Unit 10Strong Forms and Weak FormsComplete Plosive and Incomplete Plosivel. Strong Form and Weak Form1) Definition2) The Importance of Weak From3) Categories of Classified Its Weak Form Words4) Example of Weak Form Words5) Contractionl l. The Importance of /Definition:Strong form and weak form: two different ways of pronouncing the word.The weak form is an alternate pronunciation of a word which is so reduced in its articulation that is consists of a different set of phonemes.The strong form of a word is used when the word is said in isolation, or in connected speech in which the word should be stressed or cited.Compare: Look at me. Look at me.The Importance of Learning Weak FormsTwo reasons are said to be most important in learning to use the unstressed forms in English.Firstly, most native speakers of English find an “all-strong form” pronunciation very unpleasant.Secondly, learners who are not familiar with the use of weak forms are likely to have difficulty understanding native speakers.Information words vs. function wordsInformation words: nouns, verbs, adjectives, and adverbsgiving information about who, what, when, where, why, how expressing the main idea or content of the phrase or sentenceFunction words:articles, pronouns, possessives, prepositions, auxiliary verbs, and conjunctionsconnecting the information words to form grammatical sentences.Information words & function wordsInformation Information wordswordsNounsVerbsAdjectivesadverbsFunction wordsFunction wordsarticlesprepositionsauxiliary verbsconjunctionspossessivespronounsCategories of Classified its Weak Form Words1) Determines 限定词限定词2) Pronouns 名词名词3) Connectives 连接词连接词4) Auxiliary verbs 助动词助动词5) Prepositions 介词介词Example of Weak Form Words1. Reduced vowel sounds to /: at /t/. had /hd/. must /mst/. 2. Shorten some long sound: be /bi/. been /bin/.3. Leave one vowel sound out: am /m/. has /z/. have /v/. 4. Omit some consonants and /n/. have /v/. would /d/. Weak Form Used Frequently In EnglishContraction can be regarded as weak formNote1. When the question is answered in short form, the auxiliary verb should adopt the strong form, like: -Will you come tomorrow?-Yes, I will.2. When the prep is placed at the end of a sentence, it should adopt the strong form.-Who is he waiting for?3. When the prep is followed by an unstressed personal pronoun, it should be the strong form.-Ive been waiting for you.The Importance of /Listen to the following words. First you will hear the function word in its strong form and weak form. Then you will hear a sentence with the weak form of the word.1. aWeve got a dog.2. anTake an apple.3. her Whats her name?4. hisJohn had his haircut.5. ourWe can do it on our own.6. some Get me some water.7. theThey saw the young and the old.8. yourTake your time.9. heWhat did he do?10. me Let me have a look.11. sheDid she come?12. themLet them go.13. usHe told us a story.14. weHere we are.15. youDid you see my pen?16. himGive him a pen.17. amIm proud of it.18. areWhat are you doing?19. beDont be late.20. canWhat can I do?21. doWhat do you do on Sundays?22. does When does the train leave?23. hadHow many had he had?24. hasWhat has happened?25. have The kids have gone.26. isHe is coming.27. must We must go now.28. shall What shall we do?29. was He was out.30. were We were all late.31. willThat will do.32 atLook at him.33. forIs it for me?34. fromThey come from the states.35. of Its very kind of you.36. toYou dont have to worry.37. andWe had fish and chips.38. asJust as you like.39. butIts good but expensive.40. soIts not so cold here.41. thanIts bigger than this.42. thatHe said that he was coming.Complete PlosivesDefinition: When one plosive is followed by another plosive, the first does not release breath though still in position and form the obstruction, then to produce the second plosive immediately. (当一个爆破音后面紧跟着另一个爆破音时，前面的爆破音不发生爆破）What time goodbyebedtime big kiteIncomplete PlosivesDefinition:When one plosive is followed by a fricative, affricative, nasal or lateral, the plosive is pronounced incompletely.(第一个爆破音发出的声音是非常轻微的，这种现象要不完全爆破).摩擦音：/f/ /v/ / / /s/ /z/ / / /h/破擦音： /t/ /d/ /tr/ /dr/ /ts/ /dz/PicturePicture / /pipik kt t / big jug /bi/ big jug /big g d d g/g/Listen to the following talk and write the Listen to the following talk and write the unstressed words in the space.unstressed words in the space.Now, _ end _ morning _ all _ able _ collect _ timetable _ college office. _ see _ first lecture _ nine oclock _ morning _ last _ four oclock _ afternoon. Most _, _ fact all _, _ find _ spare time without lectures or laboratory sessions. _ college library _ private study rooms _ open all day _ nine _ morning till eight _ evening _ private study. _ students union common room _ also open _ same times. And er _ hand over _ Mrs White, who _ tell _ about students welfare, sports clubs _ examinations.Speaking Exercise A. Determiners:a, an, the, her, his, our, some, your1.a breakTake a break.2.a ringBuy a ring.3.an answerGive an answer.4.an ideaHave an idea.5.the carTake the car.6.the girlHelp the girl.7.the othersMeet the others.8.the appleGet the apple.9.her coatTake her coat.10.her bagWatch her bag.11.his watchUse his watch.12.his wifeSee his wife.13.our schoolNear our school.14.our classroom Clean our classroom.15.some teaHave some tea.16.some waterGet some water.17.your bossTell your boss.18.your book Buy your book.19.your timeTake your time.20.some sugarFind some sugar.B. Pronouns: he, me, she, them, us, we, you, himDid he say that?Make sure that he is on time.Tell me how to do it.Give me a new book.What is she doing?When did she come?Ask them to go.I told them to finish it as soon as possible.He gave us a talk the other day.He showed us round the campus.When are we going?Are you sure we can go now?Did you see the old man?I heard you singing.Give him what he wants.I saw him reading in the classroom.How did he come last night?I am not sure if he is coming.Does she know about it?You know him, dont you?C. Connectives: and, as, but, so, than, thatHe said that over and over again.She keeps cats and dogs.They were playing hide and seek.He took off his hat and coat.It looks as white as snow.Just as you like.Please do as I do.She is tired but happy.Last but not least.Ill do anything but that.Its not so cold today.It is not so much as that.It is easier than I thought it would be.It is bigger than this.He is much better than the others.He said that we could have it.Tell them that we are not going.I think that well have enough.He told me that everybody was happy.Are you sure that we can finish it by the end of the week?