Chapter6ColoredGemstones陈炳辉陈炳辉Dr.ChenBinghuiDepartmentofEarthSciencesSunYat-senUniversity红宝石和宝石和蓝宝石宝石Sec.6.1 RUBY & SAPPHIRECONTENTS概述概述 Introduction性质性质 Properties鉴定鉴定 Identification评价评价 Appraisal产地产地 Localities商贸行情商贸行情 Trading一、一、概述概述 Introduction What do you know about Corundum?Ruby is red, gem-quality corundum红宝石的历史和传说红宝石的历史和传说红宝石的红色象征着火一样的热情和忠贞。红宝石的红色象征着火一样的热情和忠贞。古希腊人认为鲜红的红宝石能够熔化石蜡，古希腊人认为鲜红的红宝石能够熔化石蜡，并会留下印痕。他们相信红宝石内存在巨并会留下印痕。他们相信红宝石内存在巨大的力量，将它装在建筑物上可避雷雨袭大的力量，将它装在建筑物上可避雷雨袭击。击。有人说红宝石的红色是宝石内燃烧着永不有人说红宝石的红色是宝石内燃烧着永不熄灭的火焰，这种火焰不会被遮挡，能透熄灭的火焰，这种火焰不会被遮挡，能透过衣服，照到人的心中。过衣服，照到人的心中。自古以来，红宝石总是作为恋人送给自己自古以来，红宝石总是作为恋人送给自己亲爱人的定情信物。亲爱人的定情信物。古代关于红宝石还有许许多多的传说，有一种古代关于红宝石还有许许多多的传说，有一种传说认为，戴红宝石的人会健康长寿，发财致传说认为，戴红宝石的人会健康长寿，发财致富，聪明智慧，爱情幸福美满，左手戴上红宝富，聪明智慧，爱情幸福美满，左手戴上红宝石戒指就有逢凶化吉、变敌为友的魔力。石戒指就有逢凶化吉、变敌为友的魔力。圣经说过，红宝石象征着犹太部落。亚沦法衣圣经说过，红宝石象征着犹太部落。亚沦法衣上第四粒宝石就是红宝石上第四粒宝石就是红宝石.自从犹太人宣布建立自从犹太人宣布建立以色列王位以来，这颗珍贵的宝石一直是皇冠以色列王位以来，这颗珍贵的宝石一直是皇冠上的宠物。上的宠物。缅甸人非常珍视红宝石，相信红宝石能保护人缅甸人非常珍视红宝石，相信红宝石能保护人不受伤害。为此缅甸武士在身上割一个小口，不受伤害。为此缅甸武士在身上割一个小口，把红宝石嵌进去，认为这样就会刀枪不入。把红宝石嵌进去，认为这样就会刀枪不入。The largest known gem-quality ruby-at 250 carats-is on the crown, ordered in 1346 by Charles IV of Luxembourg, king of Bohemia (1316-78), for the shrine containing the skull of Saint Wenceslas, duke of Bohemia (921-29). A few rubies have distinguished themselves because of their size or extraordinary beauty and arc being guarded for posterity.The Louvre in Paris houses the Anne of Brittany Ruby, a 105-carat polished but irregular gem. The 167-carat Edwardes Ruby was donated to the British Museum of Natural History in 1887 by John Ruskin. This 167-carat gem was named in honor of Major-General Sir Herbert Benjamin Edwardes (1819-G8) who saved British rule in India during the years of the Indian Mutiny. Two star rubies are displayed in American museums. The Smithsonian displays the 137-carat Rosser Reeves Ruby, and The American Museum of Natural History has the 100-carat Edith Haggin de Long Ruby.Famous Rubies著名红宝石据称迄今世界上唯一的特大型红宝石重达3450克拉，是在缅甸发现的。1983年，印度维代拉吉律师在其父母房内发现两粒巨大红宝石，这两粒红宝石包在一层烟灰之中经历了几个世纪。维代拉吉是14一16世纪统治印度南部的王公的直系后裔。如今，这稀世珍宝存放在银行之中，估计价值最少值5亿美元。据据记载，世界上最大的，世界上最大的“鸽血血红”红宝石重宝石重55克拉。克拉。还有一粒有一粒“和平和平红宝石宝石”重重45克拉，是第一次世界大克拉，是第一次世界大战期期间在在缅甸甸发现的，当的，当时这粒未粒未经琢磨的琢磨的红宝石被人以宝石被人以22500英英镑买走。走。曾一度曾一度为16世世纪莫卧莫卧尔皇帝皇帝头巾上巾上饰物的阿格拉粉物的阿格拉粉红宝石，重宝石，重3克拉，于克拉，于1990年年6月月20日以日以402万英万英镑的的创纪录高价高价卖给了一位香港珠宝商，据了一位香港珠宝商，据说这是世界上第是世界上第七大的粉七大的粉红宝石。宝石。伦敦大英博物敦大英博物馆中有一粒中有一粒红宝石晶体，重宝石晶体，重690克拉，克拉，产自自缅甸。甸。