任务型写作之任务型写作之summarysummary概括写法概括写法 Summary 这是这是07年以来广东高考读写任务的新形式和新年以来广东高考读写任务的新形式和新要求。要求。（1）如有）如有标题标题，标题标题中的蕴含的信息往往是关键。中的蕴含的信息往往是关键。（2）任何一篇文章都是围绕某个主题展开的，因）任何一篇文章都是围绕某个主题展开的，因此许多文章中最明显的特点是有一个反复出现的此许多文章中最明显的特点是有一个反复出现的中心词中心词，即高频词，也叫做，即高频词，也叫做主题词主题词。抓住了它便。抓住了它便容易抓住文章的中心。容易抓住文章的中心。How to sum up a passage? 1. Recognize the style of the passage so as to choose the pattern to begin your summary. 2. Read through the passage as quick as you can and find the key sentences or key words. 3. Use your own words to summarize rather than use the original sentences directly copied from the passage.概括的写作步骤：概括的写作步骤： 1. 确定主题句。确定主题句。确定阅读文章的主题句，一般在段首。没有主题句的需要自己组合。2. 寻找关键词寻找关键词。分析主题句意义，确定关键词，关键词一般体现为名词、形容词，关键词的数目决定了概括的信息浓度。3. 重构主题句重构主题句。概括的主题句逻辑上要统摄后面所有的支撑句。可以从作者的写作目的逆推，反映写作目的主题句是高度抽象的，它基本决定了概括的质量。4. 重组支撑句。重组支撑句。支撑句的意义在逻辑上受制于主题句，可以是补充过程或者提供证据。口诀：口诀：简括为：缩长见短，省却细腻。（括：概括性。见：间接引语。短：短的连词。细腻：细节和例子）Styles of passagesnarration 记叙文记叙文1argumentation 议论文议论文2exposition 说明文说明文3How to sum up a passage? Step1Styles of PassagesStyles（体裁）（体裁） Functions（功能）（功能）Narration(记叙文记叙文)describe a person or an event, with afterthoughtsArgumentation(议论文议论文)show the writers point of viewExposition (说明文说明文)introduce something, eg. a phenomenon概括的形式：“主题句+支撑句” 文体文体 主题句主题句支撑句支撑句议论文文章论点（一句）文章论据（两三句）记叙文故事的写作目的/ 主题（一句）故事大意（两三句）说明文说明的对象/ 观点/ 现象解释/ 分述Some Summary Models for You(1)Narration Summary Models (记叙文概要模板记叙文概要模板)(2)Argumentation Summary Models (议论文概要模板议论文概要模板)(3)Exposition Summary Models (说明文概要模板说明文概要模板)点明写作目的类：点明写作目的类：The writer tells us（主题）（主题）by showing us an example of, who/which（故事情节）（故事情节）.作者经历类：作者经历类：In the passage, the writer mainly tells us hisexperience of doing sth, which他人经历类：他人经历类：This passage is mainly about sbs experience of doing sth.(1) 记叙文概要模板记叙文概要模板夹叙夹议的记叙文夹叙夹议的记叙文(1) 谁做了什么？The writer tells a story of an overseas Chinese student. The student had been caught without a ticket in the subway three times.(2)结果如何？He was not even allowed the chance for an interview.（3） 说明了什么？Honesty is the best policy.1.1.完全糊涂地照抄原文，连人称都不改完全糊涂地照抄原文，连人称都不改 的，得的，得0 0分；分；2. 2. 机械死板地照抄原文，只改人称的，得机械死板地照抄原文，只改人称的，得 1 1分；分；3. 3. 稍微灵活地抄原文，改主语、宾语、原稍微灵活地抄原文，改主语、宾语、原 文词序的，得文词序的，得2 2分；分；4. 4. 创造性地抄，改主语、宾语、原文词序创造性地抄，改主语、宾语、原文词序还有句子结构的，最多得还有句子结构的，最多得3 3分；分；5. 5. 结构、用词、词性变化比较好的得结构、用词、词性变化比较好的得4 4至至5 5分。分。 广东高考概括部分评分细则广东高考概括部分评分细则How to find the key sentences or key words?文体文体关键句关键句记叙文记叙文议论文议论文说明文说明文抓住抓住who, what happened, 及及the writers purpose通常抓住首段和尾段通常抓住首段和尾段抓住首段或各段首句抓住首段或各段首句How to sum up a passage? Step2The Steps of Writing a Summary(1)定时态定时态：如果阅读材料是过去时，那么基：如果阅读材料是过去时，那么基本时态用过去时；如果是现在的，那么基本时态用过去时；如果是现在的，那么基本时态用现在时；本时态用现在时；(2)定人称定人称：一般情况下采用第三人称来写作，：一般情况下采用第三人称来写作，特殊如书信的，可能会使用第一、二人称；特殊如书信的，可能会使用第一、二人称；(3)定技巧定技巧：结合相关技巧，重新组句。：结合相关技巧，重新组句。 写摘要时我们需要谨记下面的六种技巧： skill1: 省略细节省略细节 Skill2:避免重复避免重复 Skill3: 省略例子省略例子 Skill4: 用概括性的语言而不是精确的语言用概括性的语言而不是精确的语言 Skill5:使用短而精的连词，如使用短而精的连词，如but, and, besides. Skill6:用间接引语表达对话内容。用间接引语表达对话内容。误区警示：考生往往犯以下的错误：主题大意概括误区警示：考生往往犯以下的错误：主题大意概括不清，抄袭原文或表达了自己的意见不清，抄袭原文或表达了自己的意见 这都会大这都会大大影响得分。大影响得分。Task 2：Rewrite the sentences according to the skills.(1)Use words of similar meanings同义替换法同义替换法I didnt catch any fish owing to the fact that I was not patient.I didnt catch any fish_ I was not patient.because(2)Adopt the opposite way when saying a sentence正话反说法正话反说法You will fail.You will _. not succeed(3)Change the part of speech词性转换法词性转换法Patience is very important.Patience is _.of great importance(4)Change the structure of a sentence句式变化法句式变化法语态变换：语态变换：Parents should give children more praise.Children should_more praise.be given简单句变复合句：简单句变复合句：Children should be encouraged more. This will help them learn faster.Children should be encouraged more, _ will help them learn faster.Children are given more praise. They will achieve more success.When _, children will achieve more success.which given more praise(5)Use the shortest possible transitions连词衔接法连词衔接法 注意使用一些短而精的连词，如注意使用一些短而精的连词，如but, and, so, while, however, then, thus, yet, for, therefore, including, instead of 等。