Translating Tourism旅游文本的翻译1旅游文本的翻译Contents Part I: 旅游翻译的概念分类旅游翻译的概念分类旅游翻译的概念分类旅游翻译的概念分类 旅游翻译的语言特点旅游翻译的语言特点旅游翻译的语言特点旅游翻译的语言特点 旅游翻译与文化差异旅游翻译与文化差异旅游翻译与文化差异旅游翻译与文化差异 旅游翻译的原则旅游翻译的原则旅游翻译的原则旅游翻译的原则 Part II: 旅游景点名称的翻译旅游景点名称的翻译 文化词语的翻译文化词语的翻译 文体特色与篇章风格文体特色与篇章风格 Part III: 练习练习 2旅游文本的翻译Part I 旅游翻译的分类旅游翻译的分类旅游翻译的文体特点旅游翻译的文体特点旅游翻译与文化差异旅游翻译与文化差异旅游翻译的原则旅游翻译的原则3旅游文本的翻译旅游翻译的分类旅游翻译的分类旅游文本的范围旅游文本的范围旅游指南、旅游行程、旅游委托书、旅游意向书、旅游合同、旅游旅游指南、旅游行程、旅游委托书、旅游意向书、旅游合同、旅游旅游指南、旅游行程、旅游委托书、旅游意向书、旅游合同、旅游旅游指南、旅游行程、旅游委托书、旅游意向书、旅游合同、旅游广告、旅游表格、导游解说词、景点介绍、参观点介绍、博物馆广告、旅游表格、导游解说词、景点介绍、参观点介绍、博物馆广告、旅游表格、导游解说词、景点介绍、参观点介绍、博物馆广告、旅游表格、导游解说词、景点介绍、参观点介绍、博物馆说词、旅游推销手册、旅游宣传册、旅游地图、文艺演出节目单、说词、旅游推销手册、旅游宣传册、旅游地图、文艺演出节目单、说词、旅游推销手册、旅游宣传册、旅游地图、文艺演出节目单、说词、旅游推销手册、旅游宣传册、旅游地图、文艺演出节目单、餐厅菜单、宾馆指示牌、公园指示牌等。餐厅菜单、宾馆指示牌、公园指示牌等。餐厅菜单、宾馆指示牌、公园指示牌等。餐厅菜单、宾馆指示牌、公园指示牌等。旅游翻译的分类旅游翻译的分类从翻译的题材来看，可分为专业性翻译专业性翻译、一般翻译、文学翻译一般翻译、文学翻译。一般翻译（应用文、社交、日常生活等翻译）文学翻译（诗歌翻译、楹联、散文等翻译）的性质和特点4旅游文本的翻译旅游文本的语言特点旅游文本的语言特点旅游文本的文体特点旅游文本的文体特点源语的特点：源语的特点：词汇量大；知识面宽；措辞讲究；词汇量大；知识面宽；措辞讲究；风格人性化；感觉（像人一样）很亲和。风格人性化；感觉（像人一样）很亲和。目标语的特点：目标语的特点：跨文化；跨心理；思维方式差跨文化；跨心理；思维方式差异大；语言表达差异大异大；语言表达差异大5旅游文本的翻译旅游翻译与文化差异旅游翻译与文化差异中国旅游文化的方方面面山水文化聚落文化园林文化建筑文化宗教文化民族文化民俗文化饮食文化诗词文赋文化书画雕塑文化戏曲舞蹈文化工艺美术文化花鸟虫鱼文化6旅游文本的翻译1. 女儿红女儿红 状元红状元红 (- allusion)Imperial FoodDaughters Wine Scholars Wine2. 仿膳仿膳7旅游文本的翻译旅游翻译原则旅游翻译原则目的论：目的论：Skopostheory: the translation purpose justifies the translation processthe end justifies the means- Norda text is made meaningful by the receiver and for the receiver.文本只有被接受者理解并且让他们理解才有意义。翻译目的论注重的不是译文与原文是否对等或译文是否完美,而是强调译文应该在分析原文的基础上强调译文应该在分析原文的基础上, ,以译文预期功能为目的以译文预期功能为目的, ,选择最佳处理方法。选择最佳处理方法。即译者必须能够针对特定翻译目的选择特定的翻译方法或策略。服务对象明确：tourist-orientedtourist-orientedtourist-orientedtourist-oriented旅游翻译应该是“文化的使者”,以传播中国文化为己任以传播中国文化为己任, ,以旅以旅游者为导向。游者为导向。“向外国游客介绍景点情况,传递有关信息传递有关信息”,“让国外普通旅游者读懂、看懂、听懂读懂、看懂、听懂, ,并且喜闻乐见并且喜闻乐见,”,”实现译文文本的这种交际功能,从而推动国内旅游业发展8旅游文本的翻译Part II 旅游景点名称的翻译旅游景点名称的翻译 文化词语的翻译文化词语的翻译 文体特色与篇章风格文体特色与篇章风格9旅游文本的翻译旅游景点名称的翻译旅游景点名称的翻译10旅游文本的翻译旅游翻译的方法（旅游翻译的方法（II）直译直译音译音译直译加字面意译直译加字面意译或或音意双译音意双译字面意字面意译译11旅游文本的翻译旅游景点名称的翻译 旅游景点名称均有旅游景点名称均有“专名专名”以及以及“通名通名”，换句话说换句话说, , 景点名称都和人的名字一样景点名称都和人的名字一样“有名有姓有名有姓”。 “通名通名”“太和殿太和殿”的的“殿殿”、“广德楼广德楼”的的“楼楼”、“永定桥永定桥”的的“桥桥”，都是用来区分这类景点以及，都是用来区分这类景点以及其他类景点的标志，其他类景点的标志，“殿殿”、“楼楼”、“桥桥”就是这些就是这些景点的景点的“姓姓”。 “ “专名专名”就是则是用来区分具体某一事物与同一类就是则是用来区分具体某一事物与同一类其他事物的标志。如：其他事物的标志。如：“太和殿太和殿”、“中和殿中和殿”、“保保和殿和殿”，中，中“太和太和”、“中和中和”、“保和保和”就是区分这就是区分这三个建筑物之间的标志。三个建筑物之间的标志。 