practice makes perfect.正确表达:正确表达:1.Itisknowntoallofusthatscienceandtechnologyplayanimportantroleinthedevelopmentofsociety.(或或:Asisknowntoallofus,science.)2.Itisknowntousthatpracticemakesperfect.(或或:Asisknowntous,practice.)评议与分析:评议与分析:很显然,两个考生混淆了很显然,两个考生混淆了it和和as的用法。如果用的用法。如果用it作形式主语,后面作形式主语,后面的主语从句必须由的主语从句必须由that引起;如果用引起;如果用as,则后面不能用,则后面不能用that,因为,因为as是关是关系代词,代表系代词,代表practicemakesperfect。It 在英语中是个相当活跃的代词,在写作中我们常要使用它。以下在英语中是个相当活跃的代词,在写作中我们常要使用它。以下几种用法应熟练掌握,并能灵活运用。几种用法应熟练掌握,并能灵活运用。 1作形式主语作形式主语It is necessary for us to master a foreign language skillfully. It makes difference whether we could purify the air or not.2.作形式宾语作形式宾语We find it rather difficult to prevent people from doing that. Modern science has made it possible for babies to grow healthily and for people to live longer.3.引导强调句引导强调句It is only by this way that we can achieve success. It was then that people began to realize the importance of controlling population.从语法结构来看,上述的句子都不难,或者可以说是考生相当熟悉的。从语法结构来看,上述的句子都不难,或者可以说是考生相当熟悉的。然而在写作考试中,多数考生缺乏运用自己已掌握的句式的意识,而以自然而在写作考试中,多数考生缺乏运用自己已掌握的句式的意识,而以自己头脑中拼凑的中式英语取而代之。其实,只要能恰当地运用上述的任何己头脑中拼凑的中式英语取而代之。其实,只要能恰当地运用上述的任何一个句式,考生的作文就会出现闪光点,就会取得比较好的成绩。一个句式,考生的作文就会出现闪光点,就会取得比较好的成绩。 毫无疑问跳糟既有优点又有缺点毫无疑问跳糟既有优点又有缺点.Therecouldbenodoubtthatjob-hoppinghasitsdrawbacksaswellasmerits.男人在体力方面胜过女人男人在体力方面胜过女人,但智力是没有差别的但智力是没有差别的.Menmaybesuperiortowomeninphysicalaffairs.Yet,thereisnodifferenceinintelligence.迟到一分钟跟迟到半小时同样是不准时。迟到一分钟跟迟到半小时同样是不准时。Oneminutetoolateisnomoreintimethanhalfanhour(is).总的来说总的来说,女人和男人一样能干女人和男人一样能干.Generallyspeaking,womenareascapableasmen.集体的力量是无穷的,而个人的力量是有限的。集体的力量是无穷的,而个人的力量是有限的。Thestrengthofthecollectiveisboundless,whilethatoftheindividualisverylimited.我们还需要些食品,因为食品不够这么多人吃的。我们还需要些食品,因为食品不够这么多人吃的。Weneedsomemorefood,becausethefoodisinadequateforsomanypeople.和他交朋友没有什么好处。和他交朋友没有什么好处。Thereisnogoodmakingfriendswithhim.我不想有任何我不想有任何误解解Idontwanttheretobeanymisunderstanding.由于没有其它事情,我宣布散会由于没有其它事情,我宣布散会There being no further business, I declared the meetingclosed.无无论是你,是你,还是我,是我,还是其他任何人都不知道答案是其他任何人都不知道答案NeitheryounorInoranyoneelseknowstheanswer.我并不是因我并不是因为怕父怕父亲才离开家的才离开家的IdidntleavehomebecauseIwasafraidofmyfather. 怎样使句子多样化?怎样使句子多样化?句子可长可短,同一件事,可以用不同的句式表句子可长可短,同一件事,可以用不同的句式表达。如果句子清一色是简单句,文章必定很单调乏达。如果句子清一色是简单句,文章必定很单调乏味。如果全篇充满了冗长的复杂句,读起来也很费味。如果全篇充满了冗长的复杂句,读起来也很费力。最好的方法是以简单句为基础,配合适当的并力。最好的方法是以简单句为基础,配合适当的并列句和复杂句。简单句可长可短,通常要加些附属列句和复杂句。简单句可长可短,通常要加些附属成分,如分词短语、介词短语、副词短语、不定式成分,如分词短语、介词短语、副词短语、不定式动词短语,以及节缩成分。动词短语,以及节缩成分。 总之,作者可根据情况,使句子多样化,使文总之,作者可根据情况,使句子多样化,使文章灵活多姿。章灵活多姿。例如下列五个句子的基本概念一样,但是句式不同,内容重点也有例如下列五个句子的基本概念一样,但是句式不同,内容重点也有些差别:些差别: (1) The goats grazed peacefully in the farm and were unaware of the approaching hunter. (并列分句并列分句(1)+2) (2) Grazing peacefully, the goats in the farm were unaware of the approaching hunter. (现在分语现在分语短语短语+简单句简单句) (3) In the farm, the goats grazed peacefully and were unaware of the approaching hunter. (副副词短语词短语+并列分句并列分句(1)-(2) ) (4) There were goats grazing peacefully in the farm, unaware of the approaching hunter. (简单句简单句+形容语短语形容语短语) (5) As the goats grazed peacefully in the farm, they were unaware of the approaching hunter. (原原因从句因从句+主句主句) (1)和和(5)的句式最常见;如果加上其他三种互相交替,句子的句式最常见;如果加上其他三种互相交替,句子不是更多样化吗?