专题十介词和介词短语语法专题介词和介词短语的考查要点语法填空语法与写作1介词和介词短语的考查要点介词和介词短语的考查要点介介词词是是虚虚词词，不不能能单单独独作作句句子子成成分分，必必须须与与名名词词、代代词词(或或相相当当于于名名词词的的其其他他词词类类、短短语语或或从从句句等等)构构成成介介词词短短语语，在在句句中中充充当当一一个个成成分分。介介词词分分为为：简简单单介介词词，如如at，in，for等等；合合成成介介词词，如如within，inside，onto，throughout等等；短短语语介介词词，如如according to，out of，because of，by means of，in spite of，instead of等等；双双重重介介词词，如如from behind/above/under，until after等等；分分词词介介词词，如如considering，including，judging (from/by) 等。等。 1.介词搭配介词搭配(1)“动动词词介介词词”搭搭配配：注注意意特特定定搭搭配配与与同同一一介介词词与与多多个个动动词词搭搭配配意义不同的情况。意义不同的情况。rob sb.of sth./clear the road of snow(表表示示“夺夺去去、除除去去”意意义义的的动词与动词与of 连用连用)supply us with food/fill the glass with wine(表表示示“供供给给”意意义义的的动动词与词与with连用连用)make a desk of wood/make bread from flour/make the material into a coat(表示表示“制作、制造制作、制造”意义的动词与意义的动词与of，from，into连用连用)介介词词the部部位位与与动动词词的的关关系系(动动词词sb.s部部位位，可可换用换用)strike him on the head(表表示示“击击；拍拍；碰碰；摸摸”意意义义的的动动词词与与on连用连用)catch him by the arm(表表示示“抓抓；拉拉；拿拿；扯扯”意意义义的的动动词词与与by连用连用)hit the boy in the face(表表示示“肚肚；胸胸；眼眼；脸脸”等等人人体体前前部部的器官名词与的器官名词与in连用连用)prevent(stop，keep)sb.from doing sth.(表表示示“阻阻止止，禁禁止止”意义的动词与意义的动词与from连用连用)persuade(advise，warn)sb.into doing sth.(表表示示“说说服服；建议；警告建议；警告”意义的动词与意义的动词与into连用连用)buy(leave，get，win，gain，lose) sth.for sb.(表表示示“得得失失”意义的动词与意义的动词与for连用连用)tell(show，teach，sing，write，read) sth.to sb.(表表示示“告知告知”意义的动词与意义的动词与to连用连用)give(allow，promise，pass，hand) sth.to sb.(表表示示“授授予予”意义的动词与意义的动词与to连用连用)注意：可可换换成成buy sb. sth.，tell sb. sth.，give sb. sth.双宾结构。双宾结构。say to sb.(suggest， explain， apologize， murmur，whisper等与等与“对象对象”连用必须用连用必须用to)不可说不可说suggest sb. sth.。(2)同一介词与不同动词搭配，意义各异。同一介词与不同动词搭配，意义各异。reply to the letter回回信信，sing(dance) to the music和和唱唱(跳跳)，amount to 达达到到，加加起起来来有有，devote to把把贡贡献献给给，drink to为为干干杯杯，object to反反对对，look forward to 渴渴望望，come to苏苏醒醒，belong to属属于于，search for搜搜，ask for请请求求，use.for用用作作，leave for前前往往，take.for误误以以为为，call for要要求求，wait for等等待待，care for喜喜欢欢，make up for弥弥补补损损失失，turn to求求助助/救救于于，help oneself to随随意意，agree to同同意意，compare.to把把比比作作，send for派派人人去去请请/拿拿，sail for驶驶向向，起起航航，set out for动动身身去去，go in for爱好爱好(3)常见常见“形容词介词形容词介词”搭配。搭配。worthy of值值得得的的，glad about sth. for sb.为为某某人人某某事事高高兴兴，far from离离远远，grateful to sb. for sth.为为某某事事感感激激某某人人，free from没没有有/免免除除，proud of/take pride in自自豪豪，satisfied with/by满满意意，sure of/about确确信信，fond of喜喜欢欢，fit for适适合合，busy with sth./in doing sth.忙忙着着干干某某事事，full of充充满满，ready for准准备备，similar to相相似似，wrong with不不对对；有有毛病毛病(4)“名词介词名词介词”习惯搭配和意义区分。习惯搭配和意义区分。 the absence of water缺水缺水 the hope of success成功的希望成功的希望 have a chance of/for entering college上大学的机会上大学的机会 take pride in them为他们感到骄傲为他们感到骄傲 the key to the question问题的答案问题的答案 a medicine for cough治咳嗽的药治咳嗽的药 the ticket for tomorrow明天的票明天的票his absencein Beijing他去了北京他去了北京from Beijing他不在北京他不在北京the wayto study学习方法学习方法of studying maths学习数学的方法学习数学的方法语法填空语法填空1.Our opinions on language learning differ greatly each others in that respect.2.Our teacher often asks us to retell stories our own words.3.Ive promised to keep it secret，so I cant really tell you anything what you know already.4. time passing by，they have grown into big boys and big girls.5.What was the cause the fire?题组训练1frominbeyondWithof2.核心介词用法归纳与辨析核心介词用法归纳与辨析(1)表示时间的介词表示时间的介词in的用法如下。的用法如下。表表示示在在某某一一较较长长时时间间内内，如如世世纪纪、年年、季季、月月、周周等等，一一般般用用介介词词in，如如：in the 1990s，in the year，in January，in (the) winter/summer/fall/spring，in the first week of May。