在英语中，动词按其在句子中的作用，可分为：在英语中，动词按其在句子中的作用，可分为：谓语动词和非谓语动词。谓语动词和非谓语动词。谓语动词谓语动词就是可以单独直接在句子中做谓语的动词。就是可以单独直接在句子中做谓语的动词。非谓语动词非谓语动词就是不能单独在句子中做谓语的动词。就是不能单独在句子中做谓语的动词。一、什么叫做非谓语动词一、什么叫做非谓语动词非谓语使用条件非谓语使用条件一个句子当中，一个句子当中，已经存在一个主句已经存在一个主句（谓语动词）（谓语动词）,又没有连词又没有连词的情况下的情况下She got off the bus, but left her handbag on her seat. She got off the bus, leaving her handbag on her seat.二、非谓语动词的表现二、非谓语动词的表现形式形式有：有：不定式不定式 （to do）现在分词现在分词 （doing）过去分词过去分词 （done）动名词动名词 （doing）非谓语动词的否定结构是：非谓语动词的否定结构是：not +非谓语动词非谓语动词主主语语表表语语宾宾语语补补语语定定语语状状语语不定式不定式+现在分词现在分词+过去分词过去分词+动名词动名词+组成组成介词介词短语短语三、非谓语动词充当的成分三、非谓语动词充当的成分动动词词不不定定式式To do that sort of thing is foolish.I want to see you this evening.All you have to do is to finish it quickly.We found a house to live in.She came here to study English. I warned the patient not to eat cold water after the operation. 主语主语 宾语宾语表语表语 定语定语 状语状语 宾宾补补动词不定式在句中可充当动词不定式在句中可充当除谓语外除谓语外的任的任何成分何成分1. 不定式的用法：不定式的用法： (1)作主语作主语(多表示具体的某次动作，尤其多表示具体的某次动作，尤其是指将来的动作是指将来的动作) 不定式短语作主语时，往往放在谓语不定式短语作主语时，往往放在谓语 之后，用之后，用it作形式主语。作形式主语。 To see is to believe眼见为实。眼见为实。It is right to give up smoking. 戒烟是对的。戒烟是对的。 (2) 作宾语作宾语 不定式短语作宾语时，如果还带有宾语不定式短语作宾语时，如果还带有宾语 补足语，往往把不定式宾语放在宾语补补足语，往往把不定式宾语放在宾语补 足语之后，而用足语之后，而用it作形式宾语。作形式宾语。 He wanted to go 他想走。他想走。 用不定式作宾语的常见动词用不定式作宾语的常见动词afford, agree, aim, arrange, ask, decide, determine, expect, hope, learn, long, manage, offer, pretend,promise, refuse, swear, wish, want etc.结合不定式运用的常见形容词有结合不定式运用的常见形容词有：ready, eager, anxious, able, sure, glad, sorry, afraid, free, pleased, willing, determined, etc.I find it interesting to work with him 我发现和他一起工作有趣。我发现和他一起工作有趣。注意注意A. (1)有些动词后面的不定式有些动词后面的不定式不带不带to，如，如feel（一感）一感）hear,listen to（二听）二听）make, have, let（三让）三让） see, watch, notice, observe（四看）四看）.I heard them sing a pop song .The teacher made me answer the question.We watched them play football .当这些动词变成当这些动词变成被动语态时被动语态时，to应该应该被还原被还原回来。回来。They were heard to sing a pop song.注意注意B. 带疑问词的动词不定式在带疑问词的动词不定式在to 前加疑问词前加疑问词。Mr.Lin will teach us how to use the computer.Can you tell me where to get the book?注意注意C. 作简短回答或避免不必要的重复时，作简短回答或避免不必要的重复时，动词不定式常常省去动词不定式常常省去to 后面后面的动词，只的动词，只保留保留to 。A:Would you like to come to my party?Mary wanted to use my bike, but I asked her not to ( use my bike).B: Yes , Id love to ( come to your party).Mary想用我的自行车，但我叫她别用。想用我的自行车，但我叫她别用。 I have some books for you to read. 我有几本书供给你读。我有几本书供给你读。 注注：作定语的不定式如果是不及物动词，或者不定式所：作定语的不定式如果是不及物动词，或者不定式所修饰的名词或代词是不定式动作的地点工具等，不定式后修饰的名词或代词是不定式动作的地点工具等，不定式后面须有相应的介词。面须有相应的介词。 例如：例如： He is looking for a room to live in 他在找一个房间住。他在找一个房间住。 