不是更多样化吗?看看这个句子要如何多样化呢?看看这个句子要如何多样化呢?The young pilot was on his first overseas training. He felt very uneasy. (a)Theyoungpilotonhisfirstoverseastrainingfeltveryuneasy.(b)Theyoungpilotfeltveryuneasyduringhisfirstoverseastraining.(c)Theyoungpilotsfirstoverseastrainingmadehimfeelveryuneasy.(d)Extremeuneasinessseizedtheyoungpilotonhisfirstoverseastraining.(e)Theyoungpilotwasonhisfirstoverseastraining,feelingveryuneasy.(f)Itbeinghisfirstoverseastraining,theyoungpilotfeltveryuneasy.(g)Beingonhisfirstoverseastraining,theyoungpilotfeltveryuneasy.(h)Theyoungpilotwasonhisfirstoverseastrainingandfeltveryuneasy.(i)Theyoungpilot,whowasonhisfirstoverseastraining,feltveryuneasy.(j)Whentheyoungpilotwasonhis/firstoverseastraining,hefeltveryuneasy.(k)Astheyoungpilotwasonhisfirstoverseastraining,hefeltveryuneasy.(l)Theyoungpilotwasonhisfirstoverseastraining,sothathefeltveryuneasy.在上述在上述12个句子中,个句子中,(a)-(g)是简单句;是简单句;(h)是并列句;是并列句;(i)-(l)是复合句。简单句除是复合句。简单句除(b)和和(g)之外,其他五样,用的之外,其他五样,用的人并不多。人们最喜欢采用复合句,尤其是人并不多。人们最喜欢采用复合句,尤其是(j)和和(k)这两句;这两句;接着便是并列句接着便是并列句(h)。如果大多数人的句子只限于。如果大多数人的句子只限于(b),(g),(h),(j)和和(k)这五种,而其他的则弃如敝屣,不是很可惜吗这五种,而其他的则弃如敝屣,不是很可惜吗?英文句子的上下连贯,段落的过渡衔接,主要靠英文句子的上下连贯,段落的过渡衔接,主要靠“结构词结构词”来表示。来表示。(1)(1)如分段叙述某一个问题或表示顺序时,可用如分段叙述某一个问题或表示顺序时,可用FirstFirst, SecondSecond, ThirdThird或或InInthethefirstfirstplace,place, InInthethesecondsecondplace,place,LastLastbutbutnotnotthetheleastleastimportantimportant来表示衔接。来表示衔接。 (2)(2)举例说明时可用举例说明时可用for examplefor example, for instancefor instance, to illustrate to illustrate 来表示。来表示。(3)(3) )进一步阐述时可用进一步阐述时可用furthermorefurthermore, in additionin addition, similarlysimilarly, moreovermoreover来加来加以提示。以提示。(4)(4)强调某一点的重要性时,可用强调某一点的重要性时,可用surelysurely, trulytruly, undoubtedlyundoubtedly, clearlyclearly, indeedindeed, as a matter of factas a matter of fact来加强句子的力度。来加强句子的力度。(5)(5)作结论时可用作结论时可用thereforetherefore, in summaryin summary,consequentlyconsequently,in conclusionin conclusion, in short, in a wordin short, in a word等来导出。等来导出。 (6)(6)分析因果时可用分析因果时可用becausebecause,due todue to,so thatso that,as a resultas a result等来表现主从句之等来表现主从句之间的逻辑关系。间的逻辑关系。(7)(7)转换思路时,可用转换思路时,可用butbut,howeverhowever,neverthelessnevertheless,otherwiseotherwise等以示转折,而等以示转折,而on the one handon the one hand, on the other hand; on the other hand; on one side of the coin,on on one side of the coin,on the other side of the coin the other side of the coin 则可用来连接两个相反的事实或观点。则可用来连接两个相反的事实或观点。(8)(8)It follows that.It follows that. It can be inferred that. It can be inferred that. It suggests that. It suggests that.则将读者引入作者的逻辑推理思路。则将读者引入作者的逻辑推理思路。英语写作用词的准确表达英语写作用词的准确表达要把握选词的准确性要把握选词的准确性,可以从下面三可以从下面三方面入手:方面入手:一、要有广泛的阅读积累,才能了解词与社会、历史、文一、要有广泛的阅读积累,才能了解词与社会、历史、文化及政治因素的关系,选词时才能符合语言习惯并与社会化及政治因素的关系,选词时才能符合语言习惯并与社会文化诸多背景一致。文化诸多背景一致。例如,英美人对例如,英美人对landlord和和peasant两词的理解与中国人截然不同。英美人两词的理解与中国人截然不同。英美人对前者的理解首先是对前者的理解首先是“房东房东”,然后才是,然后才是“地主地主”;而;而peasant一词对他们一词对他们来说意味着来说意味着“粗俗粗俗”与与“无知无知”,此词多少带有贬义色彩。再,此词多少带有贬义色彩。再如如propaganda一词在中国并不带有西方人所理解的贬一词在中国并不带有西方人所理解的贬意;而意;而First lady(第第一夫人)绝不能理解为汉语的原配夫人,因此在写作中应特别注意这类词,否一夫人)绝不能理解为汉语的原配夫人,因此在写作中应特别注意这类词,否则会导致冒犯和误解。