还还可可以以用用时时段段名名词词组组成成固固定定短短语语或或词词组组。如如：in a while，in no time，in the daytime，in a short while，in time，in the morning(afternoon，evening)。注意：at night/at noon，in the day(在在白白天天)，in the night(在夜间在夜间)。in five days(weeks，months，years)中中in意意思思是是“在在以后以后”。(2)在具体的某一天或某天上午、晚上、前夕，常用在具体的某一天或某天上午、晚上、前夕，常用on。on Sunday(s)，on Tuesday morningon Christmas Day(但但at Christmas)，on Christmas Eve，on Childrens Dayon March 8，on the morning(afternoon，evening)of Oct.1early on the morning of Oct.1(区区别别：in the late/early morning of Oct.1) on a rainy night，on warm winter days(3)表示某一时刻或某一点时间用表示某一时刻或某一点时间用at，如小时、分钟等。，如小时、分钟等。at breakfast(supper，lunch)，at sixat noon(sunrise，sunset，midday，night，midnight，dawn)at the age of 15， at the time of war(但但 in time of danger/trouble)注意：有些时间名词前不接介词。有些时间名词前不接介词。next day，last Sunday，that morning，these yearsone，each，any，every，some，all修修饰饰时时，一一般般不不用用介介词词，如如some day，one day，all afternoon。(4)till，until的用法。的用法。till(until)与与持持续续动动词词连连用用一一般般用用于于肯肯定定句句中中，与与短短暂暂动动词连用一般用在否定句中。词连用一般用在否定句中。He waited for me till twelve oclock.He didnt get up till(until) 10 a.m.(不可用不可用to).注意：在句首出现或强调句型中一般不用在句首出现或强调句型中一般不用till而用而用until。Not until 9 a.m. did Mr. Smith come back to school.(5)in，later，afterin一一段段时时间间：表表示示说说话话时时为为起起点点一一段段时时间间之之后后，与与一一般般将来时连用；但表示将来时连用；但表示“在在之内之内”时，用于各种时态。时，用于各种时态。一一段段时时间间later(later是是副副词词)：表表示示某某一一具具体体时时间间或或某某一一方面具体时间算起的一段时间后。方面具体时间算起的一段时间后。after一一段段时时间间：表表示示“在在之之后后”，用用于于一一般般过过去去时时；但但时时间间为为点点时时间间时时，只只能能用用after，即即after点点时时间间，用用于各种时态。于各种时态。The doctor will be with us in six minutes.She graduated in 1981，and eight years later she became the manager of the factory.He received her letter after four weeks.另外，另外，in一段时间一段时间stime与与within一段时间的用法如下：一段时间的用法如下：in a weeks timein a weekThey will arrive in three days time.(与将来时连用与将来时连用)My brothers birthday is in two weeks time.(作表语作表语)Ill finish the book within two weeks.(withinin less than.用用于于各各种时态，意为种时态，意为“不超出，在不超出，在之内之内”)(6)地地点点介介词词at，on，in，to，off，across，through，over，above，under，below。at 在在较较小小的的场场所所，in在在较较大大的的场场所所，on在在的的平平面面上上。如如at the door，at the airport，at the station，at 55 Park Street，in China，in the north，in Asia，on the desk，on the wall等。等。on，at，in，off还还可可以以表表示示两两地地的的相相对对位位置置。若若A地地属属于于B地地，用用in；A地地位位于于B地地的的外外面面且且有有边边缘缘衔衔接接，用用on；无无边边缘缘的衔接，用的衔接，用to；A在在B附近，用附近，用off。Japan lies to the east of China.(范围之外范围之外)Taiwan lies in the southeast of China.(范围之内范围之内)Hunan Province lies on the west of Hubei Province.(毗邻毗邻)The island lies off the coast of China.(相隔一定距离相隔一定距离)across在在物物体体表表面面“穿穿过过”；through则则表表示示在在三三维维空空间间内部内部“穿过穿过”。They walked across the playground.I walked through the forest.over，above译译作作“在在之之上上”；under，below译译作作“在在的的下下面面”，其其区区别别在在于于over，under表表示示一一种种直直接接的的、垂垂直直的的上上下下关关系系；而而above，below则则表表示示一一般般的的“高高于于”或或“低于低于”，不一定是垂直，不一定是垂直“在上在上”或或“在下在下”。A little boat is now under the bridge.There is a bridge over the river.The sun sinks below the horizon(地平线地平线).The window is well above the tree.(7)表示方式、手段、工具的介词表示方式、手段、工具的介词by the year/hour/day按按年年/小小时时/天天。如如：He rents a house by the year(day，hour).(按按bythe单单位位名名称称，但但to the pound按按磅磅算算，to the ton按吨计按吨计)。