美国自然美国自然历史博物史博物馆中保存一粒重量中保存一粒重量100克拉的星光克拉的星光红宝石（名宝石（名为Edith Haggin delong）。）。Only recent technology has enabled us to definitively distinguish ruby from its colorful twins. Throughout history, other red gems such as spinel and garnet were mistaken for ruby. In fact, most large historical red stones (several hundred carats) are spinels. The French and Russian crowns and the Iranian treasury all contain some of the worlds largest, most beautiful ruby spinel, itself a rare gem. Recently, rubies have been grown in the laboratory. Although these grown rubies are essentially of identical composition, hardness, and brilliance to natural rubies, they have aroused some controversy. Their presence of the market is still more limited than lab-grown emeralds, however. When buying star rubies, look for a star that has straight legs that are all of equal clarity. In addition to its place as Julys birthstone, ruby is also a recommended gift for couples celebrating their 15th or 40th wedding anniversary. Origin of NameAtonetimeanybluegemmaterialwascalledsapphire.Referencestoablue-fleckedstoneledmineralexpertstorealizethatsomeofwhathadbeencalledsappheiroswasactuallylapislazuli.SappheirosisGreekforblue.From the Mountains of KashmirThefinestsapphirecolorisrich,velvetycornflowerblue.Thisiscalledkashmiroutofdeferencetothetraditionalsourceofthefinestquality.Today,however,theKashmirareaofIndiaisnotgenerallyminedbecauseofitsphysicalinaccessibility.MostcurrentproductioncomesfromSriLanka,Burma,Thailand,Montana,AustraliaandAfrica.Blue as the perfect sky, sapphires have been used as protective talismans talisman (护身符护身符) for centuries. Sapphire, sister to ruby, is known in the mineral world as corundum, which is a crystal structure composed of aluminum oxide. On the Mohs scale of hardness, sapphire ranks 9, the highest in the gem world after diamond. It is considered very durable, a great choice for rings and bracelets that are prone to knocks. Although sapphire is not as brilliant as diamond, it has striking luster.Like ruby, sapphire may be found in a translucent variety that may display a six-rayed star effect when cut into a cabochon (dome) shape. This type is known as star sapphire, of which there are numerous synthetics on the market.Star SapphiresTheSinhalesebelievedthestarsapphirewouldprotectthemagainstwitchcraft.Thethreeintersectingrayswerethoughttorepresentfaith,hopeanddestiny.Museumstheworldoverexhibitstarsapphiresthatarenoteworthyforsizeorduality.The543-caratStarofIndiaresidesintheMorgan-TiffanyCollectionintheAmericanMuseumofNaturalHistoryinNewYorkcity.