Unit 31.1.万事日久自明。万事日久自明。2.2.时间是治愈一切创伤的良药。时间是治愈一切创伤的良药。3.3.时代在变，人也在变。时代在变，人也在变。4.4.光阴一去不复返。光阴一去不复返。5.5.光阴似箭，一去不复返。光阴似箭，一去不复返。6.6.时间是锉刀，磨损静悄悄。时间是锉刀，磨损静悄悄。7.7.时间比金钱更宝贵。你能获取更多的金时间比金钱更宝贵。你能获取更多的金钱，但无法拥有更多的时间。钱，但无法拥有更多的时间。8.8.对于等待的人，时间太慢；对于害怕的对于等待的人，时间太慢；对于害怕的人，时间太快；对于悲伤的人，时间太长；人，时间太快；对于悲伤的人，时间太长；对于喜悦的人，时间太短；但对于心中有对于喜悦的人，时间太短；但对于心中有爱的人，时间就是永恒。爱的人，时间就是永恒。Warm-upListening and SpeakingA. Listentothefirstpartofamonologueabouttheinventionoftheclock.Answerthefollowingquestions.1.Whendidpeoplebegintomakeclocks?2.Wheredidthecivilisationofmakingclocksbegin?3.Whatroledidclocksplayatthattime?4.Whatisthedifferencebetweentheclockandtheseasonsandthephasesofmoonintermsofmeasuringtime?5.Wheredoestheword“clock”comefromandwhatdoesitmeanoriginally?6.Whenwasthefirstmechanicalalarmclockinvented?Approximately 5,000 to 6,000 years ago.In the Middle East and North Africa.Clocks increased the effectiveness of peoples calendars, and helped them organise their time more efficiently.As the seasons and the phases of the moon can be used to measure the passage of longer periods of time, the clock is used to measure shorter processes in terms of hours and minutes.The word “clock” comes from the French word “cloche” meaning bell.The first mechanical alarm clock was invented in 1787.5,000 to 6,000 years 5,000 to 6,000 years EnhanceEnhancecandlescandlesburn downburn downthe passage of timethe passage of timesundials and hourglassessundials and hourglasseselectronicselectronicsno clockwork partsno clockwork partsbatteriesbatterieswindingwindingWarm-upNotuntilsomewhatrecentlyintermsofhumanhistorydidpeoplefindaneedforknowingthetimeofday.Asbestweknow,5,000to6,000yearsagogreatcivilisationsintheMiddleEastandNorthAfricabegantomakeclockstoincreasetheeffectivenessoftheircalendars.Withtheirsocietalactivities,formalreligions,andotherdailyissues,theseculturesapparentlyfoundaneedtoorganisetheirtimemoreefficiently.Theclockisoneoftheoldesthumaninventionstoenableustojudgehowlongaprocesshasrun.Astheseasonsandthephasesofthemooncanbeusedtomeasurethepassageoflongerperiodsoftime,shorterprocesseshadtobeusedtomeasureoffhoursandminutes.Theword“clock”comesfromtheFrenchword“cloche”meaningbell.TheLatinwordforbellis“glocio”,theSaxonis“clugga”andtheGermanis“glocke”.ThefirstmechanicalalarmclockwasinventedbyLeviHutchinsofConcord,NewHampshire,in1787.Part OneBACKBACKWarm-upHistoricalrecordsrevealthatapproximately5,000to6,000yearsagogreatcivilisationsintheMiddleEastandNorthAfricabegantomakeclockstoenhancetheircalendars.Theseculturesfoundthattheyneededtoorganisetheirtimemoreefficiently.Originallycandlesandsticksofincensethatburndownatapproximatelypredictablespeedswereusedtoestimatethepassageoftime.Othermethodsweresundialsandhourglasses.Thedevelopmentofelectronicsinthetwentiethcenturyledtoclockswithnoclockworkpartsatall.Nowmechanicalclockshavesincecometobelargelypoweredbybatteries,removingtheneedforwinding.Part