12旅游文本的翻译 太和殿太和殿 中和殿中和殿 保和殿保和殿 乾清宫乾清宫 交泰殿交泰殿 坤宁宫坤宁宫 三潭印月三潭印月 鹰嘴岩鹰嘴岩 音译音译 Taihedian Zhonghedian Baohedian Qianqinggong Jiaotaidian Kunninggong Santanyinyue Yingzuiyan 13旅游文本的翻译 1. 1. 太和殿太和殿 2. 2. 中和殿中和殿 3. 3. 保和殿保和殿 4. 4. 乾清宫乾清宫 5. 5. 交泰殿交泰殿 6. 6. 坤宁宫坤宁宫 7. 7. 鹰嘴岩鹰嘴岩 音意双译：专名音译，通名意译音意双译：专名音译，通名意译 Taihedian Hall Zhonghedian Hall Baohedian Hall Qianqinggong Palace Jiaotaidian Hall Kunninggong Palace Yingzuiyan Cliff14旅游文本的翻译 字面意字面意译译： 1. 太和殿太和殿 The Hall of Grand Harmony 2. 保和殿保和殿 The Hall of Guaranteed Harmony 3. 文华殿文华殿 Hall of Literary Glory 4. 三潭印月三潭印月: Three Pools Mirroring the Moon 5. 紫来洞：紫来洞： Purple Source Cave 6. 寒山寺：寒山寺： Cold Mountain Temple 7. 鹰嘴岩鹰嘴岩: Eagle Beak Cliff 8. 拙政园：拙政园：Garden of Humble Administrator15旅游文本的翻译 音译和字面意译结合音译和字面意译结合： 大观大观园园: : Daguanyuan (Grand View Garden) Daguanyuan or Grand View Garden 潇湘潇湘馆馆: : Xiaoxiangguan (Bamboo Lodge) 怡红怡红院院: : Yihongyuan (Happy Red Court) 蘅芜蘅芜苑苑: : Hengwuyuan (Alpinia Park) 稻香稻香村村: : Daoxiangcun (Paddy-Sweet Cottage) 大观大观楼楼: : Daguanlou (Grand View Pavilion) 缀锦缀锦阁阁: : Zhuijinge (Variegated Splendor Tower) 含芳含芳阁阁: : Hanfangge (Fragrant Tower) 蓼风蓼风轩轩: : Liaofengxuan (Smartweed Breeze Cot) 藕香藕香榭榭: : Ouxiangxie (Lotus Fragrance Anchorage) 紫菱紫菱洲洲: : Zilingzhou (Purple Caltrop Isle)16旅游文本的翻译旅游景点名称翻译的统一不统一的现象严重不统一的现象严重： 太湖太湖：Tai Lake; Taihu Lake 黄山黄山：Huang Mountain； Huangshan Mountain 豫园豫园：Yu Garden; Yu Yuan Garden 17旅游文本的翻译统一的办法：统一的办法：1. 1. 旅游点名称如属汉语旅游点名称如属汉语“单名单名”，为照顾音节和外国，为照顾音节和外国人的习惯读法，最好把名字后面的人的习惯读法，最好把名字后面的“湖湖”、“山山”、“园园”等同时音译出来。等同时音译出来。2. 2. 如果旅游点名称是如果旅游点名称是“双名双名”，则不必音译后面的词，则不必音译后面的词 洞庭湖：洞庭湖： Dongting Lake 雁荡山：雁荡山： Yandang Moutain 寄畅园：寄畅园： Jichang Garden 18旅游文本的翻译文化词语文化词语翻译的方法翻译的方法增译增译删译删译转译转译改写改写19旅游文本的翻译增译增译 （包括（包括“解释解释”）增添理解原文内容所必需的背景知识，增添理解原文内容所必需的背景知识，如：如：历史事件发生的年代，历史事件发生的年代，名人的生卒年代，名人的生卒年代，他们的身份及其在历史上的贡献，他们的身份及其在历史上的贡献，名胜的具体位置名胜的具体位置20旅游文本的翻译秦始皇秦始皇Qin Shihuang, the first emperor in Chinese history who unified China in 221 B.C. 林则徐林则徐Lin Zexu, government official of the Qing Dynasty (16361911) and the key figure in the Opium War西域西域The western Regions (a Han Dynasty term for the area west of Yumenguan Pass, including what is now XInjiang Uygur Autonomous Region and parts of Central Asia)21旅游文本的翻译 在西安的六十四米高的大雁塔是在西安的六十四米高的大雁塔是玄奘玄奘西游印度西游印度回国后的居留之地。回国后的居留之地。 The 64-meter-high Dayan Pagoda in Xian is the place where Xuan Zang, a great monk in the Tang Dynasty, once lived after returning from India.22旅游文本的翻译湖南省位于长江中下游南部，东经湖南省位于长江中下游南部，东经108度至度至114度，度，北纬北纬24至至30度。