There is nothing to worry about 无什么可担心的。无什么可担心的。 Please give me a knife to cut with 请给我把刀子来切东西。请给我把刀子来切东西。 但是，不定式所修饰的名词如果是但是，不定式所修饰的名词如果是time，place或或way，不，不定式后面的定式后面的介词习惯上要省去介词习惯上要省去。 例如：例如： He had no money and no place to live 他没钱没地方住他没钱没地方住(4) 作定语作定语 注注：当作定语的不定式所修饰的名词或代词是：当作定语的不定式所修饰的名词或代词是不定式动作的承受者时，不定式既可以用主动语不定式动作的承受者时，不定式既可以用主动语态，也可用被动语态，但其意义有所不同。态，也可用被动语态，但其意义有所不同。 试比较：试比较： A) Have you anything to send? 你有什么东西要寄吗你有什么东西要寄吗?(不定式不定式to send的动作执的动作执行者是行者是you) B) Have you anything to be sent? 你有什么要你有什么要(我或别人我或别人)寄的东西吗寄的东西吗? (不定式不定式to be sent的动作执行者是已被省略的的动作执行者是已被省略的me或或someone else) (5) 作状语，表示目的、原因、结果或条件。作状语，表示目的、原因、结果或条件。 例如：例如： I came here to see you(目的目的) 例如：例如： In order to pass the exam，he worked very hard 为了考试及格，他学习很刻苦。为了考试及格，他学习很刻苦。 We ran all the way so as not to be late 为了别迟到我们一路上跑来的。为了别迟到我们一路上跑来的。强调目的强调目的时时，常用，常用in order to及及so as to（一般一般不放句首不放句首）；另外，在）；另外，在soas to, suchas to, enough to,only to以及以及tooto等结等结构中皆构中皆表结果表结果The room is big enough to hold us (6) 作表语作表语 My job is to help the patient. 我的工作是帮助病人。我的工作是帮助病人。 (7)作独立成分作独立成分 To tell the truth，I dont agree with you 说实话，我不同意你的观点。说实话，我不同意你的观点。 (8) 不定式与疑问词不定式与疑问词who，which， when, where, how, what等连用，等连用， 在句中起名词作用，可充当主语、表语、宾在句中起名词作用，可充当主语、表语、宾语等。语等。 例如：例如： He didnt know what to say. (宾语宾语) 他不知道说什么。他不知道说什么。 How to solve the problem is very important ?（主语）（主语） 如何解决这个问题很重要。如何解决这个问题很重要。 My question is when to start(表语表语) 我的问题是什么时候开始。我的问题是什么时候开始。 注意注意:在与在与why连用时连用时,只用于只用于why或或why not开头开头的简短疑问句中的简短疑问句中,后面紧跟的动词不定式不带后面紧跟的动词不定式不带to 例如例如 Why not have a rest? 2 不定式的时态和语态形式见下表：不定式的时态和语态形式见下表：（以及物动词（以及物动词write为例）为例）主动语态主动语态被动语态被动语态一般时一般时to writeto be written进行时进行时to be writing-完成时完成时to have written to have been writtena.不定式一般时表示的动作与谓语动词表示的动作不定式一般时表示的动作与谓语动词表示的动作（状态）同时（或几乎同时）发生，或是在它之后（状态）同时（或几乎同时）发生，或是在它之后发生发生.例：例：I hope to see you again.（to see表示将来）表示将来）b.不定式进行时表示不定式进行时表示正在进行与谓语动词同时发生正在进行与谓语动词同时发生的动作例：的动作例： She pretended to be reading when her mother came in.注意：不定式进行时常用在注意：不定式进行时常用在pretend, seem, happen, appear等词之后等词之后c.不定式完成时表示的不定式完成时表示的动作发生在谓语动词所表示动作发生在谓语动词所表示的动作（状态）之前的动作（状态）之前例：例：Im glad to have seen your father.（完成时表示（完成时表示“在说话前见过你父亲在说话前见过你父亲”）比较：比较：Im glad to see you.（一般时表示（一般时表示“说话时见到你说话时见到你”） 3. 不定式不定式to的省略的省略1) 不定式动词在连词不定式动词在连词than, as;介词介词but，except，besides 后面时，如果这些介词之前后面时，如果这些介词之前有实义动词有实义动词 do的各种形式的各种形式，那么，这些介词后的不定式不带，那么，这些介词后的不定式不带to，否则要带，否则要带to。例如：例如： She could do nothing but cry 她只会哭了。她只会哭了。 I have no choice but to go 我不得不走。我不得不走。2）使役动词）使役动词have, let, make和感官动词后接不定和感官动词后接不定式作宾补式作宾补3）省略）省略to常用句型常用句型别无选择只好做某事别无选择只好做某事can do nothing but/except/other than do sth.; there be nothing to do but do sth.; cant help/ choose but do sth.