命运之石命运之石星光蓝宝石星光蓝宝石（忠诚、希望、博爱）（忠诚、希望、博爱）世界之最及著名宝石：世界之最及著名宝石：19kg 斯里兰卡斯里兰卡2302ct 澳大利亚昆士兰澳大利亚昆士兰 印度之星印度之星(蓝色）蓝色） 563ct黄色蓝宝石黄色蓝宝石 100ct, 斯里斯里兰卡兰卡 九月份的生辰石、结婚九月份的生辰石、结婚45周年纪念石周年纪念石 二、性质二、性质 PropertiesChemical Formula: Al2O3, Aluminum OxideCrystal System：trigonalCrystal Habits include sapphires typical six-sided barrel shape that may taper into a pyramid, and rubys hexagonal prisms and blades. Cleavage is absent, although there is parting which occurs in three directions. Fracture is conchoidal.Color is highly variable. The color can be white or colorless, blue, red, yellow, green, brown, purple, and pink; there are also instance of color zonation. Luster：vitreous Transparency: Crystals are transparent to translucent. Dichromism.1.主要识别特征主要识别特征常见色带常见色带二色性强二色性强折折 射射率率： 1.76 1.78（大大 多多 数数为为 1.7621.770）三、鉴定三、鉴定 Identification2、不同产地红宝石的特征缅甸抹谷红宝石（缅甸抹谷红宝石（MOGOKMOGOK）颜色：鲜明但不均匀颜色：鲜明但不均匀包裹体：绢丝状金红石及粒状矿物包裹体：绢丝状金红石及粒状矿物泰国尖竹纹红宝石泰国尖竹纹红宝石颜色：带褐的红色颜色：带褐的红色包裹体：常见指纹状包体，不见绢丝状金红石包体包裹体：常见指纹状包体，不见绢丝状金红石包体斯里兰卡红宝石斯里兰卡红宝石特点与抹谷红宝石相似，但色较浅。特点与抹谷红宝石相似，但色较浅。含粗粒针状金红石、锆石晕圈含粗粒针状金红石、锆石晕圈缅甸蒙素（缅甸蒙素（MONG HSUMONG HSU）红宝石红宝石颜色：色较暗，透明度较差颜色：色较暗，透明度较差包裹体：云雾状，长针状软水铝石，极少量金红包裹体：云雾状，长针状软水铝石，极少量金红石及粒状矿物石及粒状矿物常见热处理的产物（指纹状包体）常见热处理的产物（指纹状包体）3、不同产地蓝宝石的特征、不同产地蓝宝石的特征缅甸、斯里兰卡、印度缅甸、斯里兰卡、印度颜色较鲜艳颜色较鲜艳含绢丝状金红石和指纹状包裹体含绢丝状金红石和指纹状包裹体澳大利亚、泰国、中国澳大利亚、泰国、中国颜色较暗颜色较暗刻面反光效果较差刻面反光效果较差4、合成红蓝宝石的方法及特征、合成红蓝宝石的方法及特征焰熔法（维尔纳叶法，焰熔法（维尔纳叶法，VERNEUIL)颜色：鲜艳颜色：鲜艳二色性：常在台面可见二色性：常在台面可见包裹体：较干净，可见气泡及弯曲生长线包裹体：较干净，可见气泡及弯曲生长线助熔剂（助熔剂（FLUX-MELTING）Kashan, Chathorm, Inamori, Ramaura金属片：金属片：Pt溶剂液滴溶剂液滴窗纱状包裹体窗纱状包裹体水热法（水热法（HYDROTHERMAL）似天然宝石特征，但无晶体包体似天然宝石特征，但无晶体包体5、红宝石与模仿品的区别、红宝石与模仿品的区别宝石名称宝石名称硬度硬度相对密度相对密度折射率折射率双折射率双折射率多色性多色性红宝石红宝石9 93.993.991.761.761.781.780.0080.008二色性强二色性强锆石锆石7.57.54.74.71.921.921.981.980.0590.059二色性中二色性中尖晶石尖晶石8 83.603.603.633.631.711.711.731.73单折射单折射无无镁铝榴石镁铝榴石7.57.53.73.73.93.91.741.741.761.76单折射单折射无无碧玺碧玺7 73.053.051.621.621.641.640.0180.018二色性强二色性强红色玻璃红色玻璃5 56 62.32.31.401.401.601.60单折射单折射无无区别方法：区别方法：（1）尖晶石、镁铝榴石和红色玻璃根据其无尖晶石、镁铝榴石和红色玻璃根据其无二色性，可以与红宝石区别；二色性，可以与红宝石区别；（2）红色锆石和碧玺的双折射率大，在十倍红色锆石和碧玺的双折射率大，在十倍镜下透过台面可见底部棱边的明显双影现象，镜下透过台面可见底部棱边的明显双影现象，据此可以与红宝石区别。据此可以与红宝石区别。