因地处洞庭湖之南，所以叫做度。因地处洞庭湖之南，所以叫做湖湖南南 Huan Province lies just south of the middle reaches of the Changjiang (Yangtze) River between 108 and 114 E longitude and 24 and 30 N latitude. As it is also situated south of Lake Dongting, the Province has the name Hunan, which means “south of the lake”. 23旅游文本的翻译杭州是一座有悠久历史的文化名城。“良渚文化”遗址即可证明，在五千多年前，这里已有人类繁衍生息。五代时的吴越国和南宋均曾在此建都，历时237年。现今的杭州，辖市内8个区，3个市和2个县。Hangzhou has long been known as a famous cultural city. The ancient Liangzhu Culture ruins were found in what is now Hangzhou. These archeological ruins date back to 2000 B.C. when our ancestors already lived and multiplied here. Hangzhou also served as an imperial capital for 237 yearsfirst as the capital of the State of Wuyue (907-978) during the Five Dynasties Period, and again as the capital of the Southern Song Dynasty (1127-1279). Now Hangzhou is the capital of Zhejiang Province with eight urban districts, three county-level cities and two counties under its jurisdiction.24旅游文本的翻译(桃花源）始建于晋，初兴于唐，鼎盛于宋，大毁于元，时兴时衰于明清，萧条于民国，渐复于解放后，大规模修复开发于1990.Taohuayuan was first built in the Jin Dynasty(256-439AD), began to take shape in the Tang Kynasty(619-709),flourished in the Song Dynasty(960-1297), and went to ruin in the Yuan Dynaty(1279-1368). With ups and downs through the Ming and Qing dynstyies(1368-1911), it was almost abandoned in the times of the Republic of China(1912-1949).its restoration was made from the year 1949 and a largescale expansion and development began in 1990.25旅游文本的翻译删减删减 对旅游资料中有关中国传统文化特有对旅游资料中有关中国传统文化特有的产物，若直接按字面译成英语，对理解的产物，若直接按字面译成英语，对理解原文没有任何帮助，甚至外国游客根本就原文没有任何帮助，甚至外国游客根本就看不懂，应当适当删改看不懂，应当适当删改26旅游文本的翻译在我国最早的典籍中，即有关这条河的记载。尚在我国最早的典籍中，即有关这条河的记载。尚书禹贡书禹贡：“漆沮既从，沣水攸同漆沮既从，沣水攸同”，诗经大雅：诗经大雅：“沣水东注，维禹之绩沣水东注，维禹之绩”，说明沣水在远古就是说明沣水在远古就是一条著名的河流。一条著名的河流。Records about the river can be found even Records about the river can be found even in the earliest Chinese classics, which in the earliest Chinese classics, which proves that the Feng River has been well proves that the Feng River has been well known since ancient times. known since ancient times. 27旅游文本的翻译“烟水苍茫月色迷，渔舟晚泊栈桥西。乘凉每至黄烟水苍茫月色迷，渔舟晚泊栈桥西。乘凉每至黄烟水苍茫月色迷，渔舟晚泊栈桥西。乘凉每至黄烟水苍茫月色迷，渔舟晚泊栈桥西。乘凉每至黄昏后，人依栏杆水拍堤。昏后，人依栏杆水拍堤。昏后，人依栏杆水拍堤。昏后，人依栏杆水拍堤。这是古人赞美青岛的诗句。这是古人赞美青岛的诗句。这是古人赞美青岛的诗句。这是古人赞美青岛的诗句。青岛市一座风光秀丽的海滨城市，夏无酷暑，冬无严青岛市一座风光秀丽的海滨城市，夏无酷暑，冬无严青岛市一座风光秀丽的海滨城市，夏无酷暑，冬无严青岛市一座风光秀丽的海滨城市，夏无酷暑，冬无严寒。西起胶州湾入海处的团岛，东至崂山风景区的下寒。