Unit 5 GynaecologyText A Womens Menstruation Genes FoundStructure of the PPTnBackground informationnGeneral words and expressionsnMedical terms nTranslationnSummary of the chunksBackground information Nature genetics 自然遗传学nNature Genetics is a scientific journal concerning genetics. It is published by Nature Publishing Group, and was founded as part of the Nature family of journal in 1992. Its sister journal is Nature Reviews Genetics.Exeters Peninsula Medical School埃克塞特半岛医学院nPeninsula College of Medicine and Dentistry (PCMD) is a Medical and Dental school in England, run in partnership with the University of Exeter（埃克塞特，英国英格兰西南部城市）, the University of Plymouth and the NHS in Devon（德文郡） and Cornwall（康沃尔郡）. The school has campuses at the University of Plymouth, the University of Exeter, the John Bull Building (Derriford Hospital and Tamar Science Park), the Royal Devon and Exeter Hospital and the Royal Cornwall Hospital. The Royal Society 皇家学会nThe Royal Society of London for Improving Natural Knowledge, known as the Royal Society, is a learned society （学术团体） for science, and is possibly the oldest such society in existence. Founded in November 1660, it was granted a Royal Charter by King Charles II as the “Royal Society of London”. The Society today acts as a scientific advisor to the British government, receiving a parliamentary grant-in-aid（资助款）. The Society acts as the UKs Academy of Sciences（科学院）, and funds research fellowships and scientific start-up （启动）companies.QUESTION IN para 1-4What have the UK-led team and other scientific groups found about mentruation genes?1. UK-led team:2. Nature Genetics study:3. a second paper:Lead a. 带头的 n. 领先nIndia should take the lead role and responsibility for making healthcare affordable to all.n印度应该在让人人负担得起卫生保健方面担任带头的角色和责任。nThey invariably take the lead in battles against floods.n在抗洪斗争中，他们总是带头的。Highlight v. 强调 n. 最精彩的部分 nLast year Collins wrote a moving ballad which highlighted the plight of the homeless.n去年柯林斯写了一首感人的叙事诗，突出描写了无家可归者的苦境。nThe highlights of an event, activity, or period of time are the most interesting or exciting parts of it. 最精彩的部分n例：.a match that is likely to prove one of the highlights of the tournament.n可能是本届锦标赛最精彩的赛事之一。Timing n.nTiming is the skill or action of judging the right moment in a situation or activity at which to do something. 时机掌握n例：His photo is a wonderful happy moment caught with perfect timing.n他的照片抓拍到的是开心一刻，时机掌握得很好。Translation 1n1. A UK-led team locatedearlier than their classmates. (paragraphs 1 and 2)n一个由英国牵头的科研小组确定了第六对和第九对染色体中的两段基因，这两段基因似乎大大地影响了月经初潮的年龄。自然遗传学的研究也提供了一条线索，说明矮胖女孩为什么比其他同学月经初潮早几个月。 Question in para 5-7Whats the relationship between reproductive life span, estrogen, puberty and diseases? Can you answer the question in your own words?Question in para 8-9nWhats the researchers opinion?Underpin vt.n1. 从下面支撑；加强(建筑物等的)基础：n to underpin a sagging buildingn加强下陷房屋的基础n2. 支持；巩固；证实： nHis conclusions are underpinned by experimental findings.n试验的结果证实了他的结论。