6、蓝宝石与外观相似宝石的识别、蓝宝石与外观相似宝石的识别宝石名称宝石名称硬度硬度相对密度相对密度折射率折射率双折射率双折射率多色性多色性蓝宝石蓝宝石93.991.761.780.008二色性强二色性强尖晶石尖晶石83.603.631.711.73单折射单折射无无碧玺碧玺73.051.621.640.020二色性强二色性强坦桑石坦桑石6.53.351.691.700.009三色性强三色性强堇青石堇青石72.591.531.560.009三色性强三色性强蓝晶石蓝晶石463.691.711.730.016二色性中二色性中蓝色玻璃蓝色玻璃562.32.51.401.60单折射单折射无无识别方法：识别方法：蓝蓝色色尖尖晶晶石石和和蓝蓝色色玻玻璃璃根根据据其其无无二二色色性性，可可以与蓝宝石区别；以与蓝宝石区别；蓝蓝色色碧碧玺玺和和蓝蓝晶晶石石（市市场场上上较较少少见见）的的双双折折射射率率大大，在在十十倍倍镜镜下下透透过过台台面面可可见见底底部部棱棱边边的明显双影现象，据此可以与蓝宝石区别。的明显双影现象，据此可以与蓝宝石区别。坦坦桑桑石石和和堇堇青青石石具具三三色色性性，而而蓝蓝宝宝石石只只有有二二色性，据此可区别。色性，据此可区别。市市场场上上常常见见坦坦桑桑石石往往往往经经过过热热处处理理，热热处处理理后后其其三三色色性性不不明明显显，常常只只有有二二色色性性。这这样样可可根根据据二二色色性性的的颜颜色色特特征征及及其其他他性性质质如如折折射射率率等来识别。等来识别。6、红蓝宝石的处理及识别、红蓝宝石的处理及识别Perfect natural gems-in color and appearance-are very rare and expensive. Controlled heating is commonly used in the trade to produce, intensify or lighten color and/or improve clarity. This allows the trade to bring more, better quality gems to the market. Heat enhancement is permanent and stable. You can clean treated or untreated rubies the same- with soapy water or a gentle commercial solvent and a brush. Mechanical cleaners are also safe, except with heavily included gems. Some rubies have fissures that break the surface and are filled with a glass-like byproduct from the heating process. Surface cavities in rubies are also intentionally filled with such material as glass, solidified borax or similar colorless substances to improve its durability and appearance. These enhancements may wear over time if treated harshly or exposed to strong abrasives and solvents, as well as heat. The filler material used is fragile and may fall out, break or abrade. It is important to buy fine ruby from a reputable retailer who will provide, in writing, all pertinent information egarding the gem including enhancements and special care notes. Treatment宝石宝石生长纹及色带生长纹及色带荧光性荧光性包裹体包裹体其他其他天然宝石天然宝石多多具具色色带带及及色色点点，色色带带平平直直，生生长长纹纹平平直直、呈呈六六边边形形因因产产地地不不同同而而不不同同，一一般般呈呈浅浅中等红色中等红色晶体包裹体晶体包裹体熔熔体体及及气气液液包包裹裹体体指纹状包裹体指纹状包裹体大大粒粒、色色佳佳、质质好好、无无裂裂者者少见少见焰焰熔熔法法合合成宝石成宝石弧弧形形生生长长纹纹，对对小小粒粒宝宝石石而而言言，近于平直近于平直短短波波紫紫外外下下呈呈强强橙红荧光橙红荧光气泡气泡残留不熔物残留不熔物色色佳佳，大大多多数数透明度好透明度好助助熔熔剂剂法法合成宝石合成宝石具具平平直直色色带带及及生生长纹长纹短短波波紫紫外外下下呈呈黄黄绿绿色色荧荧光光或或中中强红荧光强红荧光羽羽状状体体; 熔熔剂剂小小滴滴铂铂片片晶晶; 两两相相包包裹体裹体针状包裹体针状包裹体水水热热法法合合成红宝石成红宝石可可有有六六边边形形生生长长色带色带短短波波紫紫外外下下呈呈中中强荧光强荧光熔熔体体包包裹裹体体; 气气液液相相包包裹裹体体; 云云羽羽状状包包裹裹体体; 籽籽晶晶7、天然红蓝宝石与合成红蓝宝石的区别、天然红蓝宝石与合成红蓝宝石的区别四、红蓝宝石的评价四、红蓝宝石的评价 AppraisalColor is of paramount importance when judging the value of a ruby. Prized colors-which can command high prices-are pure reds with no overtones of brown or blue. Very light or dark shades are usually less valuable, but not