西起胶州湾入海处的团岛，东至崂山风景区的下寒。西起胶州湾入海处的团岛，东至崂山风景区的下寒。西起胶州湾入海处的团岛，东至崂山风景区的下清宫，绵延清宫，绵延清宫，绵延清宫，绵延80808080多华里的海滨组成了一幅绚烂多彩的长多华里的海滨组成了一幅绚烂多彩的长多华里的海滨组成了一幅绚烂多彩的长多华里的海滨组成了一幅绚烂多彩的长轴画卷。轴画卷。轴画卷。轴画卷。”Qingdao is a beautiful coastal city. It is not hot in summer and not cold in winter. The 20-km-long scenic line begins from Tuan Island at the west end to Xiaqing Gong of Mount Lao at the east end.28旅游文本的翻译她（黄河）奔腾不息，勇往直前，忽而惊涛裂岸，势不可挡，使群山动容；忽而安如处子，风平浪静，波光潋滟，气象万千。 It tears and boils along turbulently through the mountains and, at some place, flows on quietly with a sedate appearance and glistening ripples.29旅游文本的翻译转译（类比、借用）转译（类比、借用）把中文资料中有关的内容转化为外国游客熟悉的同类把中文资料中有关的内容转化为外国游客熟悉的同类的内容。的内容。“借用手法指借典译典，借译语表达式和形象来翻译借用手法指借典译典，借译语表达式和形象来翻译源语有特定文化含义的表达式和形象，以求等效。源语有特定文化含义的表达式和形象，以求等效。”（何自然（何自然,2004,2004）。）。 有的学者称这种方法为有的学者称这种方法为cultural substitution( (文化替换文化替换) )。 济公济公 - - 罗宾汉罗宾汉 西施西施 - - 埃及艳后埃及艳后 梁山伯与祝英台梁山伯与祝英台 - - 罗密欧与朱丽叶罗密欧与朱丽叶 苏州苏州 - - 意大利的威尼斯意大利的威尼斯 孔子孔子 - - 希腊的亚里斯多得希腊的亚里斯多得30旅游文本的翻译改写改写1 1）对原文句子结构的改写）对原文句子结构的改写 思维方式：思维方式：西方人西方人: 直线思维，多采用演绎推理；直线思维，多采用演绎推理；中国人中国人: 螺旋式思维，多采用归纳推理。螺旋式思维，多采用归纳推理。在展开一个话题时：在展开一个话题时：汉语迂回曲折，先分说，再总括，多用掉尾句；汉语迂回曲折，先分说，再总括，多用掉尾句；英语开门见山，先总括，再分说，多用松散句。英语开门见山，先总括，再分说，多用松散句。31旅游文本的翻译在四川西部，有一处美妙的去处。它背倚岷山主峰在四川西部，有一处美妙的去处。它背倚岷山主峰雪宝顶，树木苍翠，花香袭人，鸟语婉转，流水潺雪宝顶，树木苍翠，花香袭人，鸟语婉转，流水潺潺。这就是松潘县的黄龙。潺。这就是松潘县的黄龙。One of Sichuans finest scenic spots is Huanglong (Yellow Dragon), which lies in Songpan County just beneath Xuebao, the main peak of the Minshan Mountain. Its lush green forests, filled with fragrant flowers, bubbling streams, and songbirds, are rich in historical interest as well as natural beauty.32旅游文本的翻译2 2）对原文诗词的改写）对原文诗词的改写诗词的翻译比较困难，改写可以算作一种补救措施诗词的翻译比较困难，改写可以算作一种补救措施.水映山容，使山容益添秀媚，山清水秀，使水能更水映山容，使山容益添秀媚，山清水秀，使水能更显柔情，有诗云：显柔情，有诗云：岸上湖中各自奇，山觞水酌两相岸上湖中各自奇，山觞水酌两相宜。只言游舫浑如画，身在画中原不知。宜。只言游舫浑如画，身在画中原不知。The hills overshadow the lake, and the lake reflects the hills. They are in perfect harmony , and more beautiful than a picture. 33旅游文本的翻译3 3）对原文行文风格的改写（避虚）对原文行文风格的改写（避虚就实）就实） 3.1 3.1旅游文本的英汉文体差异旅游文本的英汉文体差异34旅游文本的翻译 庐山奇伟幽险、瀑飞泉鸣；云蒸雾涌，气象万千。3000余种植物分布于云山锦谷，苍翠斑斓、争奇竞妍。独特的第四纪冰川遗迹，使其平添几分神秘色彩。山麓的鄱阳湖候鸟多达百万，世界上最大鹤群在水天之间翩翩起舞，构成了鹤飞千点的世界奇观。