从句clause 1.1.1.名名词性从句（性从句（substantive clauses):substantive clauses):主主语从句从句subject clausesubject clause、宾语从句从句object clauseobject clause、表、表语从句从句predicative clausepredicative clause、同位、同位语从句从句appositive clause.appositive clause.2.2.定定语从句（从句（attributive clause):attributive clause):形容形容词性从句性从句3.3.状状语从句（从句（adverbial clause):adverbial clause):副副词性从句（性从句（时间、地点、条件、地点、条件、结果、果、目的、原因、目的、原因、让步，方式等等）步，方式等等）2.Forexample:Forexample:1.1.I have reached a point in my life where I am I have reached a point in my life where I am supposed to make decision of my own.supposed to make decision of my own.2.2.I found the wallet where you left it.I found the wallet where you left it.3.3.She sang as she walked home all the way.She sang as she walked home all the way.4.4.Many people , as you know, are learing foreign Many people , as you know, are learing foreign languages.languages.5.5.Her house, which was built a hundred years ago, Her house, which was built a hundred years ago, stood still in the earthquake.stood still in the earthquake.6.6.The news that our team has won the games was true.The news that our team has won the games was true.7.7.It was obvious that youve made a big mistake.It was obvious that youve made a big mistake.8.8.He will talk to us about what he saw in the He will talk to us about what he saw in the school.school.9.9.He looks as if he was going to cry.He looks as if he was going to cry.3.引引导词导词particleparticle1.1.引引导名名词性从句性从句的的连接接词可分可分为三三类：连接接词：that, whether, if (that, whether, if (不充当从句的不充当从句的任何成分）任何成分）连接代接代词：what, whatever, who, whoever, what, whatever, who, whoever, whom, whose, which whom, whose, which 连接副接副词：when,where,how,whywhen,where,how,why4.2.2.引引导定定语从句从句的的连接接词关系代关系代词：that, which,who, whom,whose, that, which,who, whom,whose, asas等等关系副关系副词：where, when, why where, when, why 等等3.3.引引导状状语从句从句的的连接接词：) )时间状状语从句：从句：when, as, while, as soon when, as, while, as soon as, before, after, since.as, before, after, since.) )地点状地点状语从句常用引从句常用引导词：where, where, whereverwherever5.) )原因状原因状语从句：从句：because= in that , as because= in that , as ) )目的状目的状语从句：从句：so that, in order thatso that, in order that) )结果状果状语从句：从句：so.that, such.thatso.that, such.that) )条件状条件状语从句：从句：ifif，unlessunless）让步状步状语从句：从句：though, although, even though, although, even if, even though if, even though 6.7.引引导定定语从句的关系副从句的关系副词关系副关系副词When=on(in,during)whichwhere=on(in,in front of)whichWhy=for which8.如何如何选用定用定语从句的关系从句的关系词1.首先分清主句和定首先分清主句和定语从句从句2.确定定确定定语从句的先行从句的先行词3.把先行把先行词带回到定回到定语从句中去，看其从句中去，看其在定在定语从句中做什么从句中做什么语法成分（主法成分（主语，宾语，定，定语或状或状语）4.若先行若先行词在从句中做在从句中做主主语、宾语或定或定语则选择关系代关系代词，若在从句中做，若在从句中做状状语，则选择关系副关系副词。9.1. who, whom, whose, that 用法区用法区别. who 作定作定语从句的从句的主主语或或宾语. The man who is speaking at the meeting is a worker. whom 作定作定语从句的从句的宾语 The woman whom they wanted to visit is a teacher. that 可以作定可以作定语从句的从句的主主语和和宾语（可省略）（可省略）. The man who / that is speaking at the meeting is a worker. The woman (whom / that) they wanted to visit is a teacher.10. whose 作定作定语从句的从句的定定语. I know the girl whose mother is a teacher.2. which, that 的用法的用法which 作定作定语从句的从句的主主语或或宾语（可省（可省略）略）This is a truck which / that is made in China.I like the book (which / that) you bought yesterday.11.3. 只能用只能用that的情况的情况 Tom is the cleverest boy that I have ever known. This is the first play that I have seen since I came here. 序数序数词或形容或形容词最高最高级修修饰先行先行词时Ive read all the books that you lend me.先行先行词被被every, some, no, all, any, little, much等修等修饰时。12. Everything that we saw in this film was true. everything, something, nothing, all, anything, little, much等不定代等不定代词作先行作先行词时This is the very book that belongs to him. 先行先行词被被the only, the very, the same, the last修修饰时。Who is the girl that is standing under the tree?Which is the machine that we used last Sunday.whoistheworkerthattooksomephotosofthefactory.主句已有主句已有who和和which时只能用只能用that13. 