则会导致冒犯和误解。由于东西方社会历史文化的差异,许多词所引申或代表的内容也大相径庭,由于东西方社会历史文化的差异,许多词所引申或代表的内容也大相径庭,Phoenix在西方象征在西方象征“复活复活”、“再生再生”,而汉语的这一词却表示,而汉语的这一词却表示“祥瑞祥瑞”。Peach在汉语中象征在汉语中象征“长寿长寿”而在英语中却用以指代而在英语中却用以指代“特别讨人喜爱的人或特别讨人喜爱的人或物物”。又比如在表示色彩的词中。又比如在表示色彩的词中green是青春的颜色,常表示希望、活力,是青春的颜色,常表示希望、活力,但在英语中但在英语中green又与又与“妒忌妒忌” (to be green with envy,green-eyed)和和“没有经验的没有经验的”(a green horn)联系起来。联系起来。如果没有广泛的阅读积累,养成经常查字典的良好习惯,单凭想当然地选词,如果没有广泛的阅读积累,养成经常查字典的良好习惯,单凭想当然地选词,势必会词不达意。即使同一事物,在美国和英国也可能有不同的表达。例如势必会词不达意。即使同一事物,在美国和英国也可能有不同的表达。例如:corn一词在美国指一词在美国指“玉米玉米”而在英国泛指而在英国泛指“谷物谷物”;“地铁地铁”在英国用在英国用tube或或under-ground美国则用美国则用subway。此类的例子还有此类的例子还有pavement/sidewalk, Chemists shop/drug store等。等。二、在英语写作中特别要注意区分同义词,选词时要考虑主题、二、在英语写作中特别要注意区分同义词,选词时要考虑主题、对象及情景对象及情景(subject, audience, situation)。)。由于历史的原因,现代英语除本族语外,还包括大量的法语和拉丁来源的饲,这就由于历史的原因,现代英语除本族语外,还包括大量的法语和拉丁来源的饲,这就使英语的同义词相当丰富。总的来讲,英语本族语大多是短词,小词,听起来朴素)使英语的同义词相当丰富。总的来讲,英语本族语大多是短词,小词,听起来朴素)亲切,大量用于口头表达:法语来源的词庄重文雅,多与行政、宗教、军事、服饰、亲切,大量用于口头表达:法语来源的词庄重文雅,多与行政、宗教、军事、服饰、饮食等有关;拉丁来源的词,书卷味浓饮食等有关;拉丁来源的词,书卷味浓, 如如ask,question,interrogate这三这三个不同来源的同义词在不同的主题、对象、情景下用法就不一样。个不同来源的同义词在不同的主题、对象、情景下用法就不一样。同义词除了来源的不同会影响措词的选择外,它们在程度、感情色彩上也有不同。同义词除了来源的不同会影响措词的选择外,它们在程度、感情色彩上也有不同。比如比如“瘦瘦”可以可以用用slender,slim,lean, thin,underweight,gaunt, lanky,skinny等来表达,而等来表达,而slender表示表示“苗条苗条”是褒义的,是褒义的,skinny却是贬却是贬义的,义的,underweight则是中性的词。则是中性的词。即使同是褒义词,表达的感情色彩也不同。比如即使同是褒义词,表达的感情色彩也不同。比如little和和petite两个同义词当用来两个同义词当用来描绘女子时,都意为描绘女子时,都意为“个子小个子小”的,但的,但petite同时还有同时还有“匀称匀称”的意义,而的意义,而little更强调更强调“可爱的可爱的”或或“可怜的可怜的”,根据不同的上下文,它还有,根据不同的上下文,它还有“纤小纤小”、“娇小娇小”或或“弱小弱小”等不同意义。因此在选词表达思想时,一定要分清主题,对象及情景。等不同意义。因此在选词表达思想时,一定要分清主题,对象及情景。另外让中国学生头痛的是一些同义词的习惯搭配。比如另外让中国学生头痛的是一些同义词的习惯搭配。比如large和和big都指都指“大大”,但但large通常用来修饰诸如通常用来修饰诸如number,amount及及quantity(a large number of students,a large amount of money,a large quantity of wine,etc)。)。但象但象“勇气勇气”,“信心信心”,”能力能力”、“智慧智慧”等表示个人素等表示个人素质的名词,人们通常用质的名词,人们通常用great而而不用不用big或或large来修饰。由此可见,在英语写作来修饰。由此可见,在英语写作实践中,区分同义词的用法是相当重要的。实践中,区分同义词的用法是相当重要的。三、选择措词应把握好英语和汉语词汇无法对应的部分三、选择措词应把握好英语和汉语词汇无法对应的部分不是所有的英语词汇都有相应的汉语表达,一些不同的英语词汇也有可能用同不是所有的英语词汇都有相应的汉语表达,一些不同的英语词汇也有可能用同样的汉语来表达,这就使我们在用英语来表达思想对面临更多选择上的困难。样的汉语来表达,这就使我们在用英语来表达思想对面临更多选择上的困难。比如比如family和和home两词都可译成汉语的两词都可译成汉语的“家家”,但它们却不是同义词,但它们却不是同义词。Family主要指家庭成员,与人有关,主要指家庭成员,与人有关,而而home主要指所居住的地点、住宅。主要指所居住的地点、住宅。Except和和besides有时都译成同样的汉语有时都译成同样的汉语“除了除了”,但他们的意思却是相反的。但他们的意思却是相反的。因此我们不能依赖于单纯的汉语译意。否则我们可能会被误导。因此我们不能依赖于单纯的汉语译意。否则我们可能会被误导。尽管许多英语对应的汉语词汇都能表达它们真正的意思,但往往有些英语词汇尽管许多英语对应的汉语词汇都能表达它们真正的意思,但往往有些英语词汇没有准确的汉语对应词;所以只有在不同的上下文中才能确定它们真正的意思,没有准确的汉语对应词;所以只有在不同的上下文中才能确定它们真正的意思,比如比如send一词,如果单把它理解成汉语的一词,如果单把它理解成汉语的“送送”的话,象这样的句子的话,象这样的句子“她送她送信给我信给我”也许会被写也许会被写成成she sent me the letter.而英语准确的表达应而英语准确的表达应是是she brought me the letter.再如再如“他将送朋友去机场他将送朋友去机场”,如果写成,如果写成He will send his friend to the airport。就又错了。正确的表达应该就又错了。正确的表达应该是是He will go to the airport with his friend to see him off. 实际上实际上send sth. to a place 应该是请别人送去,自己不去。应该是请别人送去,自己不去。因此,要确定我们所选的词是否准确、恰当,单凭查词典还不行。因此,要确定我们所选的词是否准确、恰当,单凭查词典还不行。II.作文作文“精彩精彩”句型句型1.