ENGLISH PARAGRAPH WRITING英英语段落写作段落写作1段落写作段落写作段落是文章内容中具有一个完整意义的外部表现形态，是文章结构的基本单位。段落通常由若干个对一个主要观点展开论述的相互关联的句子组成。但段落并非是句子的随意堆砌，句子内容之间应该具有连贯和逻辑性。段落表达的内容应该是单一的，一个段落只能表达一个意思，而不能把意思上互不相关的句子堆砌在一起，造成段落内容的庞杂错乱；段落表达的内容应该是完整的，一个意思应当尽量集中在一个段落里陈述，最好不要分割成两段或几段，而使段落内容支离破碎。2English Paragraph Writing1ParagraphStructure2ParagraphUnity3ParagraphCoherence段落的整体性段落的整体性段落的构成段落的构成段落的连贯性段落的连贯性31. Paragraph Structure 段落的构成段落的构成OneEnglishparagraphusuallyincludesthefollowingthreeparts:(1) Topic Sentence主题句主题句(2)Supporting / Developing Sentence 辅助句辅助句 / 支撑句支撑句 / 发展句发展句(3) Concluding Sentence 结尾句结尾句4Topic sentence 主题句主题句在段落中用于概括段落主旨大意的句子，叫做主在段落中用于概括段落主旨大意的句子，叫做主题句。一个好的主题句能够准确地表达作者的观题句。一个好的主题句能够准确地表达作者的观点或态度。关于主题的这个观点或态度成为主题点或态度。关于主题的这个观点或态度成为主题思想（思想（controlling idea）。主题句限定了在一个单）。主题句限定了在一个单独的段落中所允许讨论的内容。独的段落中所允许讨论的内容。例：主题句Gold,apreciousmetal,isprizedfortwoimportantcharacteristics.该句中gold是主题词，twoimportantcharacteristics是表达主题思想的关键词。5How to Write a Good Topic SentenceThree essential points: 3个要点个要点1.主题句必须是一个完整的句子，包括一个主语，一个谓语动词，常常还带有其它修饰语。下面的例子中虽然有的包括主题思想，但并不是完整的句子。Fragments：Drivingonfreeways.Howtoregisterforcollegeclasses.Thebenefitsoftelevisiontochildren.6Revised sentences:Drivingonfreewaysrequiresskillandalertness机敏.Registeringforcollegeclassescanbeafrustratingexperiencefornewstudents.Televisionbenefitsyoungchildreninthreemajorways.Fragments：Drivingonfreeways.Howtoregisterforcollegeclasses.Thebenefitsoftelevisiontochildren.7How to Write a Good Topic SentenceThree essential points:2.主题句由主题词和主题思想的表述两部分构成主题词表明讨论的对象。主题思想的表述部分限制或控制这个主题在一个段落中能够被论述的具体方面。它应该是能够展述主题思想的一个词或一个短语，即关键词。8TopicandcontrollingideaThetopicsentencegivesaparagraphdirectionandpurpose.Ittellswhattheparagraphisabout(thetopic),andhowthewriterwilldevelopthattopic(thecontrollingidea).试分析下列的主题句：9例1TheWomensMovementhashadseveraleffectsontheEnglishlanguage.在这个主题句中，表达主题思想的关键词是severaleffects，它规定了谈论的主题和内容。为了论证这个主题思想，作者应提供具体细节或实例来回答这样的问题：“WhatreasonsdidIhaveforsayingseveraleffects?”有可能列出以下原因：1）IthascreatedMs.,atitleforwomencomparabletoMr.formen.2)TheMovementhaschangedtheendingofseveralcompoundwordsfrommantoperson.3)TheMovementisresponsibleforsomenewterms.10例2Studentsonthiscampusrecentlyvoicedseveralcomplaints.问题：该主题句中，表达主题思想的关键词是什么？什么？答案：severalcomplaints所以在主题句后，应辅以细节来论证主题思想severalcomplaints。有可能列出下列事实：有可能列出下列事实：1）Theyvoiceddissatisfactionwiththecampuslighting.2)Theyexpressedtheirdisgustwiththecafeteriafood.3)Theyprotestedthegradingpoliticsoftheinstructors.11例3Smokingcigarettescanbeanexpensivehabit.该主题句中，主题是thehabitofsmokingcigarettes,主题思想是Smokingcigarettescanbeexpensive。在此句中expensive是表示主题思想的关键词，在展开主题句的段落中，应论证吸烟的确是开销较大的一种习惯。下面是一个说明主题展开的段落提纲。1）Cigarettescostaboutseventy-fivecents.2）Theaveragesmokersmokestwopacksaday.3）Theannualexpenseforthissmokeris$547.50.4）Thesmokermustalsopayforextracleaningofcarpets,furniture,andclothes.12How to Write a Good Topic Sentence3.由于主题句仅仅提及主题思想，因此只是一种概括性的陈述而不提供具体的细节，它能被段落中其它句子解释、论证或分析。主题句应该对该段落内容进行适当概括和限制。主题句如果太过笼统，就不能包含具体的思想和观点，对段落如何展开缺乏指导和限定，使读者由于内容太空泛而很难确切地知道本段要谈论的内容；主题句如果太具体，读者就会发现作者对这段内容已无发挥、充实的余地，而无法将主题句展开。