1Brief IntroductionMain works Writing style Robert Frost (18741963) 2Born in San Francisco in 1874. At the death of his father , when frost was eleven , His mother brought him to Massachusetts . After graduating from high school in 1892, Frost entered Dartmouth College but soon left to work at odd jobs and to write poetry. In 1897, he was accepted as a special student by Harvard but withdrew after two years because of his increasing dislike for academic convention. For the next twelve years, Frost made a minimal living by teaching and farming while continuing to write his poems.3 In 1912, he and his family moved to England, where he found a publisher for his first book of verse, A boys will (1913) In 1914, Frosts second book, North of Boston, was published by David Nutt.Determined to win recognition in his native land, Frost returned to the US and settled on a farm in his native land.In 1915, Frost relocated his family to New Hampshire. 41963 Robert Lee Frost died on January 29 in Boston.5 1.national bard 游吟诗人2. 交替性的诗人，意指他处在传统诗歌和现代派诗歌交替的一个时期3.新英格兰的农民诗人4.4 Pulitzer Prizes 普利策奖5.received honorary degrees from 44 colleges6.unofficial poet Laureate （桂冠诗人）（桂冠诗人）7.John F. Kennedy invited Frost to read at the inauguration. He recited “The Gift Outright” 全才 by heart.6Pulitzer Prize Winner普利策奖也称为普利策新闻奖 1917917年根据美国报业巨头约瑟夫年根据美国报业巨头约瑟夫普利策（普利策（Joseph Joseph PulitzerPulitzer）的遗愿设立，将财产捐赠给哥伦比亚大学，）的遗愿设立，将财产捐赠给哥伦比亚大学，设立普利策奖，奖励设立普利策奖，奖励新闻界、文学界、音乐界新闻界、文学界、音乐界的卓越的卓越人士，自人士，自19171917年以来每年颁发一次。获奖作品一直被年以来每年颁发一次。获奖作品一直被誉为誉为“美国最负责任的写作和最优美的文字美国最负责任的写作和最优美的文字”，其新，其新闻奖是美国新闻界的最高荣誉，成为记者们职业生涯闻奖是美国新闻界的最高荣誉，成为记者们职业生涯的奋斗目标和最高梦想。的奋斗目标和最高梦想。7Frost在在肯肯尼尼迪迪总总统统就就职职典典礼礼上上献献诗诗 The Gift Outright 8Main Works Collection of poems A Boys Will ，1913 North of Boston， 1914 Mountain Interval， 1916 New Hampshire ，1923 新罕布什尔(1924) Collected Poems ，1930 (1931) A Further Range ，1936 (1937) A Witness Tree ，1942 (1943)9诗剧理智的假面具 (1945年)慈悲的假面具(1947年)101112独创性与首创精神是我对我们国家诗歌创作的希望_Robert Frost 弗罗斯特这一诗学理论的基石是爱默生的超验主义哲学思想。爱默生坚信自然是人类精神世界的物质外化，是个象征体系；弗罗斯特也强调象征和隐喻在诗歌创作中的极端重要性，注重挖掘图征、象征和类比的艺术张力。13Stopping by Woods on a Snowy Evening 雪夜雪夜林畔小驻林畔小驻 Whose woods these are I think I know. His house is in the village though; He will not see me stopping here To watch his woods fill up with snow. My little horse must think it queer To stop without a farmhouse near Between the woods and frozen lake The darkest evening of the year. He gives his harness bells a shake To ask if there is some mistake. The only other sounds the sweep Of easy wind and downy flake. The woods are lovely, dark, and deep, But I have promises to keep, And miles to go before I sleep, And miles to go before I sleep. 想来我认识这座森林，想来我认识这座森林， 林主的庄宅就在邻村林主的庄宅就在邻村, , 却不会见我在此驻马，却不会见我在此驻马， 看他林中积雪的美景。看他林中积雪的美景。 我的小马一定颇惊讶：我的小马一定颇惊讶： 四望不见有什么农家，四望不见有什么农家， 偏是一年最暗的黄昏，偏是一年最暗的黄昏， 寒林和冰湖之间停下。寒林和冰湖之间停下。 它摇一摇身上的串铃，它摇一摇身上的串铃， 问我这地方该不该停。问我这地方该不该停。 此外只有轻风拂雪片，此外只有轻风拂雪片， 再也听不见其他声音。再也听不见其他声音。 森林又暗又深真可羡，森林又暗又深真可羡， 但我还要守一些诺言，但我还要守一些诺言， 还要赶多少路才安眠，还要赶多少路才安眠， 还要赶多少路才安眠。还要赶多少路才安眠。 1415这首诗的背景充满田园诗歌(pastoral poetry)的风格。