开篇开篇1.Manynationshavebeenfacedwiththeproblemof.2.Recentlytheproblemhasbeenbroughtintofocus.3.Recentlythephenomenonhasbecomeaheatedtopic.4.Recentlytheissuehasarousedgreatconcernamong.5.Nowadaysthereisagrowingconcernover.6.Neverinourhistoryhastheideathat.beensopopular.7.Facedwith.,quiteafewpeoplearguethat.8.Accordingtoarecentsurvey,.9.Withtherapiddevelopmentof.,Internethasbeenplayinganincreasinglyimportantroleinourday-to-daylife.Ithasbroughtalotofbenefitsbuthascreatedsomeseriousproblemsaswell.10.Thereisnoconsensusofopinions(therearesomecontroversies)amongpeopleastodoingsth(astotheviewofsth)11.Whenitcomestosth,peoplesideas(views/notions/opinions)varyfrompersontoperson(fromonetoanother):12.Whenaskedabout,adivergenceofopinions(onsth)arises:13.Nowadays(recently/thesedays/currently),therehasbeenaheateddiscussion(asensationaldebate)ontheissueofsth.(onwhetherornotweshould)14.Peoplewhoareagainstholdthat_,others,however,contradictthat_15.Somehold_whileotherstakeitforgranted(firmlybelieve/argue/favor)_16.Asopposedtootherswhoholdthat_,aconsiderableproportionofpeopleclaimthat_,17.ThosewhoobjecttoarguethatButpeoplewhofavor,ontheotherhand,arguethat2.中间段中间段1.Theincreaseinisduetothefactthat2.Thereareavarietyofreasonsforthisdramaticgrowthin.FirstSecondFinally3.Historyisfilledwiththeexamplesof4.Asisshowninthetablereleasedbythegovernment,itcanbelearnedthat5.Thereis(no)goodevidenceto6.Wemustadmittheundeniablefactthat7.Noonecandenythefactthat8.Experience(Evidence)suggeststhat9.Thearguermayberightabout,butheseemstoneglecttomentionthefactthat10.Contrarytogenerallyacceptedviews,Iarguethat11.Themain/obviousproblemwiththisargumentisthatitisblindtothebasicfactthat12.Itwouldbenatural/reasonabletothinkthat,butitwouldbeabsurdtoclaimthat13.Atfirstthought,itmayseemanattractiveidea,butonsecondthought,wefindthat3.结尾段结尾段1.Itishightimethatweplacedgreatemphasisontheimprovementof2.Itishightimethatweputanendtotheunhealthysituation(tendency/phenomenon)of3.Thereisnoeasysolutiontotheproblemof,butmightbeuseful.4.Unlessthereisacommonrealizationof,itisverylikelythat5.Itisessentialthateffectivemeasuresshouldbetakentopreventthesituation.6.Itissuggestedthatgreateffortsshouldbemadetocontrolthegrowthof7.Tocontrolthetendencyisnotaneasyjob,anditinvolvesadifferentstateofattitudetowards8.Toputallintoanutshell,I 11.Fromwhathasbeendiscussedabove,wecandrawtheconclusionthat.12.Itishightimethatstrictmeasuresweretakentostop.13.Inconclusion,itisimperativethat.14.Thereisnoeasymethod,but.mightbeofsomehelp.15.Insummary,ifwecontinuetoignoretheabove-mentionedissue,moreproblemswillcropup.16.Withtheeffortsofallpartsconcerned,theproblemwillbesolvedthoroughly.17.Takingalltheseintoaccount,we.18.Whetheritisgoodornot/positiveornegative,onethingiscertain/clear.4.原因原因结果结果1Anumberoffactorsareaccountableforthissituation.Anumberoffactorsmightcontributeto(leadto)(accountfor)thephenomenon(problem).2.Theanswertothisprobleminvolvesmanyfactors.3.Thephenomenonmainlystemsfromthefactthat.4.Thefactorsthatcontributetothissituationinclude.5.Thechangein.largelyresultsfromthefactthat.6.Wemayblame.,buttherealcausesare.7.Partoftheexplanationsforitisthat.8.Oneofthemostcommonfactors(causes)isthat.9.Anothercontributingfactor(cause)is.10.Perhapstheprimaryfactoristhat11.Butthefundamentalcauseisthat.1.