13Which is a good topic sentence?1.Americanfoodisterrible.2.AmericanfoodistastelessandgreasybecauseAmericansusetoomanycanned,frozen,andprepackagedfoodsandbecauseeverythingisfriedinoilorbutter.3.Americanfoodistastelessandgreasy.141.Americanfoodisterrible.第一句作为主题句不合适，因为句子内容阐述过于笼统和抽象过于笼统和抽象，段落扩展的发挥点不发挥点不明确明确。2.AmericanfoodistastelessandgreasybecauseAmericansusetoomanycanned,frozen,andprepackagedfoodsandbecauseeverythingisfriedinoilorbutter.第二句缺乏概括性的特点缺乏概括性的特点，局限于某个具体事务，而在文字和内容上无法再进一步展开。153.Americanfoodistastelessandgreasy.第三句具有概括性的观点具有概括性的观点，可以通过列举事实、说明理由，补充细节材料，展开段落内容。所以，这是一个比较好的主题句。试分析下面的句子：是否能做主题句是否能做主题句？HongKongisfamousforitsdevelopedeconomy,highstandardofliving,andinterculturalatmosphere.分析：这个句子包含了过多的信息，主体不明确，这过多的信息，主体不明确，这会使段落缺乏统一性会使段落缺乏统一性。句中所阐述的三个部分的内容是互不相关的，不能单独放再单独的一个段落内叙述，而应放在三个段落里写。改写为：HongKongisfamousforitsdevelopedeconomy，就可以成为一个比较好的主题句了。16Activity Identify which is the topic sentence:1. Systolic pressure收缩压收缩压between140and160indicatesborderlinehypertension.2.Intheusualbloodpressurereading,thesystolicmeasurementisgivenfirstandisthehigherofthetwo.3.Systolicpressureistakenwhentheheartiscontractingtopumpblood;diastolic pressure舒舒张压张压 istakenwhentheheartisrestingbetweenbeats.心脏收缩泵血时测得收缩压；心脏舒张时测得舒张压心脏收缩泵血时测得收缩压；心脏舒张时测得舒张压17Activity Identify which is the topic sentence:4.Bloodpressuremeasurementhastwocomponents:systolicanddiastolic.5.Normalbloodpressureisasystolicmeasurementof140,andwhenthesystolicpressureis160orhigher,thenhypertensionexists.18How to Write a Good Topic SentencePosition of Topic Sentence: 主题句的位置主题句的位置主题句的位置比较灵活，通常位于段首，其优点是开门见山，一目了然。用演绎法写的段落也称“扩张法”，就是以概述主题开首，随之辅以细说，即用具体细节或事例来演绎展开主题句中的主题思想。主题句有时也位于段落的中间。这种写作方法常用来比较或对比不同的对象。段中主题句起承上启下，使上下文平衡的作用。19How to Write a Good Topic SentencePosition of Topic Sentence: 主题句的位置主题句的位置用归纳法写段落也称作“收拢法”，从细节出发，最后归纳到段落的中心论点。用此种方法写作时，主题句一般位于段落的末尾，它是依据上文的细节推论出的论点，起到画龙点睛的作用。在有的段落中，主题句甚至不直接写出来，而是通过细节的陈述含蓄地表达出段落的主题思想。是，需有读者意会。20尽管主题句可以出现在段落中的任何位置，但对于英语写作的初学者来说，大多数情况下，采用段首主题句的方法进行写作练习，便于扩展和限制全段的写作，是一种行之有效的方法。我们必须明确，主题句无论出现在段落的何处，都必须是段落内容的焦点，即必须涵盖段落其它句子所阐述的论点。21PracticeRead each of the following paragraphs. If you find a topic sentence, underline it. 22Paragraph1Changesinthepricesofgoodscancausechangesinproductionandconsumption.Productionincreaseswhenthepricesarehigh.Asthepricesofgoodsgoup,producersmakemoregoodsbecausetheycanmakemoremoneywhentheysellthegoods.Ontheotherhand,consumptionincrassateswhenthepricesarelow.Asthepricesgoodsgodown,consumersbuymoregoodsbecauseofthelowprices.23Paragraph2AlbertEinstein,oneoftheworldsgeniuses,failedhisuniversityentranceexaminationsonhisfirstattempt.WilliamFaulkner,oneofAmericansnotedwriters,neverfinishedcollegebecausehecouldnotpasshisEnglishcourses.SirWinstonChurchill,whoisconsideredoneofthemastersoftheEnglishlanguage,hadtohavespecialtutoringinEnglishduringelementaryschool.Theseexamplesshowthatfailureinschooldoesnotalwayspredictfailureinlife.24How to Write Good Supporting Sentences 辅助句也称展开句或推展句。辅助句也称展开句或推展句。 