The French Revolution2021/7/112021/7/12TheRevolutionwasaperiodofpoliticalandsocialupheavalandradicalchangeinthehistoryofFrance.TheFrenchgovernmentalstructure,previouslyanabsolutemonarchywithprivilegesforthearistocracyandCatholicclergy,underwentradicalchange.2021/7/13Thesechangeswereaccompaniedbyviolentturmoilwhichincludedthetrialandexecutionoftheking,vastbloodshedandrepressionduringtheReignofTerror,andwarfareinvolvingothermajorEuropeannations.Execution of Louis XVI2021/7/14HistoriansallagreethattheRevolutionwasawatershedeventthatchangedEuropeirrevocably(不可逆转).The American Revolution(1774)2021/7/15Finally,inatimeofhighlysecularizedEnlightenment,theideathatKingLouisXVIhadabsolutepowerduetodivinerighttheideathathehadbeenhandpickedbyGoddidntholdnearlyasmuchwaterasinthepastfewdecades.2021/7/16Ultimately,theseproblemswerethefinalcatalystfortheRevolution.2021/7/17In1789,whentheEstates-General,reconvenedanditbecameapparentthatthehigher-rankingclassesrefusedtoforfeittheirprivilegestosavethecountry,thefrustrationoftheFrenchbourgeoisiereacheditsboilingpoint.TheRevolutionwasthusabattletoachieveequalityandremoveoppression.TheEstates-General,17892021/7/18TheRevolutionwonanumberofvictories:1.NoruleraftertheRevolutiondaredtoreversethepropertyandrightsgainedduringtheRevolution,sothosewhohadpurchasedchurchlandwereallowedtokeepit.2.Thenewtaxsystemremaineddevoidoftheinfluenceofprivilege,sothateverymanpaidhisshareaccordingtopersonalwealth.3.Thebreakdownofchurchandfeudalcontractsfreedpeoplefromtithesandotherincurredfees.Peasants Paying Tithes 2021/7/19Onthewhole,theFrenchpeoplehadseentheimpacttheycouldhaveovertheirgovernment,andthatliberating,inspiringspiritwasunlikelyeveragaintobesuppressed.2021/7/110Summary of EventsNoonefactorwasdirectlyresponsiblefortheRevolution.YearsoffeudaloppressionandfiscalmismanagementcontributedtoaFrenchsocietythatwasripeforrevolt.Notingadownwardeconomicspiralinthelate1700s,LouisXVIbroughtinanumberoffinancialadvisorstoreviewtheweakenedFrenchtreasury.EachadvisorreachedthesameconclusionthatFranceneededaradicalchangeinthewayittaxedthepublicandeachadvisorwas,inturn,kickedout.1.FeudalismandUnfairTaxation2021/7/111Finally,thekingrealizedthatthistaxationproblemreallydidneedtobeaddressed,soheappointedanewcontrollergeneraloffinance,CharlesdeCalonne,in1783.Calonnesuggestedthat,amongotherthings,Francebegintaxingthepreviouslyexemptnobility.Butthenobilityrefused.Financialruinthusseemedimminent.CharlesdeCalonne(bornJan.20,1734,Douai,FrancediedOct.29,1802,Paris)2021/7/1122. The Estates-GeneralIndesperation,LouisXVIdecidedin1789toconvenetheEstates-General,anancientassemblyconsistingofthreedifferentestatesthateachrepresentedaportionoftheFrenchpopulation.However,sincetwoofthethreeestatestheclergyandthenobilityweretax-exempt,theattainmentofanysuchsolutionwasunlikely.The meeting of the Estates General May 5, 17892021/7/113Moreover,theoutdatedrulesoforderfortheEstates-Generalgaveeachestateasinglevote,despitethefactthattheThirdEstateconsistingofthegeneralFrenchpublicwasmanytimeslargerthaneitherofthefirsttwo.Feudsquicklybrokeoutoverthisdisparityandwouldprovetobeirreconcilable.Realizingthatitsnumbersgaveitanautomaticadvantage,theThirdEstatedeclareditselfthesovereignNationalAssembly.Withindaysoftheannouncement,manymembersoftheothertwoestateshadswitchedallegiancesovertothisrevolutionarynewassembly.Libert,Egalit,Fraternit:TheFrenchRevolution 2021/7/1143.TheBastilleandtheGreatFearShortlyaftertheNationalAssemblyformed,itsmemberstooktheTennisCourtOath,swearingthattheywouldnotrelentintheireffortsuntilanewconstitutionhadbeenagreedupon.TheNationalAssemblysrevolutionaryspiritgalvanizedFrance,manifestinginanumberofdifferentways.The Tennis Court OathbyJacques-LouisDavid2021/7/115InParis,citizensstormedthecityslargestprison,theBastille,inpursuitofarms.Inthecountryside,peasantsandfarmersrevoltedagainsttheirfeudalcontractsbyattackingthemanorsandestatesoftheirlandlords.Dubbedthe“GreatFear,”theseruralattackscontinueduntiltheearlyAugustissuingoftheAugustDecrees,whichfreedthosepeasantsfromtheiroppressivecontracts.Storming the Bastille 14 July 