专题二专题二 阅读理解阅读理解第三节主旨大意题第三节主旨大意题Popularity is a wellexplored subject in social psychology. Mitch Prinstein，a professor of clinical psychology sorts the popular into two categories：the likable and the status seekers.The likables playswellwithothers qualities strengthen schoolyard friendships，jumpstart interpersonal skills and，when tapped early，are employed ever after in life and work.Then theres the kind of popularity that appears in adolescence：status born of power and even dishonorable behavior.Enviable as the cool kids may have seemed，Dr.Prinsteins studies show unpleasant consequences.Those who were highest in status in high school，as well as those least liked in elementary school，are “most likely to engage (从从事事) in dangerous and risky behavior.”In one study，Dr.Prinstein examined the two types of popularity in 235 adolescents，scoring the least liked，the most liked and the highest in status based on student surveys (调查研研究究)“We found that the least wellliked teens had become more aggressive over time toward their classmates.But so had those who were high in status.It clearly showed that while likability can lead to healthy adjustment，high status has just the opposite effect on us.”Dr.Prinstein has also found that the qualities that made the neighbors want you on a play datesharing，kindness，opennesscarry over to later years and make you better able to relate and connect with others.In analyzing his and other research，Dr.Prinstein came to another conclusion：Not only is likability related to positive life outcomes，but it is also responsible for those outcomes，too.“Being liked creates opportunities for learning and for new kinds of life experiences that help somebody gain an advantage，” he said.35What is the best title for the text?ABe NiceYou Wont Finish LastBThe Higher the Status，the BetterCBe the BestYou Can Make ItDMore SelfControl，Less Aggressiveness解题关键解题关键(1)通读文章，全盘考虑通读文章，全盘考虑通通过阅读全全文文内内容容，尤尤其其是是最最后后一一段段，可可知知这篇篇文文章章主主要要讲了了受受欢迎迎，讨人人喜喜欢对个个人生活的各个方面有深人生活的各个方面有深远的有益影响。的有益影响。(2)分析选项，斟酌判断分析选项，斟酌判断答案：答案：AA对别人好人好最最终，你的收，你的收获无无穷无尽无尽涵盖性涵盖性强强，覆盖全文，覆盖全文B身份越高越好身份越高越好断章取断章取义，混淆概念，混淆概念C成成为最好，你能行最好，你能行无中生有，曲解文意无中生有，曲解文意D严于律己，于律己，宽以待人以待人无中生有，曲解文意无中生有，曲解文意技巧点拨技巧点拨理解标题的理解标题的3大特点，巧用大特点，巧用3大方法确定文章标题大方法确定文章标题一个好的标题应具备三大特点：一个好的标题应具备三大特点：1概括概括准确而又简短；准确而又简短；2针对性针对性标题外延正好与文章内容相符；标题外延正好与文章内容相符；3醒目醒目能引发读者的阅读欲望。能引发读者的阅读欲望。因此有必要掌握以下三大方法：因此有必要掌握以下三大方法：1正面肯定法：在理解文章主旨的基础上，揣摩哪个选项能准确概括主旨；正面肯定法：在理解文章主旨的基础上，揣摩哪个选项能准确概括主旨；2反反面面否否定定法法：撇撇开开原原文文，拿拿各各个个备备选选项项去去设设想想用用它它们们写写出出来来的的“文文章章”将将是是什什么么内内容，然后和原文章对照，一一排除不符选项；容，然后和原文章对照，一一排除不符选项；3研读备选项本身：研读备选项里面的中心词、修饰词的变化、结构、概括性等。研读备选项本身：研读备选项里面的中心词、修饰词的变化、结构、概括性等。“I prefer to go out and be out.Alone，but together，you know？” Bechtel said，looking up from her book.Bechtel，who works in downtown West Palm Beach，has lunch with coworkers sometimes，but like many of us，too often works through lunch at her desk.A lunchtime escape allows her to keep a boss from tapping her on the shoulder.She returns to work feeling energized.