TwoBACKBACKTimeindicatedbynumbers(bytheclock)watch,minute hand,hour hand; 60 minutes, 24 hours, 7 days a week; timekeepers, calendars, schedules, clocks; fiscal year, academic years, weekdays, weekends, deadlines; artificial timingTimeindicatedbynature(bytheseasons)blueberry, raspberry, blackberry season; lobsters that shed old shells and then harden new ones; low tide ;mussels; high tide; mackerels; natural rhythms ThemainideaTHis passage provides a different perspective to think about the concept of time:escape from the artificial times and follow the natural rhythms.Idiomsusuallycannotbetranslatedliterallyinanotherlanguage.成成语语通通常常不不能能照照字字面面译译成成另另一一种种语语言言。word-for-word shedn. 车棚，小屋，脱落物vt. 使 . 流出，散发，脱落，除掉 She shed crocodile tears (ie pretended to be sorry) when she dismissed him from his job. 她把他解雇时，流出了鳄鱼的眼泪(假装难过).The snow has banked up against the shed. 雪在小屋旁聚积起来。Its too late to change your mind now; so there is no point in shedding tears. 你现在改变主意已经太迟了，所以为此而伤心落泪是毫无用处的。Where is the tool shed? 工具棚在哪？losetrackof失去失去.的线索的线索Marylost track ofherfriendsatcampaftersummerwasover.夏天过后，玛丽就和她一起宿营的朋友失夏天过后，玛丽就和她一起宿营的朋友失去了联系。去了联系。Thefarmerhassomanychickens,hecanoftenlose track ofthemall.这农民有许许多多小鸡，弄得他常常自己这农民有许许多多小鸡，弄得他常常自己也数不清。也数不清。Idonotseehowyoucanslip out ofwriteareportaboutthat.我看你躲不了要写一份有关这事的报告。我看你躲不了要写一份有关这事的报告。slipoutofonesgrasp控制不住控制不住The bay is not a store with opening The bay is not a store with opening hours set by its owner.hours set by its owner.海湾可不是个由店主来决定营业时间的商海湾可不是个由店主来决定营业时间的商店。店。Wearesoremovedfromnaturalrhythmsthatwerarelyrealisehow“unnatural”thisis.Howunnaturaltofastenourselvestotime.我们距离自然的节奏那么遥远，以至于感我们距离自然的节奏那么遥远，以至于感觉不到我们生活得有多么觉不到我们生活得有多么“不自然不自然”，不，不能意识到把自己牢牢地绑在时间上是多么能意识到把自己牢牢地绑在时间上是多么地不自然！地不自然！Theschedulethatcontrolonourliveswastheinventionofmonkswhoseearlypassionfororganisingandfillingeveryminuteofthedaygrewfromthewarningthat“idlenessistheenemyofthesoul.”那些控制我们生活的日程安排，最初是僧侣为了那些控制我们生活的日程安排，最初是僧侣为了警示世人警示世人“怠惰是灵魂的敌人怠惰是灵魂的敌人”，才想出来的让，才想出来的让人们时时刻刻都有事可做的办法。人们时时刻刻都有事可做的办法。aboveallAdverb1.aboveandbeyondallotherconsideration;aboveall,youmustbeindependent(synonym)mostimportantly,mostespecially2.takingeverythingtogether;shewasfirstandlastascientist(synonym)firstandlastMedievaltimewasstillsporadic,leisurely,unpredictableandabovealltiedtoexperiencesratherthanabstractnumbers.中世纪的时间还是随意、悠闲、不可预测中世纪的时间还是随意、悠闲、不可预测的，时间与人们的生活经验紧密相连，而的，时间与人们的生活经验紧密相连，而不是由抽象的数字来决定的。不是由抽象的数字来决定的。Itwasthemerchantsandfactoryownerswhoeventually,andwithgreatdifficulty,trainedworkersthosewhohadpreviouslylivedaccordingtochangesoftheseasonstobecomeasregularasclockwork.是那些商家和厂主，处心积虑地把最初根是那些商家和厂主，处心积虑地把最初根据季节变化而劳作的工人，最终训练成了据季节变化而劳作的工人，最终训练成了像钟表一样机械工作的人。