(结果结果),owingto(原因原因)owingto为分词结构为分词结构3.(结果结果)lieinthefactthat(原因原因).(原因原因)beresponsiblefor(结果结果).(原因原因),whichinturn(结果结果)eg.Theygiverisetounfaircompetition,whichinturnthrowsoriginalbusinessesintoacommercialpanic.5.后果后果1.Itmaygiverisetoahostofproblems.2.Theimmediateresultitproducesis.3.Itwillexerciseaprofoundinfluenceupon.4.Itsconsequencecanbesogreatthat.6.批驳批驳1.Itistruethat.,butonevitalpointisbeingleftout.2.Thereisagrainoftruthinthesestatements,buttheyignoreamoreimportantfact.3.Somepeoplesay.,butitdoesnotholdwater.4.Manyofushavebeenundertheillusionthat.5.Acloseexaminationwouldrevealhowridiculousthestatementis.6.Itmakesnosensetoarguefor.7.Toomuchstressplacedon.mayleadto.8.Suchastatementmainlyrestsontheassumptionthat.9.Contrarytowhatiswidelyaccepted,Imaintainthat.7.举例举例1.Agoodcaseinpointis.2.Asanillustration,wemaytake.3.Suchexamplesmightbegiveneasily.4.isoftencitedasanexample.8.证明证明1.Noonecandenythefactthat.2.Theideaishardlysupportedbyfacts.3.Unfortunately,noneoftheavailabledatashows.4.Recentstudiesindicatethat.5.Thereissufficientevidencetoshowthat.6.Accordingtostatisticsprovedby.,itcanbeseenthat.9.采取措施,提出建议采取措施,提出建议1.Mysuggestiontodealwith/solve/relievetheproblemareasfollows.Inthefirstplace,.Secondly,.Finally,2.Ifweletthesituationgoasitis,bythattime,.如果让如果让这种情况继续发展下去,那么这种情况继续发展下去,那么。到那个时候,。到那个时候,。3.Moreandmorepeoplearerealizingtheimportanceof,4.Greatefforts/Moremeasures/Dueattentionmustbetaken/paidto5.If,therewillbenothingthatcanmakemeevenhappier.如果如果(我们怎么怎么做我们怎么怎么做),那将没有比这令我更高兴的,那将没有比这令我更高兴的了。了。6.Wemayenhancetheawarenessofpeoplethat7.Thefirstnutforustocrackis我们首先要解决的是我们首先要解决的是。8.sth.beoftheutmostimportancebeofn.结构,结构,比比sth.bemuchimportant好好10.方式,比较方式,比较1.(Just)as,so正如正如比较句型比较句型eg.Justaswateristhemostimportantofliquids,soairisthemostimportantofgases.2.inmuchthesameway/mannerthat正如正如,和和一样一样eg.TheAmericansspendChristmasDayinmuchthesamewaythattheEuropeansdo.11.让步让步1.nowthat既然既然eg.Nowthatthedecisionhasbeenmade,wemusttryourbesttocarryitout.2.unlessnoteg.Itisaviciouscycleandunlessyouconsiderthesesocial,economicandenvironmentalproblemsinonecontext,youarenotseriousaboutmeetingthechallenges.considersth.inonecontext句型句型:把什么事情放在一起加以综合考虑把什么事情放在一起加以综合考虑12.强调句强调句1.only既是强调句既是强调句,又是倒装句又是倒装句eg.Onlyinthiswaycanyouhopetoimprovethepresentsituation.2.Itisthateg.Itisbecausehewastoocarelessthathefailedintheexam.3.nothingbut只不过;只有只不过;只有eg.Ifwhatwehavebeenstrivingforisnothingbutpleasure-seeking,ournationwillbedeprivedoftherighttorise.(这里这里nothingbut可以去掉可以去掉,不影响句意不影响句意,但有了但有了nothingbut,就强调了后就强调了后面的名词面的名词)13.假设假设1.Supposing,itislikelythat.假设假设,那么很可能那么很可能假设假设,虚拟语态虚拟语态eg.Supposingyouwantedtobuyawashingmachine,itismorethanlikelyyouwouldobtaindetailsregardingperformance,price,etc.fromanadvertisement.14.反问反问1.Whatelsecan?.还能做什么呢还能做什么呢?eg.Whatelsecanthepoorparentsdobutobey?这些可怜这些可怜的家长除了听从外还能做什么呢的家长除了听从外还能做什么呢?2.Howcould?怎能怎能.eg.HowcouldIputtheEnglishbooksasidetoreadpastimebooks?15.