“Today，I just wanted some time to myself，”she said.Just two seats over，Andrew Mazoleny，a local videographer，is finishing his lunch at the bar.He likes that he can sit and check his phone in peace or chat up the barkeeper with whom hes on a firstname basis if he wants to have a little interaction(交交流流)“I reflect on how my days gone and think about the rest of the week，” he said.“Its a chance for selfreflection.You return to work recharged and with a plan.”That freedom to choose is one reason more people like to eat alone.There was a time when people may have felt awkward about asking for a table for one，but those days are over.Now，we have our smartphones to keep us company at the table.“It doesnt feel as alone as it may have before all the advances in technology，” said Laurie Demeritt，whose company provided the statistics for the report.31What is the text mainly about?AThe trend of having meals alone.BThe importance of selfreflection.CThe stress from working overtime.DThe advantage of wireless technology.解题关键解题关键(1)通读文章，全盘考虑通读文章，全盘考虑本本文文通通过一一份份调查结果果显示示：很很大大比比例例的的人人选择独独自自用用餐餐，原原因因很很多多，比比如如逃逃离离工工作作氛氛围，或者反思自己，但是独自用餐正慢慢成，或者反思自己，但是独自用餐正慢慢成为一种一种趋势。(2)分析选项，斟酌判断分析选项，斟酌判断答案：答案：AA独自用餐的独自用餐的趋势涵盖性涵盖性强强，覆盖全文，覆盖全文B自我反思的重要性自我反思的重要性以偏概全，主次不分以偏概全，主次不分C加班加点的加班加点的压力力无中生有，曲解文意无中生有，曲解文意D无无线电科技的科技的优点点以偏概全，主次不分以偏概全，主次不分技巧点拨技巧点拨3个做法个做法4个窍门，快速确定文章大意个窍门，快速确定文章大意文文章章是是由由段段落落组组成成的的。段段落落的的主主题题就就是是段段落落的的中中心心思思想想，具具体体段段落落的的中中心心思思想想又又是是为为文文章章整整体体中中心心思思想想服服务务的的。理理解解整整篇篇文文章章的的中中心心思思想想的的方方法法是是建建立立在在理理解解具具体体段段落落中中心的基础上的。具体做法是：心的基础上的。具体做法是：1找找出出每每小小段段的的主主题题句句，各各段段的的主主题题句句常常在在该该段段的的首首句句或或尾尾句句，各各段段主主题题句句的的整整体体归纳便是文章的中心思想。归纳便是文章的中心思想。2文文章章无无明明显显主主题题句句，主主题题句句隐隐含含在在段段意意之之中中，这这就就需需要要分分步步提提炼炼，然然后后再再进进一一步步加工概括。加工概括。3观观察察全全文文的的结结构构安安排排，区区别别文文章章的的“核核心心”和和“支支撑撑性性细细节节”。核核心心是是概概括括性性的的、理理论论性性的的；支支撑撑性性细细节节是是碎碎片片化化的的、事事例例性性的的。事事例例是是为为理理论论性性的的“核核心心”服服务务的的，“核核心心”即是文章的主题。即是文章的主题。2019高考全国卷高考全国卷阅读阅读C篇篇就是如此。就是如此。用用浏浏览览法法(skimming)，即即快快速速阅阅读读文文首首、文文尾尾，或或每每段段的的首首句句和和尾尾句句等等，搜搜索索主主题题线线索和主题信息的方法可以快速找到主题句。以下是找主题句的索和主题信息的方法可以快速找到主题句。以下是找主题句的4个小窍门：个小窍门：1段段落落中中出出现现表表示示转转折折的的词词语语(如如however，but，in fact，actually等等)时时，该该句句很很可可能是主题句。能是主题句。2首段出现疑问句时，对该问题的回答很可能就是文章主旨。首段出现疑问句时，对该问题的回答很可能就是文章主旨。3作作者者有有意意识识地地重重复复的的观观点点，通通常常是是主主旨旨；反反复复出出现现的的词词语语，一一般般为为体体现现文文章章主主旨旨的关键词。的关键词。4表表示示总总结结或或结结论论的的句句子子常常包包含含therefore，thus，in short，conclude，conclusion等等词。词。27What is the second paragraph mainly about?AThe seriousness of bigtree loss in California.BThe increasing variety of California big trees.CThe distribution of big trees in California forests.DThe influence of farming on big trees in California.解题关键解题关键(1)读相关文段，归纳考虑读相关文段，归纳考虑在在第第二二段段中中，作作者者用用具具体体数数据据说明明了了大大树减减少少在在加加利利福福尼尼亚州州各各个个地地区区的的严重重程程度度，没有任何地区幸免或不受影响。第二段的信息与第一段形式呼没有任何地区幸免或不受影响。第二段的信息与第一段形式呼应。(2)分析选项，斟酌判断分析选项，斟酌判断答案：答案：AA加利福尼加利福尼亚的大的大树减少的减少的严重性重性涵盖性涵盖性强强，覆盖全文，覆盖全文B加利福尼加利福尼亚的大的大树品种在增加品种在增加无中生有，曲解文意无中生有，曲解文意C加利福尼加利福尼亚的大的大树在各地区的分布在各地区的分布以偏概全，主次不分以偏概全，主次不分D农业种植种植对加利福尼加利福尼亚大大树的影响的影响无中生有，曲解文意无中生有，曲解文意技巧点拨技巧点拨方法方法1：概括段落大意：概括段落大意 要要准准确确概概括括某某段段的的大大意意，务务必必要要知知道道该该段段的的逻逻辑辑结结构构。如如该该段段是是按按总总分分顺顺序序组组织织，首首句句做做总总的的说说明明，其其他他句句子子对对其其进进行行具具体体论论述述，这这种种结结构构的的主主题题句句就就在在段段首首；如如果果按按分分总总顺顺序序组组织织，主主题题句句就就在在段段尾尾；如如果果按按分分总总分分的的顺顺序序组组织织，则则主主题题句句就就在在这这段段的的中中间间；如果对比各事物，那么它们的共同点或不同点就是该段大意。如果对比各事物，那么它们的共同点或不同点就是该段大意。方法方法2：揣摩段落大意：揣摩段落大意有有时时，作作者者可可能能不不直直接接写写出出主主题题句句，而而是是通通过过各各种种方方法法暗暗示示给给读读者者，这这就就需需要要充充分分发发挥读者的想象力与判断力，揣摩段落大意。挥读者的想象力与判断力，揣摩段落大意。