表泛指的方式、手段表泛指的方式、手段by post/mail邮邮寄寄，by telephone(radio)(但但on the phone/on the radio/on TV)，by electricity用用电电，by machinery用用电电器器，by hard work，learn sth.by heart，through the satellite，through practice，through his own efforts，through experience，through the telescope交通工具类交通工具类by bus/train/car/taxiby bike/bicycle，on horseback/footby plane/jet/spaceship/airby ship/boat/lifeboat/sea/water另另外外：by means of 用用方方法法，by way of 经经由由，取取道道于于；用用方方法法，with the help(permission) of sb./with sb.s help(permission)。表方式、手段的其他用法表方式、手段的其他用法He beat the dog with a stick.(with工具工具/机器机器)One smells with his nose.(with人人体体器器官官，但但by hand手手工，用手工，用手)He stood up with pride.(with情绪、情感、态度的名词情绪、情感、态度的名词)注意：使使用用语语言言、材材料料、文文字字等等用用in。如如：in English(ink，pencil)。另另外外如如：in high(good，low)spirits，in anger，in joy，in comfort，in sorrow，in safety，in danger，in need，in debt，in love，in fun，in pain，in tears，in surprise，in good(poor) health，in good order，in flower，in a way，in a low voice，in silence，in(with) satisfaction，in a hurry，in(with) words，live/feed on food，kneel on ones knee，take(catch) sb.by surprise(出其不意出其不意)(8)表示表示“除除之外之外”的常用词。的常用词。besides 除除以以外外(还还有有)。作作副副词词时时意意思思是是“而而且且，更更何况何况”。We all went to the cinema besides Shaw.It was too late to see a film，and besides，I was tired.except除去，除除去，除之外之外(不再有不再有)。We all went except John.在否定句中，两词可以换用。在否定句中，两词可以换用。He has no other hats except/besides this one.except for除除了了(对对句句子子主主题题进进行行细细节节校校正正或或附附加加说说明明)，后后接接名名词词、代代词词或或what从从句句，此此时时与与“except that句句子子”意思相同。意思相同。He was very clever except for carelessness.except that.除了除了一点以外。一点以外。He has not changed except that he is wearing dark glasses.but与与exceptbut和和except在在表表示示“除除了了以以外外”时时可可以以通通用用，但但应应注注意意以下三点：以下三点：(A)前面有不定代词、疑问代词在意义上对称时，多用前面有不定代词、疑问代词在意义上对称时，多用but。All but one are here.Nobody but I likes making model ships.(B)后接不定式短语为排除对象时，多用后接不定式短语为排除对象时，多用but。He has nothing to do but wait.(前有前有do，后省，后省to)(C)but与一些固定结构连用。与一些固定结构连用。have no choice but to do sth.只只得得做做某某事事，can not but do sth.不不得得不不，can not help but do sth.不不得得不不，but for.若若不不是是(9)between与与amongbetween通通常常指指两两者者之之间间，也也可可以以用用于于三三者者或或三三者者以以上上的的每每两两者之间的相互关系。者之间的相互关系。Ann is between Tom and Bill.Switzerland lies between France，Germany，Australia and Italy.They soon finished the work between themselves.(共同，合作共同，合作)She was busy between cooking，washing，sewing and looking after the baby.(表示接连不断地，一个接一个地忙这忙那表示接连不断地，一个接一个地忙这忙那)A horse can be seen between trees now.among表示三者以上之间。表示三者以上之间。The story is said to have happened in a village among the hills.He was happy to be among friends again.We must agree among ourselves.(一起，共同一起，共同)London is among the largest cities.(one of与最高级连用与最高级连用)(10)表原因的介词表原因的介词for，because of，due to。He didnt come to the meeting because of his illness.The reason for his coming late is that he was ill.He was praised for his bravery and courage.The accident is due to your careless driving.(11)不定式复合结构中的不定式复合结构中的for，of。这这里里所所说说的的不不定定式式复复合合结结构构形形式式指指的的是是for 或或of加加上上人人或或事事，作动词不定式逻辑主语的结构。作动词不定式逻辑主语的结构。It is clever of you to answer it like that.It is quite hard for me to explain why.注意：两两句句中中的的of和和for的的使使用用，表表语语形形容容词词能能够够说说明明不不定定式式逻逻辑辑主主语语的的性性质质、特特征征与与面面貌貌时时用用of，如如果果说说明明不不定定式式行行为本身的性质、状态等则用为本身的性质、状态等则用for。(12)兼作连词和副词的介词。兼作连词和副词的介词。after，since，till/until，before这这些些词词既既是是介介词词，又又是是连连词。词。The children went home at once after school.(介词介词)They went to bed after they had finished the job.(连词连词)in，on，along，down，up，after，before，beyond等等介介词可兼作副词。词可兼作副词。He ran down the hill.(介词介词)Can you lift that box down from the shelf for me？