动词不定式动词不定式 1不定式的形式：（以动词do为例）主动被动一般式todotobedone进行式tobedoing完成式tohavedonetohavebeendone否定式：not+todo ToteachEnglishismyjob. We plan to pay a visit. He seems to know a lot. Themeetingtobeheldtomorrowisputoff. The teacher ordered the work to be done.Tocatchthefirstbus,hegotupearly.（1 1）一般式：所表示的动作与谓语动词动作或状态）一般式：所表示的动作与谓语动词动作或状态同时同时( (几乎同时几乎同时) )发生或发生在谓语动词动作之后发生或发生在谓语动词动作之后 The boy pretended to be working hard.He seems to be reading in his room.(2)(2)进行式：所表示的动作正在进行，与谓语动词动作同进行式：所表示的动作正在进行，与谓语动词动作同 时发生时发生（3 3）完成式：表示的动作发生在谓语动词动作之前）完成式：表示的动作发生在谓语动词动作之前I regretted to have told a lie.I happened to have seen the film.He is pleased to have met his friend.二、动词不定式二、动词不定式语法功能：语法功能：作用分类主语表语 宾语 定语 状语不定式补语V-ingTo finish the workTo finish the work in ten minutes is very in ten minutes is very hard.hard.To lose your heartTo lose your heart means failure. means failure.（1 1）作主语）作主语动词不定式短语作主语时，常用动词不定式短语作主语时，常用itit作形式主语，作形式主语，例如上面两句可用如下形式：例如上面两句可用如下形式：ItIt is very hard to finish the work in is very hard to finish the work in ten minutes.ten minutes. ItIt means failure to lose your heart. means failure to lose your heart.Her job is Her job is to cleanto clean the hall. the hall.He appears He appears to have caughtto have caught a cold. a cold.（2 2）作表语）作表语作表语的不定式通常带作表语的不定式通常带to，当主语部分含有实当主语部分含有实义动词义动词do，不定式作表语可省不定式作表语可省to。The only thing I can do is (to)wait. 如果不定式（宾语）后面有宾语补足语，则用如果不定式（宾语）后面有宾语补足语，则用itit作形式宾语，真正的宾语（不定式）后置，放在宾语作形式宾语，真正的宾语（不定式）后置，放在宾语补足语后面补足语后面Marx found Marx found itit important to important to study the situation study the situation in Russia.in Russia.（3 3）作宾语：）作宾语：常与不定式做宾语连用的动词有：常与不定式做宾语连用的动词有： agree,ask, agree,ask, beg ,choose,expect, fail, help, hope, learn beg ,choose,expect, fail, help, hope, learn manage, offer, plan, pretend, promise, prefer, manage, offer, plan, pretend, promise, prefer, refuse, want, wish refuse, want, wish + to do+ to do I I have no choice but have no choice but to stayto stay here. here.He He diddid nothing last Sunday nothing last Sunday but but repairrepair his his bike.bike.There is nothing to do but There is nothing to do but wait.wait.v 动词不定式也可充当介词宾语动词不定式也可充当介词宾语v 动词不定式与疑问词连用作宾语动词不定式与疑问词连用作宾语He gave us some advice on He gave us some advice on how to learn how to learn English. English. v find , feel, consider, think, make + it + adj./n+to do Ifinditpossibletoaskthequestion.注意：不定式作宾语与动词的注意：不定式作宾语与动词的ing作宾语的区别：作宾语的区别：1.谓语动词的词义不变。但当表示经常发生的动作或比较抽象谓语动词的词义不变。但当表示经常发生的动作或比较抽象的意义时，多用动词的意义时，多用动词ing形式作宾语；而表示某个将来的形式作宾语；而表示某个将来的动作或具体的意义时，则多用不定式作宾语。动作或具体的意义时，则多用不定式作宾语。2.Ilikedancingintheopenair.(经常性的动作)3.IliketodancewithLiHuathisafternoon.(具体某一次的动作)2.谓语动词的词义不同。具体情况如下：谓语动词的词义不同。具体情况如下： remembertodo/doingforgettodo/doingregrettodo/doingmeantodo/doingtrytodo/doingstoptodo/doinggoontodo/doing（4 4）作宾语补足语：）作宾语补足语：Ask,advise,allow,beg,cause,callfor,drive,encourage,expect,forbid,hire,intend,invite,get,like,order,permit,persuade,remind,require,teach,tell,want,wish,warn+ sb. to doItoldJacktojointheclub,buthewouldntlisten.I saw him I saw him cross the road.cross the road.He was seen He was seen to cross the road.to cross the road.有些动词如有些动词如make, let, have, see, make, let, have, see, find,watch,observe,notice, listen to, hear, find,watch,observe,notice, listen to, hear, feel feel 与不带与不带toto的不定式连用，但改为被动语态时，不的不定式连用，但改为被动语态时，不定式要加定式要加totov get sth/sb. to doHe got the car to start.（5 5）作定语：）作定语：动词不定式作定语，与所修饰名词有如下关系：动词不定式作定语，与所修饰名词有如下关系：I have a meeting I have a meeting to attend.to attend.动宾关系：动宾关系：v 不定式为不及物动词时，应用介词不定式为不及物动词时，应用介词He found a good house to live He found a good house to live inin. .The child has nothing to worry The child has nothing to worry aboutabout. .Have you got anything Have you got anything to sendto send? ?“Have you got anything “Have you got anything to be sentto be sent?” said ?” said the secretary.the secretary.如果句子的主语是不定式的执行者，不定式用主动。如果句子的主语是不定式的执行者，不定式用主动。如果句子的主语不是不定式的执行者，不定式用被动。如果句子的主语不是不定式的执行者，不定式用被动。We have made We have made a plan to finish the a plan to finish the workwork. .说明所修饰名词的内容：说明所修饰名词的内容：He is He is the firstthe first to get here. to get here.被修饰名词是不定式逻辑主语：被修饰名词是不定式逻辑主语：He worked day and night He worked day and night to get the moneyto get the money. .She sold her hair She sold her hair to buy the book.to buy the book.