辅助句是主题句的延伸辅助句是主题句的延伸，是段落中对主题句进行具体论证的句子，即以具体，是段落中对主题句进行具体论证的句子，即以具体的和真实的细节对段落主题进行阐述、说明、举证或的和真实的细节对段落主题进行阐述、说明、举证或引申，从而扩展深化主题。引申，从而扩展深化主题。 学生在英语写作中存在的一个最大的问题常常是在文学生在英语写作中存在的一个最大的问题常常是在文章中缺乏组走的信息和具体细节来说明或支持段落主章中缺乏组走的信息和具体细节来说明或支持段落主题。要写好辅助句，必须注意所有辅助句的阐述都要题。要写好辅助句，必须注意所有辅助句的阐述都要与主题密切相关，要有充分的论证细节来说明主题思与主题密切相关，要有充分的论证细节来说明主题思想，保持句子的连贯性，所有的句子都应按其逻辑顺想，保持句子的连贯性，所有的句子都应按其逻辑顺序排列。序排列。25例例MyroommatePaulpossessesthecharacteristicsofagoodstudent.Oneofhischaracteristicsisalwaysbeingpreparedforclasses.Forexample,whenhisphilosophyprofessorassignsaclassdiscussionontheideaofKant（康德）,hegoestothelibraryanddoesextensiveresearchonthesubject.Inaddition,whenhisEnglishinstructorassignsanout-of-classessay,hebringstoclassthefinalcopyofanessaythathehasrevisedseveraltimes.在这个段落中，辅助句以简明和独特的具体实例来论证和展开主题句，而且所有句子都统一于这个主题。26ActivityTry developing the topic sentences. Illustrate your personality with specific examples. Iamaverysensitiveperson.Iamaveryindependentperson.IthinkIwouldbeagoodfriend.27Iamaverysensitiveperson,andthatsgoodtoapoint.Ifeeleveryoneshouldbeabletofeelorunderstandwhatothersaregoingthrough.Butwhenyouhurt,cry,orareunhappyforpeopleyoudontknow,orforamoviethatisnotreal,thenIthinkthatsalittletoosensitive.ThatsthewayIam.28Iamaveryindependentperson.Imustdothingsformyself.Idontlikepeopledoingthingsforme,orhelpingme,orgivingmethings. Its not that I dont appreciate it,becauseIdo.Ijustfeelthatwhensomeonedoessomethingforyou,youowethem,andifthereisonethingIdontliketofeel,itsthatIoweanyoneanything.29IthinkIwouldbeagoodfriend.Iwoulddoalmost anything for someone I like, andwould share or give anything I have. Imverycaringandunderstanding.Peopletrustmewiththeirsecrets,andtheyrerightfordoingsobecauseInevertellanysecretthatistoldtome.ImalwaystheretohelpinanywaythatIcan.Allyouhavetodoisask.30How to Write a Good Concluding Sentence使用表示段落结尾的转承信号词，如“inconclusion,insummary,finally,inbrief,insum,toconclude,allinall”等。对段落要点加以总结。对主题加以评论，给读者留下深刻的印象。31ActivityWrite a concluding sentence based on the given outline.Topic Sentence: Therearethreethingsthatwouldmakemethehappiestpersonintheworld.Body Part:AhappyfamilylifeAsatisfyingcareerInnerpeaceandsecurityConcluding Sentence: Inconclusion,ifIcouldhaveagoodhomelife,achallengingjob,andinnerstrength,Iwouldbecontentedandsatisfiedwithmylife.32PracticeFinishwritingtheconcludingsentences:Producers make more goods when prices arehigh, and consumers buy more goods whenpricesarelow.Aspricesgoup,producersmakemore goods because they can make moremoney for their goods. As prices go down,consumersbuymoregoodsbecauseofthelowprices.Thisshowsushow changes in the prices of goodscancausechangesinproductionandconsumption.33PracticeTrytoappreciatethefollowingparagraph,andidentify：(1)Topicsentence(2)Supportingsentences(3)Concludingsentences34Ofallthefourseasons,Ihaveastrongerpreferenceforspring.Springistheseasonwhennaturewakesupfromherlongwintersleep, and everything starts to grow. Youcanalwayslistenforbirdssinging,witnessbutterflies dancing and watch bees