(副词副词)有的介词可以兼作连词和副词。有的介词可以兼作连词和副词。All the students got to school before me.(介词介词)We do want to buy something now before prices go up.(连词连词)Havent I seen you before？(副词副词)(13)介词的省略。介词的省略。某些动词短语之后的介词可以省略。某些动词短语之后的介词可以省略。Nothing can prevent me (from) doing the job.She spent nearly two hours (in) translating it.(14)某些名词与介词构成的固定搭配。某些名词与介词构成的固定搭配。要要求求接接to的的名名词词有有：key，answer，visit，entrance，apology，introduction，road等。等。The key to success is preparation.要求接要求接in 的名词有：的名词有：interest，satisfaction，expert等。等。He is an expert in teaching small children.选词填空选词填空on the contrary，for the benefit of，in time，out of place，in favour of1.China has been pushing the reform of public hospitals _ _ all its citizens.2.The furniture，with its modern style and bright colors，suits modern houses and their gardens，but looks _ _ in the garden of a traditional home.题组训练2forthe benefit ofout ofplace3.Thank God youre safe!I stepped back，just to avoid the racing car.4.It wasnt a good thing； ，it was a huge mistake.5.When asked about their opinions about the schoolmaster，many teachers would prefer to see him step aside _ _ younger men.in timeon the contraryin favourof2语法与写作语法与写作根据提示翻译下面的句子根据提示翻译下面的句子1.结结果果，孩孩子子们们对对父父母母变变得得如如此此依依赖赖以以至至于于他他们们没没有有独独立立的思想和创造性的观点。的思想和创造性的观点。(as a consequence)(2013福建福建书面表达书面表达)_As a consequence，children become so reliant on their parents that they have no independent thoughts or creative ideas.2.相相反反，志志愿愿者者们们迫迫不不及及待待地地想想体体验验在在那那里里的的生生活活，因因为为他他们们已已经厌倦了地球上的生活。经厌倦了地球上的生活。(on the contrary)(2013广东广东基础写作基础写作)_3.除除了了这这些些传传统统的的活活动动外外，我我们们有有更更宽宽范范围围的的选选择择，例例如如旅旅游游和和走亲访友。走亲访友。(in addition to) (2013辽宁辽宁书面表达书面表达)_On the contrary，volunteers couldnt wait to experience the life there，for they are tired of the life on the earth.In addition to these traditional activities，we have a wider range of choices such as travelling and visiting our relatives or friends.4.以以我我的的观观点点，人人们们需需要要学学会会接接受受现现实实并并且且要要继继续续尝尝试试。(in my opinion) (2013北京北京开放作文开放作文)_5.总总之之，能能够够在在短短时时间间内内赢赢得得他他们们的的友友谊谊是是我我一一生生当当中中最最自自豪的事。豪的事。(in a word) (2013浙江浙江书面表达书面表达)_In my opinion，people need to learn to accept the reality and keep on trying.In a word，being able to win their friendship in a very short time is the thing that I am proud of most in my life.3语法填空语法填空 Philip is 55 and blind.He has been blind since birth.He says he does not feel like he is missing anything because he cannot imagine 1. sight is like.He can smell 2. rose，but he cannot tell 3. it is red，white，or blue.It does not matter to him.He 4. (enjoy) the beauty of the scent itself.whataif/whetherenjoys People sometimes take pity 5. him，but he tells them he is a contented man.He does not feel 6. (cheat) by Mother Nature.The doctors never figured out why he was born blind. But his life is not a bed of roses.It is much 7. (hard) for him to travel.He cannot drive，of course.He travels by bus.At home,8. cannot just look out of the window to see what the weather is like，and then dress appropriately.oncheatedharderheHe cant look at the clock on the wall to see what time it is.He uses his Braille watch 9. a special radio for that. Philip has never seen a good movie or a bad TV show.He has no idea what a sunset or a full moon looks like.He is a great 10. (music)；he plays the saxophone，but not in a band.ormusician