（6 6）作状语：）作状语： 表目的：表目的：He arrived late He arrived late to find the train goneto find the train gone. . 表结果：表结果：I visited him I visited him only to find him outonly to find him out. .表示原因：（不定式所表示的动作先于谓语动词的动表示原因：（不定式所表示的动作先于谓语动词的动表示原因：（不定式所表示的动作先于谓语动词的动表示原因：（不定式所表示的动作先于谓语动词的动作）作）作）作） He laughed to see such fun. She seemed surprised to meet us.Its Its too darktoo dark for us for us to see anythingto see anything. .The question is The question is simplesimple for him for him to answerto answer. . 表程度：表程度：注意：注意： to 有两种用法：有两种用法： 1.不定式不定式to+动词原形原形; 2.介介词to+名名词/动名名词; 下面的用法中是用作介下面的用法中是用作介词的的to ，即，即to+ 名名词/动名名词：1.admit to承承认，2.confess to承承认，3.be accustomed to 习惯于，于，4. be used to 习惯于，于， 5.stick to 坚持，持，6.turn to开始，开始，着手于，着手于，7. devote oneself to 献身于，献身于，8.be devoted to 致力于，致力于，9.look forward to 盼望，盼望，10.pay attention to 注意注意,11. the key to 的关的关键是是注注：有有些些动动词词用用不不定定式式与与用用现现在在分分词词作作宾宾语语补补足足语语，所所表表达达的的意意义义是是有有差差别别的的。一一般般说说来来，用用不不定定式式表表示示一一次次性性动动作作或或动动作作的的完完成成（即即全全过过程程）；而而用用现现在在分分词词则则表表示示动动作作正正在在进进行行，即即：谓谓语语动动词词所所表表示示的的动动作作发发生生时时，现现在在分分词词所所表表示示的的动动作作正正在在进进行，如：行，如： Did you see anyone enter the house? He saw his father talking with his teacher. I once heard him sing this song. She heard Mr. White singing in the next room.注注：不不定定式式结结构构一一般般不不可可作作介介词词宾宾语语, 只只有有在在个个别别场场合合, 即即在在含含有有否否定定意意义义的的带带有有介介词词 except 或或 but (=except) 的的结结构构中才能这样用，例如：中才能这样用，例如： He seldom comes except to look at my pictures. The child did nothing except weep. She can do anything but sing.注意不定式符号的省略问题！注意不定式符号的省略问题！ 需要注意的是需要注意的是,此句型中此句型中but/ except 前必须要有实义动词前必须要有实义动词do时，时，but / except后的不定式后的不定式to才能省略，否则才能省略，否则to则不则不省省.我们用一句话概括就是：我们用一句话概括就是：有有dodo无无toto，有有 toto无无dodo She has no choice but to wait for the news. There was nothing she could do but cry. He had no choice but to wait. He could do nothing but wait.She pretended_ me when I passed by.A.not to seeB.not seeingC.to not seeD.having not seenAYour chest needs_. Youd better have it_ in the hospital.A.to be examined; examineB.to be examined; examinedC.examining; examineD.being examined; examinedBI remembered_ the English novel at home yesterday, forgetting_ it to the library.A. leaving; to returnB. to leave; returnC. leaving; returningD. to leave; to returnAWill you please tell me why you had no pen _in class, Kate?A to have written B to be written withC to have been written D to write withI find these problems are easy_.A to be worked out B to work them outC to work out D to be worked them outThe patient was warned _oily food after the operation. A to eat not B eating not C not to eat D not eating Its said that the Olympic Games _in Beijing in 2008 will cover more events than any other Olympics did. A holding B to be held C held D to be holding_late in the morning ,Bob turned off the alarm. A To sleep B Sleeping C Sleep D Having sleptTom kept quiet about the accidentlose his job.A so not as to B so as not toC so as to not D not so as toI am sorry _ you so much trouble .And thank you for your help . A. to give B .to have given C .giving D .gave There is no choice but _ till it stops snowing . A .to wait B. waiting C. wait D. waits She does nothing but _.A. to laugh B .laugh C.being laughed There is nothing to do except _ till it stops snowing .A .to wait B .waiting C. wait D .waits I had trouble with my car this morning ,but I finally managed _.A .to get starting it B .to get it startedC .getting it started She reached the top of the hill and stopped_on a big rock .A .resting B .rest C. to rest D .to have restIt is very kind _ so . A .for you to say B .of you to say C .for your saying D .of your saying I think the house is big enough _.A .to live in B .to live C. live D .living - How do you deal with the desagreement bettween the company and the customers ? - The key _ the problem is to meet the demand _ by the customers. A.to solving ; making B.to solving ;made C.to solve ;making D.to solve ; made l European football is played in 80 countries,_ it the most popular sport in the world.lA.making B.makes C.made D.to make lCleaning women in big cities usually get _ by the hour .lA.pay B.paying C.paid D.to pay She is writing a letter to a friend of hers ,_ him to attend the party .A.to invite B. having invited C. inviting D. invitedMy teacher was made _ his teaching because of poor health . A. giving up B. to give up C. give up D. given up