最好做（不做）某事最好做（不做）某事had better (not) do宁愿做某事而不愿做另一件事宁愿做某事而不愿做另一件事would rather do sth. than do sth. else请你做某事好吗？请你做某事好吗？Will you please do sth?为什么不做某事呢？为什么不做某事呢？Why not do sth.?4) 不定式作表语省略不定式作表语省略to当不定式作表语，用于解释前面动词当不定式作表语，用于解释前面动词do的内容时，常的内容时，常用省略用省略to的不定式做表语的不定式做表语What he wants to do is become a doctor.小结小结1.不定式的用法（形式，作用，时态，语态）不定式的用法（形式，作用，时态，语态）2.考点过关（不定式作状语，不定式考点过关（不定式作状语，不定式to的省略）的省略）动名词动名词1. 时时 态态 和和 语语 态态 类 别 形式 及及 物物 动动 词词不及物动词不及物动词主主 动动被被 动动主主 动动一般式doing being done doing 完成式having done having been donehaving done1.用法用法(1)作主语作主语(多表示习惯性的、经常性的动作。多表示习惯性的、经常性的动作。) Seeing is believing. It is no use crying over split milk. (2)作宾语作宾语I have just finished doing my home work. There are several ways of working on this physics problem.在这些动词和动词词组后只用动名词在这些动词和动词词组后只用动名词admit, appreciate, avoid, consider, delay, dislike, enjoy, escape, finish, imagine, include, mind, miss, practice, resist, risk, suggest, waste, spend, enjoy cant help, feel like, give up, insist on, put off, be busy, be worth, be used to, get down to, lead to, look forward to, pay attention to, referto, be devoted to, be opposed to= object to(反对反对), devoteto, lead to, stick to练习想像，建议冒险；练习想像，建议冒险； 坚持完成，介意拖延；坚持完成，介意拖延； 避免错过，禁止逃脱，避免错过，禁止逃脱， 允许考虑，否认（承认）借口；允许考虑，否认（承认）借口； 喜欢原谅，欣赏忍受。喜欢原谅，欣赏忍受。 practice imagine; suggest, advise risk; insist finish; mind delay; avoid miss; forbid escape; allow ,permit consider; deny/ admit excuse; enjoy pardon, appreciate stand句型句型be worth doingThere is no +主语主语+doing (做某事是不可能的做某事是不可能的)It is no use/good doing sth.It is a bore/a waste of time/ a good pleasure doing sth.have difficulty/trouble/a problem/ a hard time/ a good time/fun (in) +doing be busy doingspend time/money doing sth.on doing(一一就就) be on the point of doing(快要快要) come close to doing (几乎将要几乎将要)既可接不定式既可接不定式 又可接动名词作宾语的动词又可接动名词作宾语的动词1). like、love、hate、prefer等词后接等词后接不定式不定式时，时，表示表示具体的某次动作具体的某次动作，尤其是，尤其是将来的将来的动作；动作； 接接动名词动名词时，时， 表示表示习惯、经验、体会习惯、经验、体会。I prefer being alone.I prefer to stay at home today.2). remember、forget、regret 等词后接等词后接不定式不定式时，时，表示一表示一未发生未发生的动作；接的动作；接动名词动名词时，表示一时，表示一已经已经发生了发生了的的 动作。动作。3). 跟不定式、动名词意义完全不同跟不定式、动名词意义完全不同。mean doing/to do, stop doing/to do, go on doing/to do, try doing/to do, can not help doing/to dowant、need、require、request等词后接等词后接不定式用不定式用被动式被动式的形式；的形式；动名词用主动式动名词用主动式的形式。句子的意的形式。句子的意思没有差别。但句子思没有差别。但句子的的主语一般是一表物的名词或主语一般是一表物的名词或代词。代词。