35旅游文本的翻译Waterfalls roaring like thunder cascade down precipitous cliffs and gurgling steams meander through serene nooks. Clouds and vapor float and wrap the scenery in a blanket of mist. In the misty slopes and valleys over three thousand species of plants produce a world of green speckled with a myriad colors while the remains of the quaternary glaciers add an air of mystery to the beauty of the mountain. A million migrant birds soar above the waters of the Poyang Lake, the largest group of cranes in the world dance between heaven and water. A really wonder sight!36旅游文本的翻译A fascinating city between sea and sky, like Venus rising from the waves, Venice welcomes tourists from the five continents drawn to her by the charm of her water and pellucid light, free from all dust and cooled by the sea breeze. She also offers the intellectual pleasures to be derived from her masterpieces which mark the meeting of East and West.37旅游文本的翻译发挥译语优势，注重读者反应威尼斯海天之间的迷人城市，就像维纳斯从水中站起来。它欢迎被它的水和澄清的光的魅力吸引来的五大洲的游客。没有尘土和海风习习。她有很多艺术品，是东西相会的标志，能提供给人们智力上的愉悦。38旅游文本的翻译威尼斯水城海天相连，景色迷人，宛如碧波中涌现的维纳斯，吸引着五大洲的游客。她水色旖旎，波光澄澈，清风拂面而来，荡去你心中的不快与烦恼。而城中那些集东西方艺术之大成的艺术杰作，更给你以精神上的享受。39旅游文本的翻译1）行文用字习惯不同）行文用字习惯不同简略与华美简略与华美 汉语旅游资料中有许多华丽辞藻悬、四字词组只是为了音韵的汉语旅游资料中有许多华丽辞藻悬、四字词组只是为了音韵的和谐和渲染气氛，并无多大实际意义，翻译时应该调整措辞，和谐和渲染气氛，并无多大实际意义，翻译时应该调整措辞，将这些虚华之词用明白晓畅的语言重新表述，使译文通达流畅，将这些虚华之词用明白晓畅的语言重新表述，使译文通达流畅，符合英文的表达习惯，增强译文的可读性，也更利于外国游客符合英文的表达习惯，增强译文的可读性，也更利于外国游客和读者的理解和接受。和读者的理解和接受。发挥译语优势，注重读者反应Tiny islands are strung around the edge of the peninsula like a pearl necklace. Hunks of coral reef, coconut palms and fine white sand.座座岛屿玲珑小巧，紧密相连，像一串珍珠追成的项链，环绕着半岛边缘。岛上珊瑚礁红，椰树成片，沙滩如银，景色如诗如画。 40旅游文本的翻译2）审美欣赏习惯不同文化渊源On one of those sober and rather melancholy days, in the later parts of autumn, when the shadows of morning and evening almost mingle together, and throw a gloom over the decline of the year, I passed several hours in rambling about Westminster Abbey. There was something congenial to the season in the mournful magnificence of the old pile; and as I passed its threshold, seemed like stepping back into the regions of antiquity, and losing myself among the shades of former ages. 41旅游文本的翻译时方晚秋，气象肃穆，略带忧郁，早晨的阴影和黄昏的阴影，几乎连在一起，不可分别，岁将云暮，终日昏暗，我就在那么一天，到西敏大寺去散步了几个钟头。古寺巍巍，森森然似有鬼气，和阴沉沉的季候正好调和；我跨进大门，觉得自己已经置身远古，相忘于古人的鬼影之中了。夏济安译“西敏大寺”42旅游文本的翻译3.2 翻译策略：译文的呼唤功能翻译策略：译文的呼唤功能1）推敲原文语境因素，弄清原文实质 旅游翻译首先应该以旅游者为导向（tourist-oriented）,让他们听懂、看懂、读懂。如果遇到非常主观性的描述语言，如“重峦叠嶂”、“广袤无垠”、“分外妖娆”、“美不胜收”、“争奇斗艳”、“千姿百态”等，可简单概括一下。这就是改写。这儿的峡谷又是另一番景象：谷中急水奔流，穿峡而这儿的峡谷又是另一番景象：谷中急水奔流，穿峡而过，过，两岸树木葱茏，鲜花繁茂，碧草萋萋，两岸树木葱茏，鲜花繁茂，碧草萋萋，活脱脱一活脱脱一幅生机盎然的天然风景画。各种奇峰异岭，令人感受幅生机盎然的天然风景画。各种奇峰异岭，令人感受各异，遐想万千。各异，遐想万千。