busywithflowers.Springisaseasonassociatedwithbeautifullandscape.Theskyiscrystalclear, so is the water with beautiful redflowersandlovelygreengrasssurrounding35you. Spring is a soft song, sweet andmelodious.WhenIaminabadmood,Iwilloccasionally search my memories for thenotes of this song. When I meet withdifficulties, I sing the song to find comfort,nourishment, strength and inspiration in itsgentle tune. That is spring my favoriteseason, dynamic and colorful, which alwaysfillsmewithjoyandgivesmepeaceofmind.36keysOfallthefourseasons,Ihaveastrongerpreferenceforspring.Springistheseasonwhennaturewakesupfromherlongwintersleep, and everything starts to grow. Youcanalwayslistenforbirdssinging,witnessbutterflies dancing and watch bees busywithflowers.Springisaseasonassociatedwithbeautifullandscape.Theskyiscrystalclear, so is the water with beautiful redflowersandlovelygreengrasssurrounding主题句主题句37you. Spring is a soft song, sweet andmelodious.WhenIaminabadmood,Iwilloccasionally search my memories for thenotes of this song. When I meet withdifficulties, I sing the song to find comfort,nourishment, strength and inspiration in itsgentle tune. That is spring my favoriteseason, dynamic and colorful, which alwaysfillsmewithjoyandgivesmepeaceofmind.keys结尾句结尾句382.2 Paragraph Unity段落的一致性是指文章基于一个统一的主题，段落内容应保持一致，每个段落只能阐述一个中心思想，每一个句子都应与主题句密切相关，那些与主题无关和不能展开论证主题思想的句子应删去，从而形成一个严谨的段落结构。阅读下面段落，并分析段落是否具有一致性。39Therearefewplacesintheworldtodaythathavenotbeenspoiledbyindustrialdevelopmentandpollution.Theairwebreatheismoreoftenthannotpollutedbythesmokefromfactorychimneysandtheexhaustfumesofmotorvehicles,whilechemicalwastepoisonsourrivers,lakesandseas.Andbycoveringmoreandmoreoftheearthssurfacewithbuildingsandroads,weareerectinghugebarriersofconcretebetweenourselvesandnature.Itwouldappearthatwearepurposelycuttingourselvesofffromnatureanddestroyingwildlifeaswedoso.例例140分析例1：这段例文中，所有的句子都是围绕着“我们生存环境被污染，生态环境被破坏”这一主题论述的，具有较好的统一性。41例例2Anotherproblemfacinganumberofelderlypeopleislivingonareducedincome.Uponretiring,oldpeoplemayreceiveapensionfromtheircompanyorSocialSecurityfromthegovernment.Theamountoftheirmonthlychecksisoftenhalftheamountthecheckstheyreceivedwhentheywereemployed.Suddenly,retireesfindthattheycannolongercontinuethelife-stylethattheyhadbecomeaccustomedto,evenifthatlifestylewasamodestone.Manyfind,afterpayingtheirmonthlybills,thatthere42isnomoneyleftforamovieoradinnerout.Ofcourse,sometimestheycantgooutbecauseoftheirhealth.Maybetheyhavearthritisorrheumatism,anditispainfulforthemtomovearound.Thiscanalsochangetheirlifestyle.Someolderpeople,however,discoverthatthesmallamountofmoneytheyreceivewillnotevencovertheirmonthlybills.Theyrealizewithhorrorthatelectricity,atelephone,andnourishingfoodareluxuriestheycannolongerafford.Theyresorttoshiveringinthedark,eatingcatfoodinordertomakeendsmeet.(Smalley&Ruetten,1990,p.17)43分析例2：这个段落的主题是“Anotherproblemfacinganumberofelderlypeople”，中心思想是“livingonareducedincome”.因此，所有的句子都应围绕这个主题。但是在这个段落中，有三个句子并没有讨论这一特定的主题。所以，这些句子应从这个段落中删除，或应在另一个段落中展开。