内容在抒发作者心中矛盾的情绪，因此这首诗又可以说是一首田园式的抒情诗(pastoral lyric poem)。从这首诗中象徵的意义上看来，这是一首有思想的诗(a poem of idea)，表现出作者对自然与人生的看法。全诗共分四节(stanzas)，每节各四行(lines)，每一行 都是很规律的四步抑扬格 (iambic tetrameter)。押韵(rhyme)除最後一节外均为 /aaba/bbcb/ccdc/dddd/16Theme表面上，作者只是在描写森林中美丽的雪景，抒发心中矛盾情绪。作者来到森 林，一方面被美景所吸引，想要探究自然的神秘；一方面他还有不得不做的事情。诗中说得很清楚，停马下来是因为“To watch the woods fill up with snow”。主述人心中为何会有矛盾的情绪呢！他说：“But I have promises to keep”。简而言之，主述人想要表达的就是矛盾情绪的概念。从象徵的观点上来看这首诗的意义便更深长了，因为诗人心中的小冲突(small conflict)象徵著人生际遇中许多的大冲突(large conflict)。17象征与对比(Symbols and Contrast) 诗中最明显的象征与对比便是“woods”和“snow”。森林可能象徵自然的神秘；雪可能象征纯洁，崇高等等。两者之间构成强烈的对比。第一节中， 他停下马是“To watch the woods fill up with snow.”，这句话仿佛是在告诉我们神秘的自然表面时常蒙著一层看似单纯的东西；表面上看起来“lovely”，事实上却是“dark and deep”。“lovely”和“dark and deep”便是象徵善与恶式的对比。最后主述人像是在感叹著想要去探究那“dark and deep”中的神秘是不大可能，因为人生中要做的事情实在太多了。 最後一行的“sleep”可能象征著死亡。这便是这首是更深一层的含义，同时说明了作者对自然的态度。 18The Road Not Taken 未选择的路未选择的路Two roads diverged in a yellow wood, And sorry I could not travel both And be one traveler, long I stood And looked down one as far as I could To where it bent in the undergrowth; Then took the other, as just as fair, And having perhaps the better claim, Because it was grassy and wanted wear; Though as for that the passing there Had worn them really about the same, And both that morning equally lay In leaves no step had trodden black. Oh, I kept the first for another day! Yet knowing how way leads on to way, I doubted if I should ever come back. I shall be telling this with a sigh Somewhere ages and ages hence: Two roads diverged in a wood, and I- I took the one less traveled by, And that has made all the difference. 黄色的树林中分出两条道， 可惜我不能两条都选。 一人不能同行两条道， 我久立而难前。 放眼朝一条道望去， 直到转角挡住了视野。 再看第二条路，同样佳美， 也许还有更好的得著， 因它草绿待踏。 尽管那另一条道， 差不多同样候人踏上。 那日清晨两条路同在眼前 都是落叶未经脚步踏 哦，下一次再试那第一条吧！ 但心里深知一路通一路，越踏越深， 我疑惑应否回返原地。 我会以叹息付告此举， 在许久、许久的未来： 两条道在树林中分叉而出，我 我选中了那条少人行走的路， 它因此带来了全然不同的人生。 1920Published in 1916 in the collection Mountain Interval每节的韵式为abaab .13节为第一层，诗人描述了选择人迹罕至的路并不是草率决定的，而是经历了复杂的心理历程。描述了“我”站在岔路口，为不能同时涉足两条路而遗憾，写出“我”的犹豫和久久思索：一条路平坦通畅，极目可望见它的尽头；而另一条路幽寂荒凉，充满着引人探索的诱惑，但“无限美景在险峰”， “我”终于选择了那条人迹更少的路，就让另一条路留待后日去走，这显然是作者做出抉择后的一种自我安慰，因为“我知道路径延绵无尽头，恐怕我难以再回返”，虽然如此，但依然义无返顾。 第4节为第二层，是作者多年以后的感慨， “我选择了人迹更少的一条，从此决定了我一生的道路”。这告诉我们，人的一生面临着无数的选择，而每一次选择都会对人生产生重要影响；一个人的一生怎样度过，就看他在人生的岔路口做出了怎样的选择，选择不同，命运就会不同。 21 诗歌表面上是写自然之路，实际是借自然之路来表达对人生之路的思考，这是文学艺术中常用的象征手法。这首诗，描绘的是一个面临选择的人和他进行选择时的心态，至于选择的具体内容并没有写出，诗人的着眼点是选择本身。22Frosts view and theme His poetry concerns New Englands nature. He saw nature as storehouse of analogy and symbol, so his concern with nature reflected deep moral uncertainties.His poetry often probes mysterious of darkness and irrationality in the bleak and chaotic landscapes of indifferent universe.The quest of the solitary person to make sense of the world has become the central theme of all Frosts collection and made his poetry among the most accessible of the modern writers.The poetry of Robert Frost combined pastoral imagery with solitary philosophical themes.2324 总之，诗歌创作的隐秘性是弗罗斯特终身的艺术追求，而超验诗学的象征隐喻、貌似简单的诗歌语言、从心所欲而不逾矩的格律技巧以及简单深邃的孤独主题是弗罗斯特诗歌创作最重要的特征。2526