Unit one Grammar and usageI dont understand why I am not losing weight. People who laugh a lot live longer.1.我不明白我的体重为什么减不掉呢？我不明白我的体重为什么减不掉呢？ 2.喜欢笑的人寿命长。喜欢笑的人寿命长。Translate the following sentences:3. 我做完家庭作业就去你家。我做完家庭作业就去你家。 Ill go to your home when I have finished my homework.4. 他们总是绊倒椅子，撞到门，摔倒在舞台上。他们总是绊倒椅子，撞到门，摔倒在舞台上。 They have been tripping over the chairs, walking into doors, and falling down on stage for years.现在时态的基本形式现在时态的基本形式时态时态语态语态一般现在时一般现在时主动主动 被动被动 现在进行时现在进行时主动主动被动被动现在完成时现在完成时主动主动被动被动现在完成进行时现在完成进行时主动主动被动被动am/is/are; do/doesbe (am/is/are) doinghave/has donehave/has been doingam / is / are doneam / is / are being donehave / has been doneXI. The present tense1 表示客观事实或普通真理表示客观事实或普通真理.(不受时间限制不受时间限制)1) 地理老师告诉我们地球绕着太阳转。地理老师告诉我们地球绕着太阳转。2) 太阳东升西落。太阳东升西落。 The geography teacher told us the earth moves around the sun.The sun rises in the east and sets in the west.2 表示现在经常或反复发生的动作或存在的状态表示现在经常或反复发生的动作或存在的状态,常和常和often, always, usually, sometimes, everyday, once a week 等表示频率的时间状语连用等表示频率的时间状语连用. 他每天晚饭后散步。他每天晚饭后散步。 我们总是相互关心相互帮助。我们总是相互关心相互帮助。carehelpHe takes a walk after supper every day.We always for each other and each other.3 表示主语的特征、性格、能力等。表示主语的特征、性格、能力等。 1) 斯密斯先生讨厌鱼而且从来不吃。斯密斯先生讨厌鱼而且从来不吃。 2) 玛丽英语和法语都说的很好。玛丽英语和法语都说的很好。 3) I _ ping-pong quite well, but I havent had time to play since the new year. A. will play B. have played C. played D. playMr. Smith hates fish and never eats any.Mary speaks both English and French very well.4 表示安排或计划好的肯定会出现或按时间表、议表示安排或计划好的肯定会出现或按时间表、议事日程将要发生的动作或状态。事日程将要发生的动作或状态。 1) 飞机上午飞机上午10点起飞。点起飞。 2) 明天是星期三。明天是星期三。 3) -Can you tell me when the train _ for Shanghai, sir? -Of course, I can. It _ half an hour ago. A. leaves; left B. will leave; leaves C. will leave; left D. leaves; has left The plane takes off at 10:00 a.m.Tomorrow is Wednesday.5. 在时间、条件状语从句中用一般现在时表示将来在时间、条件状语从句中用一般现在时表示将来的动作。的动作。 如果明天下雨我们将不得不推迟会议。如果明天下雨我们将不得不推迟会议。 除非老板同意，否则我不能走。除非老板同意，否则我不能走。 We will have to put off the sports meeting if itrains tomorrow.I cant leave unless my boss agrees.Notes: if 引导的条件状语从句中可以用引导的条件状语从句中可以用shall 或或will 表示表示意愿，但不表示时态意愿，但不表示时态。 If you will accept my invitation and come to our party, my family will be pleased.你知道条件状语从句你知道条件状语从句常用些什么引导词吗常用些什么引导词吗?! 常用的引导条件状语从句的连词有：常用的引导条件状语从句的连词有： if, if only, unless, in case, so long as, on condition that(以以为条件为条件, 只要只要), provided / providing that You can go out to play as long as you _ (stay) in the back yard. He can use the bicycle on condition that he _ (return) it tomorrow. 例句例句: :stayreturns你知道引导时间状语从句的是哪些连词吗你知道引导时间状语从句的是哪些连词吗?1.表示表示“当当时候，时候， 在在时时,” 的有：的有： when, whenever, each time, every time, next time, the first time, any time例如例如: Id like to see you whenever it is convenient. Each time I meet him, he will give me some advice. -Can I join your club, Dad? -You can when you _ a bit older. A. get B. will C. are getting D. will have gotA2. 