等。 We should encourage children. We should not scold them.We should encourage children_ scolding them.instead of(6) Change the order of the words. 词序改变法词序改变法The secret of success was patience._ was _.Patiencethe secret of success(7) Omit the details细节省略法细节省略法Dont always scold and give lots of praise instead. Dont scold and give praise instead.(8) Make use of the meaning of a sentence句意理解法句意理解法Shopping on the Internet is becoming increasingly popular._More and more people prefer Internet shopping.Task 3: Write a summaryPassage 1关键词关键词 、句、句 (1)the writer, an old man, fishing, experience, teach sb. a lesson, (2)The secret of success was patience. _had_with _who _.The writer a fishing experiencean old man taught him a lesson词序变化法词序变化法Patience was the secret of success.(2)(1)连词成句连词成句The writer had a fishing experience with an old man who taught him a lesson. Patience was the secret of success.句式变化法句式变化法The writer had a fishing experience with an old man who taught him a lesson thatpatience was the secret of success.The writer tells us（主题）（主题）by showing us an example of, who/which（故事（故事情节）情节）.Key for Passage 1: The writer tells us patience was very important and that it was the secret of success by showing us an example of his unforgettable fishing experience with an old man, who taught him a lesson. ( 35 words)Passage 3: 关键词、句关键词、句(1) Internet shopping is a new way of shopping.(2) Shopping on the Internet is becoming increasingly popular. (3) People can shop for a variety of things on the Internet. (4) common products, information products, servicesKey for Passage 3:This article points out the commonphenomenon-Internet shopping,which offers great convenience.People can buy many things on theInternet including common products,information products and evenservices. ( 30 words )现象揭示类：现象揭示类： This article points out the common phenomenon -（主题（主题), which.（补充解释）（补充解释）.利弊对比类：利弊对比类： The article compares the disadvantages/ benefits of A and B. Awhile B The passage discusses the impact(影响影响)of sth. On the positive side, but it may also.研究显示类：研究显示类： The study reveals(揭露揭露) that The purpose of the report is to show that (2) 说明文概要模板说明文概要模板 1.描写某事物的性质功能。即“对象+ 性质功用+好处” In the passage，the writer introduces( 对象） to us，especially its (性质或功用），from which we know（对象带来的好处)2. 针对某个问题提出解决方法或措施，即“问题+解决方法”The passage tells us （问题), including(方法一），.(方法二）and （方法三）(3) 议论文概要模议论文概要模板板The article gives the view that should/shouldnt（主题）（主题）. .（补充论据）（补充论据）.The passage highlights(强调强调) the importance of sth.The author argues that 注意事项：注意事项：“五定三忌五定三忌” 定体裁；定主题；定时态；定体裁；定主题；定时态； 定人称；定技巧。定人称；定技巧。 忌照抄原文；忌私加观点；忌照抄原文；忌私加观点； 忌不符字数。忌不符字数。(2) If you teach your children not to fear a mistake of failure, they will learn faster and achieve success at last.Encourage your children and they will make more progress and succeed.句意理解法句意理解法同义替换法同义替换法词性转换法词性转换法细节省略法细节省略法(1) Praise children instead of scolding them.(2) Encourage your children and they will make more progress and succeed.The article gives the view thatwhen educating children, parents should praise and encourage them instead of scolding, which will help children to make progress and succeed. Passage 2: 关键句关键句(1)Dont always scold and give lots of praise instead. 细节省略法细节省略法Dont scold and give praise instead.词序变化法、连词衔接法词序变化法、连词衔接法Give praise instead of scolding.词性变换法词性变换法Praise children instead of scolding them.