TestsTOEFLTOEFL(Test of English as a Foreign Language)7,000+institutions, 130 countriesthe U.S., UK, Australia, New Zealand, Canadaadmissions, scholarship, graduation decisionsIBT(Internet-based Test)PBT(Paper-based Test)2IELTS(International English Language Testing System)University of Cambridge Local Examinations Syndicate(剑桥大学考试委员会) IDP Education Australia(澳大利亚教育国际开发署)The British Council(英国文化教育委员会)over1.4millionInternational education and employmentmore than 6000institutions across 120 countries 英国大使馆文化教育处 考试部3GREGRE(Graduate Record Examinations)Graduate programs, business schools, fellowshipCarnegie Foundation 1937Educational Testing Service (ETS) 1948中国国外考试协调处美加各类研究生院（除管理类学院，法学院）4the SATSAT Reasoning Test (Scholastic Aptitude Test and Scholastic Assessment Test )math, critical reading, writing3hours 45 minutes 5Text I Types of Test Read the passage within 10 minutes and 1.finish the reading comprehension exercises on P4-5.2.answer the following questions: 711. How are the tests classified by the author of the text?2. What is the function of a placement test?3. What will a tester usually do after a placement test?4. What information about testees can be obtained through a placement test?5. What is the function of a diagnostic test?6. What information does a diagnostic test disclose?7. What teachers and students should do after they get the result of a diagnostic test?8. What is the major difference between a diagnostic test and an achievement test?9. Can you give an example of an achievement test?10. What is the function of a proficiency test?11. Why the division of tests into separate categories is rather arbitrary?8Idioms1)1)Semantic Unity:Semantic Unity: Meaning of idiom cannot be deduced from its individual constituent. The various words which make up the idiom have lost their individual identity. Their meanings are not recognizable in the meaning of the whole idiom. What is the feature of idioms?10What is the feature of idioms?2)2) Structural Stability:Structural Stability: The structure of an idiom is frozen to such an extent that it allows for no change First, the constituent of idiom cannot be replaced. Secondly, the word order cannot be inverted or changed. Thirdly, the constituents of idiom cannot be deleted or added to, not even an article. Finally, many idioms are grammatically unanalysable.11Analogy1. Definition of analogy(类比类比)：It is a form of comparison, but unlike simile or metaphor which usually uses comparison on one point of resemblance, analogy draws a parallel between two unlike things that have several common qualities or points of resemblance.例：Appropriate praise to a child is what the sun is to a flower. 恰当的赞扬对孩子的作用，就像阳光对于花朵的作用一样 。（这里把“赞扬的作用”和“阳光的作用”进行类比） 13 2. Analogy aims at what is common between two things of different classes.One is an unfamiliar subject, usually a difficult or abstract subject the writer makes a point of clarifying. The other is a familiar subject, normally an easy subject the writer utilizes to help explain his unfamiliar subject. 143. functionAnalogy is chiefly used for the purpose of persuasion or for the explanation or exposition of an idea.Now, compare:Reading is the food of the mind. (metaphor)Reading is to the mind what food is to the body. (analogy)154. Analogy is usually constructed in the following patterns:1）A is to B as C is to D Food is to man as fuel is to engine. Air is to man as water is to fish.2）A is to B what C is to D (or: A to B is what C is to D, or what C is to D, A is to B)Judicious praise is to children what the sun is to flowers.The man who cannot be trusted is to society what a bit of rotten timber is to a house.164. Analogy is usually constructed in the following patterns:3）(Just) as AB, (so) CD (or: so CD, just as AB)（Just）as dark clouds cannot long hide the sun, (so) no lies can cover up facts. Just as Darwin discovered the law of organic nature, so Marx discovered the law of development of human history.4）If A were B, C wouldD If society were a train the etiquette would be the rails along which only the train could rumble forth; if society were a state coach, the etiquette would be the wheels and axis on which only the coach roll forward. (by William Hazlitt)174. Analogy is usually constructed in the following patterns: 5） Other patterns The surface of the earth is like the skin of an orange, which cannot be spread out flat unless it is torn into strips. Thats why flat maps of the whole earth always distort its appearance.185. simile, metaphor and analogysimile, metaphor and analogySimile, metaphoranalogystructurefunctionConcentrate on one point of resemblanceDraw a parallel between two unlike things that have several common qualities or points of resemblanceFigure serve to heighten effect with vivid imagery persuasion or for the explanation or exposition of an idea19Distinguish simile, metaphor from analogy.1）Jim wormed his way through the thicket towards the forest. (metaphor)2）As cold waters to a thirsty soul, so is good news from a far country. (analogy)3）My brain was as powerful as a dynamo, as precise as a chemists scales, as penetrating as a scalpel. (simile)4)What sculpture is to a block of marble, education is to the soul. (analogy) 5) The chess-board is the world; the pieces are the phenomena of the universe; the rules of game are what we call the law of Nature. (metaphor) 20Distinguish simile, metaphor from analogy4）What sculpture is to a block of marble, education is to the soul. (analogy)5）The chess-board is the world; the pieces are the phenomena of the universe; the rules of game are what we call the law of Nature. (metaphor) 21