Canyoufindoutthesesentences?44三个和主题不相关的句子Ofcourse,sometimestheycantgooutbecauseoftheirhealth.Maybetheyhavearthritis(raitis关节炎)orrheumatism（ru:mtiz()m风湿病）,anditispainfulforthemtomovearound.Thiscanalsochangetheirlifestyle.45ActivityIdentify whether the following paragraphs are unified. Pick out any sentence which is not related to the controlling idea of the paragraph.Forhundredsofyears,manhasmadeuseofthe talents of monkeys. Ancient Egyptianpaintingsshowbaboons狒狒gatheringfruitfortheir masters. Even in 1879, in Abyssinia,monkeyswerestillbeingusedastorchbearers持火炬者atfeasts.Themonkeyswouldsitinarow on a bench and hold the lights until theguestswenthome.Thenthemonkeyswouldeat.Most of the worlds zoos contain a variety ofmonkeysforpeopletowatch.46Which is not talent?Monkeys talents:baboonsgatheringfruitMonkeysbeingusedastorchbearersMonkeysinzooforpeopletowatch47下面是论述同一题目的两个段落。试比较哪个段落具有整体性。Progressisgraduallybeingmadeinthefightagainstcancer.Intheearly1900s,fewcancerpatientshadanyhopeoflong-termsurvival.Inthe1930s,lessthanoneinfivecancervictimslivedmorethanfiveyears.Inthe1950s,theratiowasoneinfour.Currently,theratioisdowntooneinthree.Thegainfromoneinfourtooneinthreerepresentsabout58,000livessavedeachyear.Paragraph148Paragraph2Progressisgraduallybeingmadeinthefightagainstcancer.Intheearly1900s,fewcancerpatientshadanyhopeoflong-termsurvival.Butbecauseofadvancesinmedicaltechnology,progresshasbeenmadesothatcurrentlyoneinthreecancerpatientssurvives.Ithasbeenproventhatsmokingisadirectcauseoflungcancer.However,thebattlehasnotyetbeenwon.Althoughcuresforsomeformsofcancerhavebeendiscovered,otherformsofcancerarestillincreasingHeartdiseaseisalsoincreasing.49分析结果：这两个段落都是讨论关于“survivingcancer”问题的，两段的主题句相同，且均位于段首。第一段例文阐明主题句之后，用连续直叙的方法展述，并用三个辅助句以具体事实对其观点进行论证。结论句在前面展述的基础上进行总结，并与主题句相呼应。整个段落紧扣主题，结构层次清楚，具有同一性。在第二段例文中，并不是每个句子都紧扣主题，破坏了段落内容的整体性，段落显得缺乏统一性，是不可取的。503 Paragraph CoherenceCoherenceinaparagraphreferstothewaythesentencesarearrangedandtotheirrelationshiptooneanother.Whenaparagraphiscoherent,thesentencesarearrangedinaclearandlogicalorder,thetransitionsaresmoothandnatural,andideasflowsmoothlyandgracefullyfromonesentencetothenext.Asaresult,thereaderfindsiteasytofollowthewriters段落的连贯性段落的连贯性trainofthought.513 Paragraph Coherencecohere表示“tostick”或“toholdtogether”。连贯，一是指结构上的连贯；二是指内容上的连贯。也就是文章的结构层次和连接应按照一定的逻辑顺序编排，在一个句子衔接下个句子时或是一个段落连接下个段落时，必须合乎逻辑、连贯紧凑、不应有跳跃。这样句子或段落衔接自然流畅，文章层次分明，脉络清晰。读者就会比较容易跟随作者的思路深入理解写作内容。523 Paragraph Coherence两种保持段落连贯性的方法。第一，用转承词语或称转承信号词转承信号词表明一个意思是怎样与下一个意思相连的；Transition signals第二，按照一定的逻辑顺序逻辑顺序排列句子，采用何种逻辑顺序应取决于文章的主体和写作目的。最常用的逻辑顺序是时间顺序、空间顺序和主次顺序。Logical orderChronologicalOrder时间顺序SpatialOrder空间顺序OrderofImportance重要性次序53Transition signals are words such as first, second,next,finally,therefore,andhowever,orphrasessuchasin conclusion, on the other hand, and as a result.Thinkoftransitionsignalsastrafficsignsthattellyourreaderwhentogoforward,turn,slowdown,andstop.Inotherwords,theytellthereaderwhenyouaregivinga similar idea (similarly, moreover, furthermore, inaddition),anoppositeidea(ontheotherhand,however,incontrast), anexample(for example), aresult(asaresult),oraconclusion(inconclusion).Transition Signals转承信号词转承信号词54Herearesomeofthemostcommontransitionalwordsandphrasesandther e l a t i o n s h i p s t h e y s h o w .