necessarily less appealing. Beauty is in the eye of the beholder and color preferences are subjective.Of course, clarity, cut and carat weight factor into the cost of a gem. Better quality rubies are usually eye-clean with some inclusions under magnification. Ruby is more available under two carats, gems over five carats have become scarce. In rubys finest quality, any size is rare. Appraisal of ruby红宝石的评价红宝石的评价颜色：颜色：最重要的因素。鲜红或最重要的因素。鲜红或“鸽血红鸽血红”浅紫红色浅紫红色深紫色、桃红色、粉红色、橙红色等。深紫色、桃红色、粉红色、橙红色等。评价红宝石的颜色最好在上午评价红宝石的颜色最好在上午8一一10点钟，在自点钟，在自然光（阳光）下进行，这是因为上午的太阳以红然光（阳光）下进行，这是因为上午的太阳以红色光为主，这种光线下能充分显示红宝石的颜色。色光为主，这种光线下能充分显示红宝石的颜色。红宝石的颜色要鲜红而柔和，光亮度要高，红宝石的颜色要鲜红而柔和，光亮度要高，色泽纯正，浓度适中。色泽纯正，浓度适中。颜色分布要均匀。红色均匀、鲜艳夺目的红颜色分布要均匀。红色均匀、鲜艳夺目的红宝石非常稀罕也十分昂贵。大多数红宝石都宝石非常稀罕也十分昂贵。大多数红宝石都有颜色不均的色带。有颜色不均的色带。质地评价质地评价 红宝石透明度好，少裂纹（或聚片双晶），红宝石透明度好，少裂纹（或聚片双晶），可以琢磨成刻面宝石；若不透明或裂纹多，可以琢磨成刻面宝石；若不透明或裂纹多，即使颜色极佳，也只能作为素面宝石，价值即使颜色极佳，也只能作为素面宝石，价值就大打折扣了。就大打折扣了。红宝石透明度越好，反射光就越强，出红宝石透明度越好，反射光就越强，出“火火”就多，使宝石更加艳丽悦目，烁烁闪光。就多，使宝石更加艳丽悦目，烁烁闪光。红宝石晶体中若有许多包体，将严重影响其红宝石晶体中若有许多包体，将严重影响其洁净度，使之不能成为刻面级宝石。洁净度，使之不能成为刻面级宝石。切工切工定位定位切工类型切工类型比例及对称性比例及对称性抛光程度抛光程度粒度粒度自然界中红宝石粒度大多很小，红宝石的价值是根自然界中红宝石粒度大多很小，红宝石的价值是根据其重量平方向上递增，据其重量平方向上递增，如超过如超过5克拉的红宝石就要克拉的红宝石就要依其质量单独论价了。大于依其质量单独论价了。大于10克拉的红宝石极为稀克拉的红宝石极为稀罕，罕，即使在世界各地，任何一个时期都不会获得五即使在世界各地，任何一个时期都不会获得五粒以上。粒以上。据说缅甸政府明确规定大于据说缅甸政府明确规定大于10克拉的红宝石视为国克拉的红宝石视为国宝，任何私人不得拥有和出售，否则违法。由此可宝，任何私人不得拥有和出售，否则违法。由此可以看出大粒红宝石的珍贵。以看出大粒红宝石的珍贵。 星光红宝石的评价星光红宝石的评价首先要考虑其颜色，当然以鲜红或首先要考虑其颜色，当然以鲜红或“鸽血红鸽血红”为最为最佳色佳色其次是星光要完全，没有断线，并且位居宝石正中其次是星光要完全，没有断线，并且位居宝石正中间。星光还应清晰，使人感到星光来自宝石内部，间。星光还应清晰，使人感到星光来自宝石内部，透明的星光红宝石，十分稀罕，其价值也十分昂贵。透明的星光红宝石，十分稀罕，其价值也十分昂贵。一粒优质星光红宝石其售价可高过相同大小的优质一粒优质星光红宝石其售价可高过相同大小的优质刻面红宝石刻面红宝石自然界中红宝石完美无瑕的极少，只要颜色好，自然界中红宝石完美无瑕的极少，只要颜色好，质地不错，琢磨的品形好，就可认为是一粒优质地不错，琢磨的品形好，就可认为是一粒优质红宝石。质红宝石。Dont let yourself become overly concerned about the origin of the gem. A gem from Burma may not necessarily be better than a gem from Vietnam. If the ruby has a color that appeals to you, and a clarity that looks good, then that is more important than its nationality. However, it is important to buy from a reputable dealer who will provide written documentation about the rubys size, and any treatments it has undergone. Although rubies grown in the laboratory are essentially of identical composition, hardness, and brilliance to natural rubies, they have aroused some controversy. Their presence of the market is still more limited than lab-grown emeralds, however. When buying star rubies, look