像钟表一样机械工作的人。Isitanywonderthat.Eg,WithallthepossibilitiesofeatinginstantlyandconstantlyandwiththeabundanceoffoodinAmerica,isitanywonderthatAmericanstendtobeoverweight?面对花样繁多的快速食品，人人可以便捷面对花样繁多的快速食品，人人可以便捷地、随时随地享用，许多美国人超重还值地、随时随地享用，许多美国人超重还值得奇怪吗？得奇怪吗？Thedesertstretchedawayintothedistance.沙漠一直延伸到远方。沙漠一直延伸到远方。Igotoutofthebedandhadagoodstretch.我起床后舒服地伸了个懒腰。我起床后舒服地伸了个懒腰。Keys to P44 A2.Toleavequietly3.Tomovetowards4.Typesofediblefruits5.Typesofedibleseacreatures6.Holdingtightly7.Measuringtimebysomeman-madedevices8.AmaekleftintoorontosomethingGrammarSentence FragmentsAsimplecompletesentenceconsistsofasubjectandapredicate.Afragmentsentenceisanincompletesentence,whichlacksapredicate,asubject,orbothasubjectandapredicate.Itisasectionofasentenceandhasnomeaningwhenstandingalone;forexample,asubordinateordependentclause.Grammar1.MissingsubjectExample:(a)WenttoParislastweek.Correction:(a)HewenttoParislastweek.2.MissingpredicateExample:(a)Thatyoungman.(b)Johnhitbyabus.(ParticiplePhraseFragment)Correction:(a)Thatyoungmanisjumpingoffthebridge.(b)Johnwashitbyabus./John,hitbyabus,didnotsurvive./John,whowashitbyabus,didnotsurvive.Grammar3.Missingsubjectandpredicate:Example:(a)Unbelievablyheavy.(b)TravelingtoParis.Tomwasabletofindpeaceinhislife.(ParticiplePhraseFragment)Correction:(a)Itisunbelievablyheavytocarryabagofsand.(b)TravelingtoParis,Tomwasabletofindpeaceinhislife.Grammar4.Asubordinateordependentclause:Example:(a)Hedidnotgotowork.Becauseheissick.(SubordinateClauseFragment)(b)Althoughheissuchatalentedplayer.(c)Toprepareforhisspeech.(InfinitivePhraseFragment)(d)Yesterday,IsawJohn.Myhighschoolclassmate.(AppositiveFragment)Correction:(a)Hedidnotgotowork,becauseheissick.(b)Althoughheissuchatalentedplayer,helacksthepatiencetofinishagame.(c)Toprepareforhisspeech,hehasgonethroughseveralsleeplessnights.(d)Yesterday,IsawJohn,myhighschoolclassmates.BACKBACKVocabularyCommentandviewpointadverbsaddinformationaboutthespeakersopinionofevents.Theydonotusuallygiveinformationabouthowsomethinghappened.Comment&viewpointadverbsoftenmodifythecompletesentence,notjusttheverb.Commentadverbsusuallygoatthebeginningofasentenceorclause.Theycanalsobeplacedafterthesubject,orattheendofthesentence/clause.Comment & Viewpoint Adverbs VocabularyTranslate the following sentences with proper comment adverbs.1、幸运的是现场有一位医生。、幸运的是现场有一位医生。Luckilytherewasadoctoronthespot.2、很清楚地，、很清楚地，Paul根本不知道自己在做什么。根本不知道自己在做什么。Paul,clearly,hadnoideawhathewasdoing.3、当然，所有这些行动都是违反法律的。、当然，所有这些行动都是违反法律的。Naturally,alltheseactionsareagainstthelaw.4、我个人最喜欢蓝色。、我个人最喜欢蓝色。Personally,Ilikebluebest.5、他一向是来得很晚，然后又总说他得早走。、他一向是来得很晚，然后又总说他得早走。Typically,hewouldcomeinlateandthensaythathehadtogoearly.BACKBACKrun-onsentence:anungrammaticalsentenceinwhichtwoormoreindependentclausesareconjoinedwithoutaconjunction