比较比较1.AistoBwhatXistoY.A对于对于B就象就象X对于对于Yeg.Foodistomanwhatoilistomachines.2.more,lesseg.TheclosertoChristmas,thecraziertheyget;theybecomemoreagitated,lesspatient.16.否定否定1.双重否定双重否定notuncommon=common平常的平常的,普通的普通的notunusual=usual平常的,通常的平常的,通常的notinevitable=evitable可以避免的可以避免的(尽量把要强调的普通的形容词改成双重否定尽量把要强调的普通的形容词改成双重否定,为文章为文章多增加亮点多增加亮点)2.bynomeans并没有并没有;当然不当然不3.nolonger/more不再不再eg.Iamnolongerthatignorantgirl.17.程度程度1.allthemore更加更加eg.ThatmakesLondonallthemorefascinating,doesntit?2.morethan做副词做副词,意为意为“多过多过”,“比比以上以上”,“比比更更”eg.Iammorethanhappytohearfromyou.3.morethanyoucan远超过你远超过你eg.Thesituationisveryabominablemorethanyoucanstand.环境非常恶劣环境非常恶劣,你无法忍受你无法忍受.18.论相互关系论相互关系1.Ahavemuch(nothing)todowithB2.AbecloselyrelatedtoB3.AbedirectlyboundupwithB4.adefinitelinkbetweenand19.直陈观点直陈观点1.morethancan简直不简直不,无法无法,难以难以eg.ThebeautyofthecityismorethanIcandescribe.2.beyonddescription无法描述无法描述eg.Thebeautyofthecityisbeyonddescription.3.Thereisnopoint(use)indoing是没有任何意义的是没有任何意义的.4.short-sightedpolicy眼光短浅的政策眼光短浅的政策5.whilewithonehand,withtheother.当当(我们我们)一方面一方面.,而另一方面而另一方面eg.Whilemoneyiseagerlycollectedinvastsumswithonehand,itispaidoutinincreasinglyvastersumswiththeother.6.beboundto注定注定7.(or)vice-versa反之亦然反之亦然8.sth.bemeasuredintermsofsth.用用来衡量来衡量eg.“success”ismeasuredintermsoffreedom9.mustberootedoutinorderto.必须根必须根除以除以eg.Moralcorruptionmustberootedoutinordertopreservetheintegrityofthestate.为了使国家健康发展为了使国家健康发展,必须根必须根除腐败除腐败.10.representonlythetipoftheiceberg.只是冰山一角只是冰山一角eg.Themostfamousstarsrepresentonlythetipoftheiceberg.辨证分析辨证分析1.Justasthepopularsayinggoes,“Everycoinhastwosides”.Fromoneside,.fromtheotherside,.正如一个谚语所说的正如一个谚语所说的,“每个硬币都有两面每个硬币都有两面(事物都是一分为二的事物都是一分为二的)”.从一方面看从一方面看.从另一从另一方面来看方面来看.二二2.Itiswellknownthatnogardenhasnoweeds.1.副词副词1.admittedly应当承认应当承认:Admittedly,afewgovernmentshavetakentimidmeasures.2.simply简而言之简而言之:Theanswerissimplymoney.3.discreetly小心谨慎地小心谨慎地:pointoutdiscreetlythat4.conceivably可以想象地可以想象地:Smokingmay,conceivably,beharmful.5.surely肯定地肯定地:Thisissurelythemostshort-sightedpolicyyoucouldimagine.2图表作文表达图表作文表达上升:上升:increase,rise,ascend,surge,goup,climb,mount,levelup下降下降:decrease,fall,drop,descend,decline,reduce,lessen,leveldown平稳平稳:stable,steady,remain/maintain/keep/bethesameas/similarto波动波动:fluctuate,fluctuation,riseandfalls,upanddown占占:occupy,takeup,accountfor,gainthepercentageof而而:while,however,whereas,ontheotherhand,actually,infact相比相比:bycontract,onthecontrary,likewise,comparedwith最高点最高点:thehighest,thetop,thesummit,thepeak,themost最低点最低点:bottom,least平均平均:mean,average趋势趋势:tendency,trend,inclination,upward/downward/up-and-down/down-and-up/level/预见预见:prediction达到顶峰达到顶峰:mountto有一个稳定的过程有一个稳定的过程:astableperiodcanbeseen四级写作常用句四级写作常用句“随着社会的发展随着社会的发展,”类类Alongwiththeadvanceofthesocietymore,andmoreproblemsarebroughttoourattention,oneofwhichisthat.Associetydevelops,peopleareattachingmuchimportanceto.“持有不同的观点持有不同的观点”Astowhetheritisablessingoracurse,however,peoplea.takedifferentattitudes.b.holddifferentattitudesc.comeupwithdifferentattitudesPeoplefromdifferentbackgroundswouldputdifferentinterpretationsonthesamecase.Tothisissue,differentpeoplecomeupwithvariousattitudes.