for a star that has straight legs that are all of equal clarityColor is of paramount importance when judging the value of sapphire. The purer the blue of a natural sapphire, the greater the price the gemstone can command. Gems that are too dark or too pale are usually less valuable, but not necessarily less appealing. Beauty is in the eye of the beholder and color preferences are subjective. In recent years technology has perfected the process of heat-treating sapphires-exposing them to very high temperatures to eliminate impurities. In fact most sapphires on the market today have been heat-treated to improve clarity and color. This process is stable and does not affect the value of the gem, except at the highest level of the market. Occasionally, colorless to pale blue sapphire is diffusion treated. This process alters the color of a gem by exposing the surface to certain chemicals (the same used by nature). The treatment is fairly stable, but it is confined to the surface of the gem only. This could create a problem, if the sapphire is ever badly chipped or nicked and needs to be recut or repolished. Diffusion treatment is not the same as heat treatment. Appraisal of SapphireAdditionally, some fancy sapphire is irradiated to produce intense shades of yellow or orange. This process, however, is not very stable. The temporary color produced by this method can quickly fade in light or heat. It is important to buy fine sapphire from a reputable retailer who will provide, in writing, all pertinent information regarding the gem including enhancements and special care notes. A gems clarity and cut also factor into its cost, as well as carat weight. Better quality sapphires are usually eye-clean with some inclusions under magnification. Sapphire is more available in sizes under two carats, but gems of 5 to 10 carats are not unusual. Sapphire reaches a far greater size than ruby.The most famous source for natural gem-quality ruby is Myanmar (Burma). Good stones have also come from Thailand, Sri Lanka, and most recently, Vietnam. However, Myanmar remains the largest and best source for rubies of top-quality, free of inclusions and a dark-pink red color that holds its glow in all lighting conditions. Rubies are also mined in Africa, Afghanistan, and Central Asia, but these mines have yet to yield a significant source of good rough stones. The center of the ruby trade is in Thailand, in Chantaburi as well as near the Myanmar border, as close as one can get to the mines without being under the totalitarian Myanmar military government. Many of the best ruby cutting and polishing traditions are in the Thailand, and much of the international trade of finished stones takes place in Bangkok. 