Onset n.nThe onset of something is the beginning of it, used especially to refer to something unpleasant. (尤指不愉快事情的) 开始n例：Most of the passes have been closed with the onset of winter.n随着冬天的来临，大多数的关卡都已经关闭。Question in 10-13nWhat are the reasons for western girls developing earlier?Variant n.nA variant of a particular thing is something that has a different form from that thing, although it is related to it. 变体; 变种n例：The quagga was a strikingly beautiful variant of the zebra.n白氏斑马是一种极其美丽的斑马变种。Descent n.nYou use descent to talk about a persons family background, for example, their nationality or social status. 出身n例：All the contributors were of African descent.n所有捐助者都是非洲血统。nA descent is a movement from a higher to a lower level or position. 下降n例：Sixteen of the youngsters set off for help, but during the descent three collapsed in the cold and rain.n那些年轻人中有16人出发寻求帮助，但在下山过程中有3人在寒冷和阴雨中倒下了。DescendnIf you descend or if you descend a staircase, you move downward from a higher to a lower level. 下 (楼梯等); 下来n例：Things are cooler and more damp as we descend to the cellar.n我们往地窖中下得越深，里面就越冷、越潮湿。Descendant/descendentnSomeones descendants/descendents are the people in later generations who are related to them. 后代n例：They are descendants of the original English and Scottish settlers.n他们是最初的英格兰和苏格兰移民的后裔。Translation 2nMany blame rising obesitywho begin menstruation earlier. (paragraph 11)n许多人归咎于肥胖率的不断攀升。这是因为，总体来说，月经初潮较早的女孩往往比较晚的身体质量指数大，脂肪指数高。Translation 3nFrom its analysis, a teamwith no copies of gene variants. (paragraph 12)n通过分析，埃克塞特半岛医学院研究小组预测，5%的女性携带有所有基因变体的两个复制体，导致其月经初潮提前到来。与没有基因变体复制体的女孩相比，提前了约四个半月。Translation 4nIn collaboration with 17 years of age. (paragraph 13)n通过与欧洲和美国的研究机构相合作，他们研究了世界范围内的17510名女性，其中包括具有欧洲血统的女性，她们自称在9至17岁出现月经。Question in 14-16How did they perform the research? And whats the significance of their study?Hone n1. to sharpen with a hone 用磨刀石磨2. to make perfect or complete 使完美nWe can hone in on your problem areas and have your employees maximizing their skills again in no time.n我们会全力研究您公司的问题，让您的职员在最短的时间里再发挥出他们的最大才能。Pinpoint v.nIf you pinpoint something or its position, you discover or show exactly where it is. 给准确定位n例：I could pinpoint his precise location on a map.n我能在地图上指出他的确切位置。Accountable adj. 有责任的；可解释的 nAnd we can hold the government more accountable by analyzing its spending and wastage.n我们还可以通过分析政府的支出和浪费情况使它更负责。Question in 17-20nWhat is the biological mechanism behind reproductive lifespan?nWhat is the function of LIN28B?Switch v. n. nA switch is a small control for an electrical device which you use to turn the device on or off. 开关n例：Leona put some detergent into the dishwasher, shut the door, and pressed the switch.n利昂娜在洗碗机里放了些清洁剂，关上门，然后按下开关。nIf you switch your attention from one thing to another or if your attention switches, you stop paying attention to the first thing and start paying attention to the second. 转移 (注意力)n例：My mothers interest had switched to my health.n我母亲的兴趣已转移到我的健康上来了。Translation 5nCo-worker John Perry said: “and breast cancer.” (Paragraph 17)n合作者约翰佩里指出：“了解生殖期限背后的生理机制也可以帮助我们认识随着衰老影响许多妇女的各种疾病，其中包括糖尿病，心脏病和乳腺癌。”