Nathaniel HawthorneNathaniel Hawthorne (1804-1864)nNovelistnShortStoryWriternCentralFigureofAmericanRenaissanceNathaniel Hawthorne (1804-1864)nLifeStorynLiteraryCharacteristicsnDr.HeideggersExperimentLife StorynChildhoodnEducationnCareerChildhoodnBirth:Salem,Massachusetts;July4,1804nProminentancestors:colonialmagistrate(Quakers)judge(SalemWitchcraftTrialin1692)nfather:seacaptaindyingin1808nLeadingasecludedlifeThe Salem Witchcraft TrialsnTime:May-Octoberof1692nOneofthedarkesttimesinAmericanhistoryofreligioustolerancenAmongthelastoutbreaksofthepersecutionofaccusedwitchesnReasons:anongoingfrontierwar,economicconditions,congregationalstrife,teenageboredom,andpersonaljealousiesTrial of an accused witch in Salem Examination of Sarah Good by Judges Hathorne and CorwinnWhatevilspirithaveyoufamiliaritywith?nNone.nHaveyoumadenocontractwiththedevil?nNo.nWhydoyouhurtthesechildren?nI do not hurt them. I scorn it.nWhodoyouimploythentodoit?nI imploy no body.nWhatcreaturedoyouimploythen?nNo creature. I am falsely accused.EducationnBowdoinCollege(1821-1825)nFriends:H.W.Longfellow&FranklinPiercenGraduating18thof38studentsCareer n1825-1827:Salem(readingandwriting)n1839-1840:BostonCustomsHousen1842:gettingmarriedandlivingattheOldMansen1846-1849:SalemCustomsHousenBuying“Wayside”n1853-1857:UnitedStatesConsulatLiverpooln1857-59:RomeandFlorencen1860:returningtoAmerican1864:deathLiterary Characteristics nMajorWorksnBlackVisionnHawthornesPointofViewnAestheticsnStyle HawthornesMajorWorks 1)Two collections of short stories: Twice-told Tales 故事新编故事新编Mosses from an Old Manse 古宅青苔 2) The Scarlet Letter 红字masterpiece, which establishedhim as the leading American native novelist of the 19th century Hawthornes Major Worksn3) The House of the Seven Gables 七个尖角阁的房子七个尖角阁的房子n4) The Blithedale Romance 福谷传奇福谷传奇n5) The Marble Faun 大理石雕像大理石雕像nShort stories:nYoung Goodman Brown 小伙子古德曼小伙子古德曼布朗布朗nThe Ministers Black Veil 教长的黑面纱教长的黑面纱nThe Birthmark 胎记胎记 Black VisionnEvilexistsinthehumanheartnEveryonepossessessomeevilsecretnEveryoneseemstocoveruphisinnerostevilnEvilseemstobemansbirthmarknSinwilleventuallygetpunishednEvileducatesnOverweening过于自信的intellectsourceofevilHawthornespointofviewnHawthorne is influenced by Puritanism deeply. He was not a Puritan himself, but he had Puritan ancestors who played an important role in his life and works.nMelville : “霍桑描写黑暗的巨大力量，是由于霍桑描写黑暗的巨大力量，是由于受到加尔文派交易关于与生俱来的堕落与原罪受到加尔文派交易关于与生俱来的堕落与原罪思想的影响。没有一位思想深邃的人能完全摆思想的影响。没有一位思想深邃的人能完全摆脱这种思想所发生的各种形式的影响脱这种思想所发生的各种形式的影响。”nHawthorne评价评价Melville: “他既不肯信教，又对他既不肯信教，又对自己的不信感到惶恐不安。自己的不信感到惶恐不安。” 对霍桑同样适用。对霍桑同样适用。Hawthornes pointofview(1) Evil is at the core of human life. Hawthornesense of sin and evil in life, “black” vision of life and humanis hauntedEvil exists in the human heart, human heart is the source of evil. Everyone possesses some evil secret. Evil is mans birthmark.a most disturbed and tormented one, discuses sin and evil in almost every bookliterary worldrejects the Transcendentalist optimismlooks more deeply and more honestly into life, finding much suffering & conflict in itHawthornespointofview(2) Whenever there is sin, there is punishment. Sin or evil can be passed from generation to generation.The House of the Seven GablesColonel Pyncheon takes the land of Matthew Maule and builds a house on the land-is haunted by ghost-his offspring wither and die out “God will give him blood to drink”霍桑在探讨罪恶时，不是宣扬加尔文教义，而是抨击了它霍桑在探讨罪恶时，不是宣扬加尔文教义，而是抨击了它对人性的摧残，是要使人正视罪的存在，并把人从泯灭人对人性的摧残，是要使人正视罪的存在，并把人从泯灭人性的罪恶感中解脱出来。性的罪恶感中解脱出来。Hawthornespointofview(3) Evil educates.nAchievement is “under the impact of and by engagement with evil”n经历过犯罪，受到其影响，人们才能有所成就经历过犯罪，受到其影响，人们才能有所成就nMan is better for the crime which brings about the fall.n人在犯罪后才能更好的完善自己人在犯罪后才能更好的完善自己Hawthornes pointofview(4) He has disgust in science. One source of evil is overweening (too proud of oneself) intellect.nHis intellectual characters are villains, dreadful and cold-blooded.Hawthornespointofview(1) Evil is at the core of human life.