表示表示“一一就就”的连词或副词有：的连词或副词有： as soon as, the moment, the minute, the second, the instant, directly, immediately, instantly例句例句: Ill return the book to him the moment I see him next week. Hell e-mail you immediately he gets to New York. Zhou Lan is sure to help you the moment _ his work. A. he will finish B. he finishes C. he finished D. he has finished II. Present continuous tense 1. 表示说话时正在进行的动作表示说话时正在进行的动作(时间点动作时间点动作) ,表明动作未完成。延续性动词有暂时性含义。表明动作未完成。延续性动词有暂时性含义。 -what are you doing? -I am writing a letter. Its raining heavily now, so we must stay inside.2. 表示现阶段一直在进行的表示现阶段一直在进行的(时间段时间段)动作。动作。 简在学习法律而她的姐姐在学习物理。简在学习法律而她的姐姐在学习物理。Jane is studying law while her sister is doing physics.3. 表示按计划、方案或安排而进行的将来的动作。表示按计划、方案或安排而进行的将来的动作。在这种情况下谓语动词多为非延续性动词在这种情况下谓语动词多为非延续性动词, 如如come, go, leave, move, start, stop, arrive等，及等，及少数延续性动词，如少数延续性动词，如spend，stay等。等。(2) 我今晚要去见王先生。我今晚要去见王先生。(1) She is leaving for Guangzhou next weekI am meeting Mr. Wang tonight.4. 与与always, constantly, often, forever 等频度副词等频度副词连用表示经常反复的行为或赞扬、厌烦、生气等连用表示经常反复的行为或赞扬、厌烦、生气等情绪。情绪。 那个女孩总爱当众大声喧哗。那个女孩总爱当众大声喧哗。 她经常借钱却忘记还。她经常借钱却忘记还。 You _ things about. Look, what a mess in yourbig study! A. are always throwing B. have always thrown C. have always been throwing D. always throwThe girl is always talking loud in public.She is often borrowing money and forgetting topay me back.Notes: 以下四类动词不宜用现在进行时以下四类动词不宜用现在进行时A 表示心理状态、情感的动词表示心理状态、情感的动词: like, love, hate, care, remember, believe, want, mind, wish, agree, mean, needB 表示存在状态的动词表示存在状态的动词: be, appear, exist, lie, remain, seem, belong to, depend onC 表示瞬间动作的动词表示瞬间动作的动词: allow, accept, permit, promise, admit, completeD 表示感官的动词表示感官的动词: see, hear, notice, smell, sound, taste, look (但是但是feel，see(接见接见)，hear(听听)可用进行时可用进行时) -Youre drinking too much. -Only at home. No one _ me but you. A. is seeing B. had seen C. sees D. sawC(1) The writer _ (write) a novel these days(2) Recently the number of people fined for speaking on their mobile phones while they _ (drive) has increased greatly. 现在进行时的一些特殊含义现在进行时的一些特殊含义:1) 表示目前反复发生的动作或者表示表示目前反复发生的动作或者表示“在做某事在做某事的过程中的过程中”，然而此时动作不一定正在进行之中，然而此时动作不一定正在进行之中.is writingare drivingHow are you feeling today？ = How do you feel today？ 3) 表达婉转语气表达婉转语气 I am hoping to hear from you soon 2) 有些表示身体感觉的动词，如有些表示身体感觉的动词，如hurt，ache， feel等使用现在进行时和一般现在时区别不大。等使用现在进行时和一般现在时区别不大。III. The present perfect tense1 表示反复发生的表示反复发生的动作。动作。 比利比利.克里斯托已经出演过多部电影和电视剧。克里斯托已经出演过多部电影和电视剧。 我们已去过长城多次。我们已去过长城多次。 We _ to the Great Wall many times. have beenBilly Crystal has been in many films andtelevision shows.2 表示动作发生在过去，但对现在仍留下某种后果表示动作发生在过去，但对现在仍留下某种后果和影响。和影响。 他已经交了个人所得税。他已经交了个人所得税。 医生们已经发现经常大笑的人长寿。医生们已经发现经常大笑的人长寿。 Doctors _ that people who laugh a lot live longer!3 与时间段连用表示动作发生在过去但持续到现在。与时间段连用表示动作发生在过去但持续到现在。 我妈妈已经生病我妈妈已经生病3天。天。 Most of us _ English for 5 years. have foundhave studiedHe has paid his income tax.My mother has been ill for three days.我们大部分人已经学了我们大部分人已经学了5年英语了。年英语了。4 下列句型中常用现在完成时下列句型中常用现在完成时 It is (has been) +一段时间一段时间 since +从句从句 This (that/ It ) is the first (second) time that + 完成时完成时 This (That/ It) is the best/ finest / most interesting.