nOr: n合作者约翰佩里指出：“了解生殖期限背后的生理机制也可以帮助我们认识许多相关疾病，包括糖尿病，心脏病和乳腺癌。这些疾病会随着年龄增加影响许多妇女。”Question in 21-24nWhats the relation between early menstruation and disease?Delinquent Adj. n.nSomeone, usually a young person who is delinquent repeatedly commits minor crimes. (尤指青少年) 累犯的n例：.homes for delinquent children.n少管所。n.a nine-year-old delinquent.n一名9岁的少年犯。Withdrawn a. nSomeone who is withdrawn is very quiet, and does not want to talk to other people. 沉默寡言的 n例：Her husband had become withdrawn and moody.n她的丈夫变得沉默寡言而且喜怒无常。Withdraw v. nHe stated that all foreign forces would withdraw as soon as the crisis ended.n他声明危机一结束所有外国军队就会撤退。nOpen a savings account that does not charge ridiculous fees to withdraw money.n开立一个取钱时不荒唐地收取费用的储蓄账户。Throw upnWhen someone throws up, they vomit. 呕吐n例：She said she had thrown up after reading reports of the trial.n她说她看了有关该审讯的报告后呕吐了。nBrazil has thrown up many world-famous footballers.n巴西出了许多闻名世界的足球运动员。nIf something throws up dust, stones, or water, when it moves or hits the ground, it causes them to rise up into the air. 扬起 (灰尘); 溅起 (石头、水)n例：If it had hit the Earth, it would have made a crater 100 miles across and thrown up an immense cloud of dust.n如果它撞上了地球，就会砸出一个100英里宽的大坑并扬起巨大的尘埃云团。Medical termsGynec(o)- woman, female 女性女性,雌性雌性nGynecology n妇科学nGynecologist ,ankldstn妇科医生ngynecological examining tablen妇科检查床ngynecological and obstetrical problems n妇产科问题Men(o)- menstruation, month 月经，月份nMenopausen绝经nmenstrual cycle n月经周期nmenstrual periodn月经期nMenstruate v.n月经来潮nMenorrhalgian痛经Chrom(o)- color 颜色nchromosome pairingn染色体配对nchromo-thermometer n比色温度计nChromodermatosisn皮肤着色症，皮肤色素沉着nChromoblastn成色素细胞-some body 小体nMonosome n单染色体nEctosomen核外粒体n-somia 身体状况nNanosomian侏儒症nHypersomia n巨大症Osteo- bone 骨nOsteocyte n骨细胞nOsteoarthritisn骨性关节炎nosteotomy ,sttm nn. 截骨术，骨切开术nosteotome sttm nn. 骨凿；骨刀nosteomalacia ,stmle nn. 骨软化；软骨病nosteoproliferation n骨质增生-osis condition, formation, process，increase 疾病，形成，过程， 增生nOsteoporosisn骨质疏松n骨质增生nHypnosis n催眠术，催眠状态nLeukocytosis n白细胞增多oestr(o)- female 雌性的nestrogen receptorn雌激素受体nestrogenic hormonen雌激素nEstronen雌酮Epi- 上，在上；在外 above, outnEpiblast n外胚层nEpidermn表皮nEpicardial n心外膜的，贲门上部的demo- 人 people nDemocraticn大众的，民主的ndemography n人口统计学nEpidemiologyn流行病学ndemonstration n 示范；证明；示威游行De- 脱，去，除，离，解除 fromnDescendn下降nDecay n腐烂nDecomposen分解，腐烂nDegeneration n退化；医 变性；堕落；恶化nDNA n脱氧核糖核酸ndeoxyribonucleic acid Ab- 离，从 off，fromnAbnormalnAbortionn流产nAbstract (abs-为ab-的变体，用于发c, q, t字母前)n提取，摘要nAbscess (-cess: go, run)n脓肿nAbductorn外展肌Summary of the chunksnStrongly influence 大大影响nProvide a clue 提供线索nTend to 往往nBe closely linked to 与 密切相关nDevelop conditions 得病nRaise the risk 增加风险nImprove our understanding 加强了解nAid the fight against disease 帮助抵抗疾病nThe onset of puberty 青春期的到来nBe relatively small 相对较小nIn collaboration with 与相合作nSplit up 分成nHone in 磨炼/使完美nPinpoint the exact genes 定位确切基因nSocially withdrawn 孤僻nDrug abuse 吸毒nLower self-esteem 自尊心弱nSuicide attempt 企图自杀nPoor academic performance 学习成绩不佳nThrow up 提出Thank you!