“开始重视开始重视”类类Associetydevelops,peopleareattachingmuchimportanceto.Peopleareattachingmoreandmoreimportancetotheinterviewduringjobhunting.“对于对于问题争议较多问题争议较多”类类Astowhetheritisworthwhile.,thereisalong-runningcontroversialdebate.Itisquitenaturalthatpeoplefromdifferentbackgroundsmayhavedivergentattitudestowardsit.“引起关注引起关注”类类Recentlythephenomenonhasarousedwideconcern,somepeopleareinalarmthat.“起重要作用起重要作用”类类playssuchanimportantrolethatitundeniablybecomesthebiggestconcernofthepresentworld,sotherecomesaquestion,“Isitablessingoracurse?”“问题问题”常用词常用词question,problem,issueRecently,theissueofhasbeenbroughtintopublicfocus.Recentlytheissueofwhetherornothasbeeninthelimelightandhasarousedwideconcerninthepublic.Theissuewhetheritisgoodornotto.hasarousedaheateddiscussionalloverthecountry.“各有好处各有好处”类类Atpresent,somepeoplethink.whileothersclaim.Bothsideshavetheirmerits.“说到说到.”类类Whenasked,somepeoplethink.whilesomepreferWhenitcomesto,mostpeoplebelievethat,butotherpeopleregardas.Whenfacedwith.,quiteafewpeopleclaimthat.,butotherpeoplethinkas“任何事物都有两面性任何事物都有两面性”Thereisagoodsideandabadsidetoeverything.Itgoeswithoutsayingthat“支持某种观点支持某种观点”类类Somepeopleareoftheopinionthat.ManypeopleclaimthatSomepeoplecontendthathasprovedtobringmanyadvantages.Somepeopleadvocatethat.TheyholdthatPeople,whoadvocatethat,havetheirsoundreasons(grounds).“选择选择”类类IfitisuptometomakeachoicebetweenandIwouldratherchooseoverIwouldhavetosaythat,ifIwerefacedwiththedecision,Iwouldfollow.Attheriskofsoundingtoodirect,Ipreferto“解释原因解释原因”类类Thereasonsarechieflyasfollows.Thefirstandmostimportantreasonisthat.Thereasonsarepresentedbelow.Themainreasonisthat.Thereasonsarequiteclear.Aboveall,.Perhapsthisisbecauseofthesimplefactthat.“值得注意的是值得注意的是”类类Whatisalsoworthnoticingisthat.Thereisanotherfactorthatdeservessomewordshere.Thesecondthingthatmustbetakenintoconsiderationisthat“举例说明举例说明”类类Itcanbegivenaconcreteexample,Take.foranexample,whichisaveryobviouscase.ThereisoneimpressiveexampleIwanttomentionhere.Itisbestillustratedifgiventhefollowingexample.Perhapsthemostimportantexampleofisthat书信作文套句书信作文套句 DearSirorMadamMr.Mrs.Miss.Ms.Yourssincerely,yourstruthfully,Yoursaffectionately,Love,书信作文常用套句书信作文常用套句(开头开头 ) 1.Thetimeflies,wehaventseeneachotherforalongtime.Allthethingsherearegoingonprettywell,Ijustmissyousomuch!2.Itissogreattohearfromyouagain.3.Ihopethisletterfindsyouingoodhealthandgoodspirits.4.Itrustthateverythingisgoingsmoothlyforyou.书信作文常用套句书信作文常用套句(中间中间)给建议类给建议类Inmyhumbleopinion,youwouldbewisetotakethefollowingaction:IhopeyouwillnotfindittooforwardformetosuggestthatyouInmyexperience,itseemsthat_wouldmakesenseinyoursituation.GratitudeItrulyappreciateyourkindness.IamgratefultoyouforIappreciateitmorethanIcansay.Icanneverthankyouenough.Iwishtherewereabetterwordthan“thanks“toexpressmyappreciationforyourgeneroushelp.Manythanksforyourkindnessandhospitality.Apology Pleaseacceptmysincerestanddeepestapology.IapologizemostsincerelyforIamtrulysorrytohavedonePleaseforgivemeIoweyouanapologyIregrettoinformyouthatIamunabletodo.Invitation ThehonorofyourpresenceisrequestedItsapleasureformetoinviteyoutoWewouldbehonoredtohaveyoutherewithusIwillcoveralltheexpenseinvolved.SympathyIcanonlyimaginehowdifficultthistimemustbeforyou,andIwanttoextendtoyoumyunwaveringsupport.Complain (1)IamwritingtoexpressmydissatisfactionwithatIverymuchregrettohavetoinformyouthatIfinditawfulappalling(surprisinginabadway)quitedistressingthatIwouldliketodrawtheattentionoftheauthoritiesconcernedtotheComplain (2)IfeelsomethingoughttobedoneaboutIhopethattheabovesituationwillbeimprovedassoonaspossible.Yourefforttoprovidegoodserviceswillbehighlyappreciatedbyall.Wewillappreciateyourwillingnesstomakeupfortheloss.InquiryIwouldliketorequestsomeinformationaboutMyfirstquestionisIamgreatlyconcernedaboutShouldIneedtosendfurthermaterials,pleaseletmeknow.Couldyoubesokindastosendmesomerelevantbookletsontheabove-mentionedaspects.书信结尾部分书信结尾部分Again,Iwouldliketoexpressourwarmthankstoyou.Iamlookingforwardtoafavorablereplyatyourearliestconvenience.ThankyouforyourconsiderationandIwillbelookingforwardtoyourreply.套句总结套句总结开头开头 Recently,theproblemofhasarousedpeoplesconcern.Internethasbeenplayinganincreasinglyimportantroleinourday-to-daylife.Ithasbroughtalotofbenefitsbuthascreatedsomeseriousproblemsaswell.Nowadays,(overpopulation)hasbecomeaproblemwehavetoface.Itiscommonlybelievedthat/ItisacommonbeliefthatManypeopleinsistthatWiththedevelopmentofscienceandtechnology,moreandmorepeoplebelievethatAlotofpeopleseemtothinkthatPeoplesviewsonvaryfrompersontoperson.Someholdthat.However,othersbelievethat.PeoplemayhavedifferentopinionsonTherearedifferentopinionsamongpeopleastoDifferentpeopleholddifferentattitudestoward_.Attitudestowards_varyfrompersontoperson.提出建议提出建议Itishightimethatweputanendtothe(trend).ItistimetotaketheadviceofandtoputspecialemphasisontheimprovementofThereisnodoubtthatenoughconcernmustbepaidtotheproblemofObviously,.Ifwewanttodosomething,itisessentialthatOnlyinthiswaycanweItmustberealizedthatObviously,ifwedontcontroltheproblem,thechancesarethatwillleadusindanger.Nodoubt,unlesswetakeeffectivemeasures,itisverylikelythatItisurgentthatimmediatemeasuresshouldbetakentostopthesituation.论证论证 Frommypointofview,itismorereasonabletosupportthefirstopinionratherthanthesecond.IcannotentirelyagreewiththeideathatPersonally,IamstandingonthesideofIsincerelybelievethatInmyopinion,itismoreadvisabletodothantodo.Finally,tospeakfrankly,thereisalsoamorepracticalreasonwhy给出原因给出原因Thisphenomenonexistsforanumberofreasons.First,Second,Third,Whydid?ForonethingForanother.PerhapstheprimaryreasonisIquiteagreewiththestatementthatthereasonsarechieflyasfollows.列出解决办法列出解决办法 HerearesomesuggestionsforhandlingThebestwaytosolvethetroublesisPeoplehavefiguredoutmanywaystosolvethisproblem.Asfarassomethingisconcerned,ItwasobviousthatItmaybetruethat,butitdoesntmeanthat结尾结尾 Takingallthesefactorsintoconsideration,wenaturallycometotheconclusionthatTakingintoaccountallthesefactors,wemayreasonablycometotheconclusionthatHence/Therefore,wedbettercometotheconclusionthatThereisnodoubtthat(job-hopping)hasitsdrawbacksaswellasmerits.Allinall,wecannotlivewithoutButatthesametimewemusttrytofindoutnewwaystocopewiththeproblemsthatwouldarise.
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