Your watch needs repairing to be repaired.The windows need painting again to be painted again.1.If I had remembered _ (close) the window, the thief would not have got in. 2. She reached the top of the hill and stopped _ (rest) on a big rock by the side of the path . 3. This sentence needs _ (improve). to closeto restimproving或或to be improved4. Rather than _ on a crowded bus , he always prefers _ a bicycle . A . ride ; ride B . riding ; ride C . ride ; to ride D . to ride ; riding 5. They would not allow him _ across the enemy line . A. to risk going B. risking to go C. for risk to go D. risk going CA6. The squirrel was so lucky that it just missed _ . Acatching Bto be caught Cbeing caught Dto catch 7. There are lots of places of interest _ in our city. A. needs repairing B. needing repaired C. needed repairing D. needing to be repairedCD8. I can hardly imagine Peter _ (sail) across the Atlantic Ocean in 15 days.sailing(3)作定语作定语动名词作定语表示性质或用途。（单个）动名词作定语表示性质或用途。（单个）swimming pool a pool for swimmingThe swimming pool belongs to our school.(4)作表语作表语My job is teaching. = Teaching is my job.（5）作状语作状语动动名名词词在在句句中中不不能能单单独独作作状状语语，但但它它可可以以和和before, after ,on, by, in ,without 等等介介词词构构成成介介词短语，在句中作状语。例如：词短语，在句中作状语。例如：Without saying a word, he went away. On arriving in Beijing, he telephoned me.小结小结1.动名词的复合结构（动名词的复合结构（ones doing sth.）在句）在句中可做主语、宾语等中可做主语、宾语等Do you mind my smoking? Toms going there wont be of much help.2.考点过关：动名词作宾语（只接动名词作宾考点过关：动名词作宾语（只接动名词作宾语的词，短语，动词后接动名词与后接不定式语的词，短语，动词后接动名词与后接不定式作宾语的比较）作宾语的比较） 分词分词分词分为现在分词和过去分词。分词分为现在分词和过去分词。1分词的时态和语态分词的时态和语态 * 现在分词有现在分词有一般式一般式 和和 完成式完成式 1. 一般式表示和谓语动词所表示的动作一般式表示和谓语动词所表示的动作同时发同时发生的行为生的行为； 2. 完成式完成式(having十过去分词十过去分词)表示在谓语动词表示在谓语动词所表示的动作所表示的动作之前之前发生的动作发生的动作 例如：例如： Being a student，he was interested in books Having studied in the university for 3 years, he knows the way very well 2)现在分词 的主动语态和被动语态当句子的当句子的主语主语是是分词动作的承受者分词动作的承受者时，时，分词用分词用被动语态被动语态，如果要强调，如果要强调分词的动作先于谓语动分词的动作先于谓语动作作，就用，就用分词完成式的被动形式分词完成式的被动形式例如：例如： The question being discussed is important. Having been criticized by the teacher，Li Ming gave up smoking 过去分词过去分词表示在表示在谓语动词之前发生的动作谓语动词之前发生的动作，本身有被动的含义，所以本身有被动的含义，所以只有一般式只有一般式没有完成没有完成式式 2.分词的用法 作定语作定语 分词短语可以作定语分词短语可以作定语代替一个定语从句的作代替一个定语从句的作用。用。分词短语放在被修饰的名词之后；分词短语放在被修饰的名词之后；单个分词做定语时，放在被修饰的名词之前单个分词做定语时，放在被修饰的名词之前例如例如: The man standing by the window is our teacher. The excited people rushed into the building 注意：注意：现在分词作定语时，它表示的动现在分词作定语时，它表示的动作是正在进行或与谓语动词所表示的动作几作是正在进行或与谓语动词所表示的动作几乎同时发生，如果两个动作有先有后，一般乎同时发生，如果两个动作有先有后，一般不能用现在分词作定语，而要用定语从句。不能用现在分词作定语，而要用定语从句。例如：例如： The teacher criticized the student who had broken the window现在分词现在分词( (V+ingV+ing) )作定语：表示所修饰名词正在进作定语：表示所修饰名词正在进行的行的, ,主动的动作主动的动作 。