It is another gorge through which a rapid stream flows. Trees, flowers and grass, a picture of natural vitality, thrive on both banks. The weird peaks arouse disparate thoughts. 43旅游文本的翻译满树金花，芳香四溢的金桂；花白如雪，香气扑鼻的银桂；红里透黄，花多味浓的紫砂桂；花色似银，季季有花的四季桂，竞相开放，争妍媲美。进入桂花公园，阵阵桂花花香扑鼻而来。The Park of Sweet Osmanthus is noted for its profusion of osmanthus. Flowers from these trees in different colors are in full bloom, which pervade the whole garden with the fragrance of their blossoms.44旅游文本的翻译2）结构拆译与分清主从洞庭湖“衔远山，吞长江，浩浩汤汤，横无际涯。朝辉夕阴，气象万千”。Carrying distant mountains in the mouth and swallowing the Yangtze River, the vast and mighty Dongting Lake stretches endlessly, turning brilliant in the morning and gloomy at dusk with the scenery abounding in changes.3）篇章整合与改写45旅游文本的翻译1999年温哥华（Vancouver）的辉煌是温哥华人智慧和勤奋的结晶，其中包括多民族的贡献。加拿大地广人稀，国土面积比中国还大，人口却不足3000万。吸收外来移民，是加拿大长期奉行的国策。可以说，加拿大除了印第安人外，无一不是外来移民，不同的只是时间长短而已。温哥华则更是世界上屈指可数的多民族城市。现今180万温哥华居民中，有一半不是在本地出生的，每4个居民中就有一个是亚洲人。而25万华人对温哥华的经济转型起着决定性的作用。他们其中有一半是近5年才来到温哥华地区的，使温哥华成为亚洲以外最大的中国人聚居地。46旅游文本的翻译【概述】【概述】 这段文字是对加拿大著名港口城市温哥华的简要介绍，语言清晰流畅，理解起来并不困难，除了“辉煌”、“结晶”等少数词汇外，翻译时在措辞上也不存在太多问题。但是原文少数句子与句子之间、句子内部各成分之间的逻辑关系和语义关系不是很明确，译成汉语时应根据译入语的表达习惯灵活转换。汉语语法呈隐含性(covertness)，英语语法呈外显性(overtness)；汉语重意合，英语重形合，因此英语句子中外在的形式连接手段很多，连词的使用也远远多于汉语，这一点对本文的翻译尤为重要。47旅游文本的翻译【参考译文】【参考译文】 The prosperity of Vancouver, to which many ethnic groups have contributed, is the crystallization of its peoples wisdom and industriousness. Canada, a sparsely populated big country, has a territory larger than that of China, but only a population of less than 30 million. Admitting immigrants has therefore become the long-term national policy pursued by Canada. It is safe to say that the Canadians, aside from the Indians, are all immigrants, who differ from each other only in how long they have lived in the country. 48旅游文本的翻译Vancouver is one of the few multinational cities in the world. Among the 1.8 million residents in Vancouver, half were born outside the country, and of every four residents one comes from Asia. The 250 thousand Chinese immigrants have played a decisive role in the economic transformation of Vancouver. Half of them have come to the Vancouver area within the past five years, turning it into the largest Chinese settlement outside of Asia. 49旅游文本的翻译温哥华的辉煌是温哥华人智慧和勤奋的结晶，其中包括多民族的贡献。