17892021/7/116Shortlythereafter,theassemblyreleasedtheDeclarationoftheRightsofManandoftheCitizen,whichestablishedaproperjudicialcodeandtheautonomyoftheFrenchpeople.The Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen of 17932021/7/1174.RiftsintheAssemblyThoughtheNationalAssemblydidsucceedindraftingaconstitution,therelativepeaceofthemomentwasshort-lived.Ariftslowlygrewbetweentheradicalandmoderateassemblymembers,whilethecommonlaborersandworkersbegantofeeloverlooked.WhenLouisXVIwascaughtinafoiledescapeplot,theassemblybecameespeciallydivided.ThemoderateGirondinstookastanceinfavorofretainingtheconstitutionalmonarchy,whiletheradicalJacobinswantedthekingcompletelyoutofthepicture.theJacobinstheGirondins2021/7/118OutsideofFrance,someneighboringcountriesfearedthatFrancesrevolutionaryspiritwouldspreadbeyondFrenchland.Inresponse,theyissuedtheDeclarationofPillnitz,whichinsistedthattheFrenchreturnLouisXVItothethrone.Frenchleadersinterpretedthedeclarationashostile,sotheGirondin-ledassemblydeclaredwaronAustriaandPrussia.The Declaration of Pillnitz on Aug. 27, 1791, was a statement issued at the Castle of Pillnitz in Saxony (south of Dresden) by the Habsburg Holy Roman Emperor Leopold II and Frederick William II of Prussia. Calling on European powers to intervene if Louis XVI of France was threatened, this declaration was intended to serve as a warning to the French revolutionaries not to infringe further on the rights of Louis XVI and to allow his restoration to power. 2021/7/1195. The Reign of TerrorThefirstactsofthenewlynamedNationalConventionweretheabolitionofthemonarchyandthedeclarationofFranceasarepublic.InJanuary1793,theconventiontriedandexecutedLouisXVIonthegroundsoftreason.DespitethecreationoftheCommitteeofPublicSafety,thewarwithAustriaandPrussiawentpoorlyforFrance,andforeignforcespressedonintoFrenchterritory.EnragedcitizensoverthrewtheGirondin-ledNationalConvention,andtheJacobins,ledbyMaximilienRobespierre,tookcontrol.Robespierre(1758-1794)2021/7/120BackedbythenewlyapprovedConstitutionof1793,RobespierreandtheCommitteeofPublicSafetybeganconscriptingFrenchsoldiersandimplementinglawstostabilizetheeconomy.ButRobespierreembarkeduponaReignofTerrorinlate17931794,duringwhichhehadmorethan15,000peopleexecutedattheguillotine.WhentheFrencharmysuccessfullyremovedforeigninvadersandtheeconomyfinallystabilized,however,Robespierrenolongerhadanyjustificationforhisextremeactions,andhehimselfwasarrestedinJuly1794andexecuted.ApictureoftheguillotineusedduringtheReignofTerror2021/7/1216. The Thermidorian Reaction and the DirectoryTheerafollowingtheoustingofRobespierrewasknownastheThermidorian(热月党人)Reaction,andaperiodofgovernmentalrestructuringbegan,leadingtothenewConstitutionof1795andasignificantlymoreconservativeNationalConvention.Tocontrolexecutiveresponsibilitiesandappointments,agroupknownastheDirectory(督政府)wasformed.TheDirectorysabuseofpowersooncametorivalthatofanyofthetyrannousrevolutionariesFrancehadfaced.theThermidorianReaction2021/7/1227. Napoleon Bonaparte (1769 - 1821)Meanwhile,theCommitteeofPublicSafetyswareffortwasrealizingunimaginablesuccess.Frencharmies,especiallythoseledbyyounggeneralNapoleonBonaparte,weremakingprogressinnearlyeverydirection.2021/7/123NapoleonsforcesdrovethroughItalyandreachedasfarasEgyptbeforefacingadeflatingdefeat.Inthefaceofthisrout,andhavingreceivedwordofpoliticalupheavalsinFrance,NapoleonreturnedtoParis.HearrivedintimetoleadacoupagainsttheDirectoryin1799,eventuallysteppingupandnaminghimself“firstconsul”effectively,theleaderofFrance.WithNapoleonatthehelm,theRevolutionended,andFranceenteredafifteen-yearperiodofmilitaryrule.2021/7/124留学（英美澳法加新六国）租房留学（英美澳法加新六国）租房www.6apt.com留学公寓在线隶属于同维思创网络科技（北京）有限责任公司。公司总部位于国家级大学科技园-中国人民大学文化科技园。www.6apt.com提供免费的海外学生公寓在线预订服务,不收取任何手续费或中介费。留学生直接向海外学生公寓支付费用,无任何中间环节。2021/7/125留学（英美澳法加新六国）租房留学（英美澳法加新六国）租房最低价格：最低价格：不论在任何城市，www.6apt.com确保为您提供最佳价格。无需支付任何预定中介费用：无需支付任何预定中介费用：www.6apt.com提供免费的海外学生公寓在线预订服务，不收取任何费用。预订安全可靠：预订安全可靠：www.6apt.com学生公寓在线预订系统安全可靠，您的支付信息和个人信息都被加密。我们以最高的标准来保护您的隐私。2021/7/126留学（英美澳法加新六国）租房留学（英美澳法加新六国）租房公众媒体：公众媒体：企业新闻Facebook人人网Twitter新浪微博微信公众平台微信公众平台联系我们：联系我们：中国:400-078-3006,info6apt.com邮编:100872,北京市海淀区,中关村大街甲59号,人民大学文化大厦1206A室英国:+44(0)114-2753836,info6apt.com110ProvincialHouse,SollyStreet,Sheffield,S14BA,UK2021/7/127 结束语结束语若有不当之处，请指正，谢谢！若有不当之处，请指正，谢谢！