主句已有主句已有who或或which时Ive never heard of the people and things that you talked about just now. 当先行当先行词同同时指指人人和和物物时4.关系代关系代词前有介前有介词时 (介介词提前提前) .指人只用指人只用whom, 指指物只用物只用whichThis is the boy with whom he talked. This is the ring on which she spent 1000 dollars.14.以以when作作为例子例子1.1.名名词性从句性从句It remains unknown when they are going It remains unknown when they are going to get married.to get married.( (主主语从句常用从句常用itit做形式主做形式主语，而将主，而将主语从句从句置于句末）置于句末）The problem is when we will start.The problem is when we will start.Its up to you decide when we will Its up to you decide when we will start.start.I have no idea when he will back.I have no idea when he will back.15.2.2.状状语从句从句James pretended to be deaf when I spoke James pretended to be deaf when I spoke to him.to him.I was about to leave my office when the I was about to leave my office when the telephone rang.telephone rang.When the wind blows, all the doors When the wind blows, all the doors rattle.rattle.Come when you are ready.Come when you are ready.She stopped trying, when she might She stopped trying, when she might succeed next time.succeed next time.16.3.3.定定语从句从句whenwhen引引导定定语从句表示从句表示时间，在定，在定语从从句中做状句中做状语，它的先行，它的先行词是表示是表示时间的名的名词如如the day, the days,the the day, the days,the time, the yeartime, the year等等1980 was the year when he was born.1980 was the year when he was born.Ill never forget the days when I Ill never forget the days when I worked with you.worked with you.17.练习：1. The English play _ my students acted at the 1. The English play _ my students acted at the New Years party was a great success.New Years party was a great success.A. for whichA. for whichB. at whichB. at whichC. in whichC. in whichD. on D. on whichwhich2. Roses need special care _ they can live 2. Roses need special care _ they can live through winter.through winter.A. becauseA. because B. so that B. so thatC. even ifC. even ifD. asD. as3.The factory produces half a million pairs of shoes 3.The factory produces half a million pairs of shoes every yearevery year， 80% _are sold abroad. 80% _are sold abroad.A. of whichA. of which B. which of B. which ofC. of themC. of them D. of D. of thatthat18.4. A computer can only do _ you 4. A computer can only do _ you have instructed it to do.have instructed it to do.A. howA. how B. after B. after C. what C. what D. D. whewhen n5._this company has done seems to 5._this company has done seems to be in agreement with what the be in agreement with what the government has called for.government has called for.A. ThatA. ThatB. HowB. How C. Whether C. WhetherD. WhatD. What19.6.Fortunately we had a map6.Fortunately we had a map， without without _we would have got lost._we would have got lost.A. whichA. which B. it B. itC. thatC. thatD. D. whatwhat7. The Great Wall is the last place 7. The Great Wall is the last place _Mr. smith is going to visit _Mr. smith is going to visit before he leaves Beijing.before he leaves Beijing.A. whereA. whereB. whichB. whichC. /C. / D. D. whatwhat20.8.I shall never forget those years 8.I shall never forget those years _I lived in the country with the _I lived in the country with the farmersfarmers， _ has a great effect on _ has a great effect on my life.my life.A. thatA. that； which whichB. whenB. when； which whichC. C. whichwhich； that thatD. whenD. when； who who9. I dont like the way _ you 9. I dont like the way _ you speak to her.speak to her.A. /A. /B. in thatB. in thatC. whichC. whichD. D. of whichof which21.10. She spent the whole evening talking 10. She spent the whole evening talking about the things and the persons about the things and the persons _ none of us has ever heard of._ none of us has ever heard of.A. whichA. which B. who B. whoC. whomC. whom D. D. thatthat11. I have bought such a watch _ 11. I have bought such a watch _ was advertised on TV.was advertised on TV.A. thatA. that B. which B. which C. as C. asD. itD. it22.