+that+完成时完成时 It _ 3 years since they got married. Its the first time that I _ to the Great Wall. This is the most interesting film that I _. has been/ishave beenhave seenNotes: 在时间或条件状语从句中，要用现在完成时在时间或条件状语从句中，要用现在完成时代替将来完成时代替将来完成时, 也可以用一般现在时。也可以用一般现在时。 如果你做完试验，你会更好地理解这个理论的。如果你做完试验，你会更好地理解这个理论的。 车停稳之前，别忙着下车。车停稳之前，别忙着下车。 Dont get off the bus until it_.has stopped / stopsIf you have done the experiment, youllunderstand the theory better.一般过去时与现在完成时的区分：一般过去时与现在完成时的区分：时间上有差异：时间上有差异：凡有具体的过去时间，均用过去凡有具体的过去时间，均用过去时态，不能用完成时态，如：时态，不能用完成时态，如：ago, last year, just now, the other day 等。现在完成时可跟不确定等。现在完成时可跟不确定的过去时间、频度时间和延续到现在的时间连用的过去时间、频度时间和延续到现在的时间连用.结果上有差异：结果上有差异：现在完成时强调的是对现在完成时强调的是对“现在现在”的影响和结果，动作到现在刚完成或还在继续；的影响和结果，动作到现在刚完成或还在继续；一般过去时强调的动作发生在过去，和现在没有一般过去时强调的动作发生在过去，和现在没有关系。关系。 I _ English at university for three years, but now Ive forgot it. A. have studied B. had studied C. studied D. would study与现在完成时连用的几种时间状语与现在完成时连用的几种时间状语:1. 现在完成时往往同表示不具体或者不确定的过现在完成时往往同表示不具体或者不确定的过去时间状语连用去时间状语连用,如如already, yet, just, before, recently, lately等等1) I havent seen much of him recently (lately) . 2) _ they _ the missing child yet. Havefound2. 现在完成时常常与表示频度的时间状语连用现在完成时常常与表示频度的时间状语连用,如如often, sometimes, ever, never, twice, three times, on several occasions等等:1) Have you ever been to New York? 2) I _ (use) this pen only three times. It is still good. have used3. 现在完成时还往往可以同包括现在时间在内的现在完成时还往往可以同包括现在时间在内的时间状语连用时间状语连用,如如now, up to now, up to present, these few days/weeks/months/years, this morning / week / month / year, just now, today, so far, in the last three weeks / months / years等等.1) Peter _ (write)six papers so far. 2) There _ (be)too much rain in San Francisco this year. has writtenhas been4. 短暂性动词的现在完成时不能与延续性时间状短暂性动词的现在完成时不能与延续性时间状 语连用语连用.1) Tom _ the CD player for two weeks. A. has lent B. has borrowed C. has bought D. has had 2) The Green family _ London for nearly two years. They all miss their hometown very much. A. left B. have been away form C. am not enjoying D. will leave 3) -How long have Mr. Wang and his wife _? -Its been 10 years since they _. A. married; married B. married; were married C. been married; got married D. got married; were married IV. The present perfect continuous tense 表示从过去某一时间开始一直延续到现在的动作，表示从过去某一时间开始一直延续到现在的动作，并且有可能还要继续下去。并且有可能还要继续下去。 中国造纸的历史已有中国造纸的历史已有2000多年了。多年了。 Doctors _ that question for many years.have been researchingChinese have been making paper for more than2000 years.多年来，医生们一直在研究这个问题。多年来，医生们一直在研究这个问题。1. 现在完成进行时和现在完成时皆可表示动作对现在完成进行时和现在完成时皆可表示动作对现在产生的结果，但前者所表示已经产生结果，现在产生的结果，但前者所表示已经产生结果，而后者表示即将产生结果。而后者表示即将产生结果。 We have been cleaning the classroom. We have cleaned the classroom.现在完成时和现在完成进行时的区别现在完成时和现在完成进行时的区别还没有最后结果还没有最后结果已经有结果已经有结果2. 现在完成进行时一般有延续性、未完成性，没现在完成进行时一般有延续性、未完成性，没有时间状语的现在完成时没有这些含义。有时间状语的现在完成时没有这些含义。They have been widening the road.They have widened the road.3. 