(2) Whenever there is sin, there is punishment. Sin or evil can be passed from generation to generation.(3) Evil educates.(4) He has disgust in science. One source of evil is overweening (too proud of oneself) intellect.pointofviewaestheticideas(1)He took a great interest in history and antiquity. To him these furnish the soil on which his mind grows to fruition (fulfill).nTrying “to connect a bygone time with the very Present”, he makes the dream strange things look like truth.pointofviewaestheticideas(2) He was convinced that romance was the best form to describe America. the poverty of materialsromances rather than novelsallow him to avoid offending the Puritan tasteTo tell the truth and satirize and yet To tell the truth and satirize and yet not to offend: That was what not to offend: That was what Hawthorne tries to achieve.Hawthorne tries to achieve.styletypicalromanticwritera man of literary craftsmanship，extraordinary inthe use of symbolrevelation of characters psychologythe use of supernatural mixed with the actualThe symbol serves as a weapon to attack reality. It can be found everywhere in his writingHe is good at exploring the complexity of human psychology. There isnt much physical movement going on in his worksstyletypicalromanticwriterhis stories are parable (allegory) to teach a lessonuse of ambiguity to keep the reader in the world of uncertainty multiple point of viewDr. Heideggers Experiment nfirstpublishedasTheFountainofYonderin1837nincludedinthecollectionTwice-Told Tales.nPlotnCharactersnStyle nSymbol Main plotshows them a rose and asks them if it would bloom againDr.Heidegger calls his four old friends for an experimentThe rose bloomeda vase with some water inside from the Fountain of YouthThey drank this magical waterHis old friends were very eager to taste this waterventured off to Florida for more waterrecreate their previous mistakesPlot nAneccentricagingphysician,Dr.Heidegger,callstogetherhisoldfriendsandcontemporariestotesthiswatersofthefountainofyouth.Asthedoctorhimselfsitsbytoenjoytheshow,eachofhisfouragedfriendseagerlyquaffsmoreandmoreofthemagicpotion,eachdraughtfurthercarryingthembackwardsintotheirsharedyouth.Havinggrownyoung,smooth-skinnedandagileagain,thethreemenbegintofightforthefavorsofthefourthcompatriotnowrestoredtoherformerbeauty.PlotnIntheheatofthefracas,theybegintogrowtiredandwithinminutestheeffectofthewaterhaswornoff.Theparticipantsinthebriefrespitefromoldagearedevastatedbythetransienceoftheexperience.DespiteHeideggerswarningthathehaslearnedtoappreciatetheadvantageofagebywatchingthefourofthemmakethemselvesfools,theylearnednosuchlessonandresolvetomakeapilgrimagetoFloridatoseektheFountain.Characters nDr. Heidegger -ascientistwhoistheprotagonistofthestory.nColonel Killigrew-amanwhothroughouthislifehashadmanydifferentsexualpartnersandmanydifferentpleasures.nMr. Medbourne-oncearichmanwholostmostofhismoneygambling,butclaimedthathelostitinastockinvestment.nMr. Gascoigne-apoliticianwhosecareerwascutshort.nWidow Wycherlywasformerlyabeautifulwomanlovedbythethreegentlemen.Whenthefourdrinktheliquid,shebecomesbeautifulagainandeverybodystartstocompeteforherhand.Style nGothicnParablenDarkRomanticismSymbols nThe Bust of HippocratesnThe Skeleton in the Closet and The Portrait of the LadyAroseAButterflyimmortality,soul,andlife/death/life.Amirrortruthandreality.Withered:death to lifefreshlife、love and passionRemarks Ambiguitypeople have a futile and self-destructive desire to relive their pasts instead of moving onward and accepting their fates.UncertaintyThe unnamed narrator opens many aspects of the story to more than one interpretation and enhances the revelation of the theme through uncertaintyConclusion uremain notable for their treatment of New England Puritanism, personal guilt, and the complexities of moral choices. uThough Hawthorne was perpetually dissatisfied with his body of work throughout his life, he remains lauded as one of the greatest American writers.