五、产地五、产地 Localities缅缅甸甸北北部部莫莫谷谷（Mogok）是是世世界界上上优优质质鸽鸽血血红红红红宝宝石石的的主主要要产产地地，曾曾产产出出过过许许多多世世界界著著名名的的红红宝宝石石，如如43克克拉拉的的“和和平平”红红宝宝石石和和约约40克克拉的拉的“切德拉帕蒂切德拉帕蒂马尼克马尼克”红宝石。红宝石。近近年年来来，在在莫莫谷谷附附近近的的孟孟素素（Mong Hsu）红红宝宝石石的的产产量量巨巨大大，经经过过改改善善的的孟孟素素红红宝宝石石已已对对世界红宝石的市场产生了明显的影响。世界红宝石的市场产生了明显的影响。斯斯里里兰兰卡卡产产的的许许多多红红宝宝石石颜颜色色较较浅浅，被被称称为为粉粉红红色色蓝蓝宝宝石石。现现收收藏藏在在美美国国国国立立博博物物馆馆的的“罗罗瑟瑟里里夫夫” 斯斯里里兰兰卡卡星星光光红红宝宝石石，重重达达138.7克克拉，被认为是世界上最好的星光红宝石之一。拉，被认为是世界上最好的星光红宝石之一。泰国红宝石是世界红宝石最重要的来源之一。泰国红宝石是世界红宝石最重要的来源之一。曾经一段时间里，来自泰国的红宝石占世界红曾经一段时间里，来自泰国的红宝石占世界红宝石的宝石的70%。泰国红宝石。泰国红宝石80%90%来自的泰来自的泰国东南部占他布里达力地区。国东南部占他布里达力地区。除上述国家外，还有越南、柬埔寨、巴基斯坦、除上述国家外，还有越南、柬埔寨、巴基斯坦、肯尼亚、中国、印度、俄罗斯、澳大利亚等国肯尼亚、中国、印度、俄罗斯、澳大利亚等国产出红宝石。产出红宝石。Natural gem-quality sapphire is found in many parts of the world, but the rarest gems are from Kashmir and Myanmar (Burma), most prized because their color is closest to pure spectral blue. Fine sapphire is also produced in Sri Lanka in limited supply, both in blue and fancy color. Sapphire is also found in Thailand, Cambodia, Tanzania, Madagascar, Australia and the United States (Montana).红宝石交易至少有红宝石交易至少有700一一800年了。圣经中就提到过红年了。圣经中就提到过红宝石。著名旅游家马可宝石。著名旅游家马可波罗在波罗在13世纪就写到，僧伽世纪就写到，僧伽罗君主拥有一枚罗君主拥有一枚4英寸长，一手指厚的红宝石。英寸长，一手指厚的红宝石。几个世纪以来，缅甸、泰国已成为世界红宝石交易的几个世纪以来，缅甸、泰国已成为世界红宝石交易的中心。缅甸国家宝石公司自成立以来，举办了中心。缅甸国家宝石公司自成立以来，举办了29次珠次珠宝交易会，采用投标方式出售红宝石等珍贵宝石。宝交易会，采用投标方式出售红宝石等珍贵宝石。缅甸缅甸29届珠室交易会上，届珠室交易会上，1粒重粒重9.1克拉的刻面红宝石克拉的刻面红宝石标价标价85万美元，而中标者付出万美元，而中标者付出90万美元，售价达到万美元，售价达到10万美元一克拉。万美元一克拉。六、商贸行情六、商贸行情Trading一般交易会头两天，由世界各地珠宝商看货和一般交易会头两天，由世界各地珠宝商看货和售价，购买者参与投标，以出价最高者中标。售价，购买者参与投标，以出价最高者中标。红宝石日趋难采，售价也越来越高，最近缅甸红宝石日趋难采，售价也越来越高，最近缅甸珠宝交易会珠宝交易会 ，几颗红宝石的售价：，几颗红宝石的售价：刻面红宝石，刻面红宝石，14.65克拉，克拉，1438920美元。美元。刻面红宝石，刻面红宝石，4.7克拉，克拉，282000美元。美元。素面红宝石，素面红宝石，44.44克拉，克拉，15555美元。美元。星光红宝石，星光红宝石，1.5克拉，克拉，2265美元。美元。泰国不仅是世界上最大的珠宝首饰制造和宝石加工中泰国不仅是世界上最大的珠宝首饰制造和宝石加工中心之一，也是世界红宝石交易的主要市场。泰国心之一，也是世界红宝石交易的主要市场。泰国1992年红宝石出口已超过年红宝石出口已超过3亿美元。亿美元。优质红宝石售价昂贵，可达几千一十几万美元优质红宝石售价昂贵，可达几千一十几万美元1克拉。克拉。市场上多是中、低级红宝石，粒度小，透明度差，一市场上多是中、低级红宝石，粒度小，透明度差，一般十几美元一几百美元一克拉。般十几美元一几百美元一克拉。18K金镶的刻面（金镶的刻面（1克克拉左右红宝石首饰国内售价拉左右红宝石首饰国内售价2干元干元-1万元不等，多万元不等，多为为2一一3千元，素面红宝石首饰几百元一几千元均有。千元，素面红宝石首饰几百元一几千元均有。市场红宝石价格千差万别，不像钻石市场有一套严格市场红宝石价格千差万别，不像钻石市场有一套严格的标准。的标准。