转转承承词词是是保保持持段段落落连连贯贯的的一一个个重重要要方方法法。转转承承词词与与像像桥桥梁梁一一样样把把一一个个句句子子的的意意思思同同里里一一个个句句子子连连接接起起来来。转转承承词词与与是是用用于于指指示示写写作作方方向向的的词词语语，告告诉诉读读者者：作作者者在在什什么么时时候候阐阐述述一一个个相相同同的的意意思思，什什么么时时候候阐阐述述一一个个相相反反的的意意思思，什什么么时时候候举举例例，什什么么时时候候给给出出结结果果或或结结论论。因因此此运运用用转转承承词词与与不不仅仅能能使使行行文文连连贯贯，而而且且能能指指导导读读者者跟跟随随作作者者的的思思路路 进进 行行 阅阅 读读 ， 清清 楚楚 地地 掌掌 握握 该该 短短 的的 脉脉络络 。55 to show addition:and,too,also,again,aswellas,besides,inaddition,moreover,further,furthermore,bothand,notonlybutalso.To show concession:although,though,eventhough,evenif,inspiteof,despite,n a t u r a l l y , o f c o u r s e56To show time sequenceonce,before,after,afterward,always,when,atonce,assoonas,tobeginwith,first(second,third),inthemeantime,inthepast(future),later,then,next,until,atlast,finally,eventually,fromthenon,sincethenand,again,first,second,third57To show placeinfrontof,ontheotherside,behind,inside,outside,nearby,nextto,opposite,beyond,below,under,atthispointTo show resultso,thus,hence,asaresult,forthisreason,consequently,accordingly,therefore,allinall,altogether,finally,inbrief,inconclusion,inshort,insummary,tosummarize58To comparesimilarly,inthesameway,likewiseTo contrasthowever,incontrast,instead,nevertheless然然而而,notwithstanding虽虽然然,onthecontrary,ontheotherh a n d , o t h e r w i s e否否则则59To illustrate or explainforexample,forinstance,namely,inparticular尤尤其其,suchas,thatis,toillustrate说说明明，显显示示60To emphasizeindeed,infact,aboveall,ofcourse,unquestionably,mostimportant,lastbutnotleast,specificallyTo summarizeinbrief,inotherwords,inshort,ashasbeensaid,onthewhole,tosumup,inconclusion6162Readthefollowingparagraphandidentifythetransitionalwordsinit.Nowadays,underthenewtuitionsystem,anincreasingnumberofstudents,especiallythosepoverty-strickenstudents,nowseemtobedefeatedbythecrushingtuitionburden.Therefore,manypeoplecomplainthatthenewtuitionsystemkeepspoverty-strickenstudentsawayfromcollege.However,inmyopinion,thenewtuitionsystemdoesaddmuchdifficultiestothep o o r s t u d e n t s b u t i t w i l l n e v e respeciallyThereforeHoweverbut63keepsthemawayfromcollege.First,incarryingoutthenewtuitionsystem,thegovernmentalshouldprovidesomespecialpolicyforpoorstudent.Besides,theyareentitledtotakealoanfrombanksordosomepart-timejobsduringtheirsparetime,suchasweekendsandholidays.Finally,theycantrytowinscholarshipbyadditionalefforts.Inshort,manproposes,andGoddisposes.Noonewillbekeptoutofcollegeduetofinancialburdenunlessheisdefeatedbyhimself.First,BesidessuchasFinallyInshortunless64Please analyze and identify the transition devices used in the following paragraph. Transitionsare the glue thatholds a paragraph together. Thesedevicesleadthereaderfromsentencetosentence,smoothingoverthe gaps between by indicating the relationship between thesentences. If this glue is missing, the