The glory of Vancouver is the result of the wisdom and diligence of the people of Vancouver, including the contributions of many ethnic groups.The prosperity of Vancouver, to which many ethnic groups have contributed, is the crystallization of its peoples wisdom and industriousness.50旅游文本的翻译加拿大地广人稀，国土面积比中国还大，人口却不足3000万。Canada is a large but sparsely populated country, with a territory larger than that of China but a population of less than 30 million.Canada, a sparsely populated big country, has a territory larger than that of China, but only a population of less than 30 million.51旅游文本的翻译吸收外来移民，是加拿大长期奉行的国策。可以说，吸收外来移民，是加拿大长期奉行的国策。可以说，加拿大除了印第安人外，无一不是外来移民，不同加拿大除了印第安人外，无一不是外来移民，不同的只是时间长短而已。的只是时间长短而已。Admitting immigrants has therefore become the long-term national policy pursued by Canada. It is safe to say that the Canadians, aside from the Indians, are all immigrants, who differ from each other only in how long they have lived in the country.52旅游文本的翻译温哥华则更是世界上屈指可数的多民族城市。现今180万温哥华居民中，有一半不是在本地出生的，每4个居民中就有一个是亚洲人。Vancouver is one of the few multinational cities in the world. Among the 1.8 million residents in Vancouver, half were born outside the country, and of every four residents one comes from Asia.53旅游文本的翻译而25万华人对温哥华的经济转型起着决定性的作用。他们其中有一半是近5年才来到温哥华地区的，使温哥华成为亚洲以外最大的中国人聚居地。The 250 thousand Chinese immigrants have played a decisive role in the economic transformation of Vancouver. Half of them have come to the Vancouver area within the past five years, turning it into the largest Chinese settlement outside of Asia. 54旅游文本的翻译 The prosperity of Vancouver, to which many ethnic groups have contributed, is the crystallization of its peoples wisdom and industriousness. Canada, a sparsely populated big country, has a territory larger than that of China, but only a population of less than 30 million. Admitting immigrants has therefore become the long-term national policy pursued by Canada. It is safe to say that the Canadians, aside from the Indians, are all immigrants, who differ from each other only in how long they have lived in the country. Vancouver is one of the few multinational cities in the world. Among the 1.8 million residents in Vancouver, half were born outside the country, and of every four residents one comes from Asia. The 250 thousand Chinese immigrants have played a decisive role in the economic transformation of Vancouver. Half of them have come to the Vancouver area within the past five years, turning it into the largest Chinese settlement outside of Asia. 55旅游文本的翻译Thank you!56旅游文本的翻译