现在完成进行时往往表示动作在重复，现在完现在完成进行时往往表示动作在重复，现在完成时则常常不带重复性成时则常常不带重复性Have you been meeting her lately？Have you met her lately？尚未完成尚未完成, 还没有最后结果还没有最后结果已经完成已经完成, 已有最后结果已有最后结果可表示近期内一次性动作可表示近期内一次性动作近期内重复动作近期内重复动作4. 现在完成进行时比较生动，有时含有明显的感现在完成进行时比较生动，有时含有明显的感情色彩，而现在完成时往往只说明一个事实，情色彩，而现在完成时往往只说明一个事实，一种影响或结果，平铺直叙，没有什么感情一种影响或结果，平铺直叙，没有什么感情色彩。色彩。I have been wanting to meet you for long. I have long wanted to meet you. （a）句比（）句比（b）句更亲切，感情色彩强烈。）句更亲切，感情色彩强烈。-Hi, Tracy, you look tired. -I am tired. I _ the living room all day.A. painted B. had painted C. have been painting D. have painted am; have been writing; am looking; is; have been imagining; is; is making; has been planning; have designed; are printing; are going; is; hope; opensAnswers to Part A on P9:Answers to Part B on P9:am performing; have been practicing; is coming; am1. The house belongs to my aunt but she _ here any more. A. hasnt lived B. didnt live C. hadnt lived D. doesnt live2. As you can see, the number of cars on our roads _ rising these days. A. was keeping B. keep C. keeps D. were keepingExercises: 3. I have to go to work by taxi because my car _ at the garage. A. will be repaired B. is repaired C. is being repaired D. has been repaired 4. The father as well as his three children _ skating on the frozen river every Sunday afternoon in winter. A. is going B. go C. goes D. are going5. -I dont suppose the police know who did it. - Well, surprisingly they do. A man has been arrested and _ now. A. has been questioned B. is being questioned C. is questioning D. has questioned6. The building around the corner caught fire last night. The police are now _ the matter. A. seeing through B. working out C. looking into D. watching over7. My friend, who _ on the International Olympic Committee all his life, is retiring next month. A. served B. is serving C. had served D. has served8. Ladies and gentlemen, please fasten your seat belts. The plane _. A. takes off B. is taking off C. has taken off D. took off9. I wont tell the student the answer to the math problem until he _ on it for more than an hour. A. has been working B. will have worked C. will have been working D. had worked10. Although the causes of cancer _, we do not yet have any practical way to prevent it. A. are being uncovered B. have been uncovering C. are uncovering D. have uncovered11. The WTO cannot live up to its name _ it does not include a country that is home to one fifth of mankind. A. as long as B. while C. if D. even though 12. Although he has lived with us for years, he _ us much impression. A. hadnt left B. didnt leave C. doesnt leave D. hasnt left13. The men will have to wait all day _ the doctor works faster. A. if B. unless C. whether D. that14. Ive won a holiday for two to Florida. I _ my mum. A. am taking B. have taken C. take D. will have taken15. Hundreds of jobs _ if the factory closes. A. lose B. will be lost C. are lost D. will loseHomework Finish C1&C2 on page 110 in Workbook.