paragraph will almostinevitablysoundchoppyorchildish,evenifeverysentenceinitrespondstoasingletopiccommitment.However,transitionsarenot substitutes for topic unity: like most glue, they are mosteffective when joining similar objects, or, in this case, similarideas.For example,inaparagraphdescribingachickenegg,notransition could bridge the gap created by the inclusion of asentenceconcernedwithnavallossesintheCivilWar. Inotherwords, transitions can call attention to the topic relationshipsbetweensentences,buttheycannotcreatethoserelationships.Practice65Read the following paragraphs carefully and answer questions.Whatistheprimarymethodusedtoarrangedetails:timeorder,spatialorder,ororderofimportance?Practice66Inmy25yearsasasecretary,Ihavehadtomaster three different kinds of writing machines.Ibeganmycareeronthemanual typewriter. I soon learned to handle it efficiently andtypedbetweensixty-fiveandseventywordsperminute.Thentenyearslater,Ifoundmyselfbeingforcedtoadapttoanelectrictypewriter.Atfirst,IsworeIpreferredamanualbecauseIhadtroublerememberingnottohitthekeysashard.Also,ittookmeseveraldaystoquitreachingforacarriagereturn.Afterawhile,however, I would not have considered returning to a manual.Recently,Iwaspersuadedtogiveupmyelectrictypewriterforawordprocessor.Alwaysresistanttochange,Icomplainedinthebeginningabouthavingtorememberthenewkeyboardandthecommands.Butafterusingthewordprocessorforlessthansixmonths,IdontbelieveIwouldconsiderreturningtotheageoftheelectrictypewriter.67作业：改写请加上合适的转承词改写下面这个段落。请加上合适的转承词改写下面这个段落。DanielandIhaveseveralthingsincommonthathavestrengthenedourrelationship.WeareAsianAmericans.BothofuswerebornofmiddleclassparentsinSanFranciscoandlivingonthesameblockontheEastside.Wegottoknoweachotherearlyinourlives.Acommonalityisourage.Wehavesharedsimilarinterestsovertheyearswehaveknowneachother.Bothofusenjoyedtaking68pianolessons.WeeachworkedsummeratBurgerKingtohelpourparentsreducetheexpensesforustoattendtheUniversityofColorado,wherewebothmajoredinart.Whathasbondedustogetherisourmutualrespectforeachother.Weholddiverseopinions,representdifferentpoliticalandreligiousbeliefs,andleaduniquelife-styles.Wehaveremainedclosetoeachothereventothisday-ourtwentiethclassreunion.6970作业：改写KeysDanielandIhaveseveralthingsincommonthathavestrengthenedourrelationship.Firstofall,weareAsianAmericans.BothofuswerebornofmiddleclassparentsinSanFranciscoandlivingonthesameblockontheEastside.Asaresult,wegottoknoweachotherearlyinourlives.Anothercommonalityisourage.Infact,wehavesharedsimilarinterestsovertheyearswehaveknowneachother.Bothofusenjoyedtaking71pianolessons.Inaddition,weeachworkedsummeratBurgerKingtohelpourparentsreducetheexpensesforustoattendtheUniversityofColorado,wherewebothmajoredinart.Themostsignificantthingthathasbondedustogetherisourmutualrespectforeachother.Certainly,weholddiverseopinions,representdifferentpoliticalandreligiousbeliefs,andleaduniquelife-styles;wehave,nonetheless,remainedclosetoeachothereventothisday-ourtwentiethclassreunion.72