CHAPTER 5Language & Culture: The Essential Partnership CHAPTER 5 - Language & Culture: The Essential PartnershipLanguage is how we reach out to make contact with our surroundings.Words can exercise some control over the present; words also use to form images of the future. We use words to persuade, to exchange ideas, to express views, to seek information, and to express feelings.Language is a set of symbols that a cultural group has agreed to use to create meaning. The symbols and their meaning are often arbitrary.When we study another language, we soon discover not only symbols and sounds, but there are rules such as phonology, grammar, syntax, and intonation. Language have a major impact on the way individual perceives and conceptualized the world.2. CHAPTER 5 - Language & Culture: The Essential PartnershipArgot helps establish groups as real and viable social entities.Argot helps in developing a sense of self-defense by providing a code that helps the co-culture survive in a hostile environment.FYI = for your info.BRB = be right backOMG = oh my godLOL3. CHAPTER 5 - Language & Culture: The Essential PartnershipLanguage is a reflection of culture, and culture is a reflection of language.High and Low Context - Which countries use more dual meanings for a vocabulary?High and Low Power Distance - Which countries have more terminologies for hierarchies?Individualism & Collectivism - Which countries would encourage children to dont depend on others?4. CHAPTER 5 - Language & Culture: The Essential PartnershipInterpersonal Interactions (with folks from other cultures)Be mindfulOther culture may not share your perspectiveSpeech rateVocabularyAvoid difficult and rarely used words.Monitor nonverbal feedback (nonverbal response)Checking (use different ways to express your message if he/she has difficulty to understand your message)5. CHAPTER 5 - Language & Culture: The Essential PartnershipInterpersonal and Translation (with folks from other cultures)InterpretationConsecutive translation & Simultaneous translationTranslationInterpretation (difficult to translate)6.CHAPTER 6 Nonverbal Communication: The message of Action, Space, Time, and Silence CHAPTER 6 - Nonverbal CommunicationWhy its important: people use it to express attitudes, feelings, and emotions.Consciously and unconsciously, intentionally and unintentionally, people make important judgments and decisions concerning the internal states of others - states they often express without words. (body language, voice, etc.)Nonverbal communication is partially responsible for creating impressions. People will draw a mental picture of you based on your appearance. (dress, accent, etc.)Nonverbal communication can be use as a way of direct communication.8. CHAPTER 6 - Nonverbal CommunicationNonverbal communication involves all those nonverbal stimuli in a communication setting that are generated by both the source and his or her use of the environment and that have potential message value for the source or receiver.The expressiveness of the individual (impression) appears to involve two radically different kinds of sign activity: The expression that he gives (traditional and narrow) & the impression that he gives off (wide range of actions).NonverbalNonverbal communication is multidimensional activity that can be influenced by a host of factors.9. CHAPTER 6 - Nonverbal CommunicationNonverbal communication can be ambiguous because it can be contextual.Nonverbal communication is multidimensional activity that can be influenced by a host of factors. These factors include cultural background, socioeconomic background, education, gender, age, personal preferences and idiosyncrasies.The contextual nature of nonverbal communication - different situations or environments produce different nonverbal messages.10. CHAPTER 6 - Nonverbal CommunicationTwo comprehensive categories:those that are primarily produced by the body (appearance, movement, facial expressions, eye contact, touch, and paralanguage).those that the individual combines with the setting (space, time, and silence).Appearance is important because it involve ones body image and the satisfaction with it result from comparisons with an implicit cultural ideal and standard.Kinesics cues are those visible body shifts and movements that can sent messages about your attitude toward the other person, your emotional state, and your desire to control your environment.While there is a biological component to facial expressions, culture plays a major role in what produces the facial expression, how the expression is displayed, and the meaning attached to the facial expression.11. CHAPTER 6 - Nonverbal CommunicationTwo comprehensive categories:those that are primarily produced by the body (appearance, movement, facial expressions, eye contact, touch, and paralanguage).those that the individual combines with the setting (space, time, and silence).Appearance is important because it involve ones body image and the satisfaction with it result from comparisons with an implicit cultural ideal and standard.Kinesics cues are those visible body shifts and movements that can sent messages about your attitude toward the other person, your emotional state, and your desire to control your environment.While there is a biological component to facial expressions, culture plays a major role in what produces the facial expression, how the expression is displayed, and the meaning attached to the facial expression.12. CHAPTER 6 - Nonverbal CommunicationEye contact in various cultures - p.214-p.218Touch in various cultures - p.218-p.220Paralanguage (sound)Vocal characterizers (laughing, crying, yelling, moaning, whining, belching, yawning)Vocal qualifier (volume, pitch, rhythm, tempo, resonance, tone)Vocal segregates (“un-huh”, “shh”, “uh”, “oooh”, mmmh”)13. CHAPTER 6 - Nonverbal CommunicationSpace and Distance1.Personal Space in different cultures2.SeatingAmericans prefer talk someone behind them rather beside them; leaders seats stay away from the group3.Furniture ArrangementCommunicate something about culture14. CHAPTER 6 - Nonverbal CommunicationInformal TimeHow late is late?Past, Present, and FuturePast-orientated culture British, Chinese “consider the past and you will know the present”Present-orientated culture Filipinos and Latin Americans (living in the moment, casual, relax)Future-orientated culture Americans innovation and changeMonochronic (M-time) sees time as lineal, segmented, and manageable. Example: Germany, Austria, Switzerland, and AmericaPolychronic (P-time) Classification interact with more than one person or do more than one thing at a time. Time is less tangible. Example: Arabic, Asian, and Latin America.SilenceVaries from culture to cultureEastern cultures values silence more than Western cultures.15.CHAPTER 7 Cultural Influences on Context: The Business Setting CHAPTER 7 - Cultural Influences on Context: The Business SettingFormality vs. InformalityAssertiveness vs. Interpersonal HarmonyBusiness protocol (difference in various cultures - p. 253-p.259)Initial contactsGreetingPersonal appearanceGift GivingConversational Taboos17.CHAPTER 8 Venturing into a New Culture: Becoming Competent Chapter 8 - Venturing into a New Culture: Becoming CompetentA competent intercultural communicator is the one who has the ability to interact effectively and appropriately with members of another linguistic-cultural background on their terms.How to improving intercultural communication skills? (p.282-p.285, Table 8.1 Communication Characteristics)How to be emphatic? (p.285-p.287)How to practice Effective Listening? (p.287-290)How to develop communication Flexibility? (p.290-p.291)19.