过去分词过去分词( (V+edV+ed) )作定语：表示一个已经完成了的作定语：表示一个已经完成了的, ,被动的动作被动的动作 。不定式作定语：表示所修饰名词一个将来的动作。不定式作定语：表示所修饰名词一个将来的动作。动名词作定语：表示所修饰名词的用途。动名词作定语：表示所修饰名词的用途。区分区分1.A football fan is a person who has a strong interest in football. 2. I am looking for the train which will go to Shanghai.3. It was at the school which was named after a hero that he spent his childhood.4. Who is the person that is standing at the gate of Beijing Tourism Tower? 5. The house which is being built belongs to my uncle.having to go to named standing being built分词的用法 作状语分词或分词短语作状语时，可以表示时间、原因、行为方式、伴随状况等。例如：例如： Being a student, I must study hard.(原原因因) While reading the book, he nodded from time to time(时间时间) The teacher stood there surrounded by the students(方式方式) 注：分词短语作状语时，其分词短语作状语时，其逻辑主语必须与句子的主逻辑主语必须与句子的主语一致语一致表示时间关系的分词短语有时可由连接词表示时间关系的分词短语有时可由连接词 while或或 when引出引出 When they heard the news, they all jumped with joy.HearingWhen the baby saw its mother, it smiled.Seeing As they hoped to get our support, they sent us their statement.Hoping The snow lasted a week, so it resulted in a serious traffic confusion in the whole area. resultingWhen hearingWhile he worked in the factory, he was an advanced worker.WorkingWhile workingWhen seeing When it is seen from the hill, the park looks very beautiful . Dont speak until you are spoken to.Because he was greatly touched by his teachers words , the boy did a lot of things to help his classmates . If we were given more time , we could do it much better . He was warned of the danger, but he still went skating on the ice. SeenGreatly touchedGiven spokenWarned he If given When seen有时有时“with( without)十名词十名词(或代词宾格或代词宾格)十分词十分词”的结构，表示伴随状况的结构，表示伴随状况 例如：例如： He lay half dead，with all his ribs broken当分词的逻辑主语与主句的主语不同时：当分词的逻辑主语与主句的主语不同时：分词必须有自己的主语分词必须有自己的主语 （ 独立结构）独立结构）例如例如: Time permitting, I will finish another lesson1._(know) that he won the match, he threw the cap into the sky. 2. _(finish) the homework, the little girl doesnt dare to go to school. 3. _ (write)in simple English, the book is easy to read. 4. _ (become)a teacher in a university, it is necessary to have at least a masters degree.Having knownNot having finished Written To become5. The visiting minister expressed his satisfaction with the talks, _ that he had enjoyed his stay here. A having added B. to add C. adding D. added 6. _ up at his father, he asked what was the matter with him. A. Having looked B. Looking C. To look D. Look7. _ such heavy pollution already, it may now be too late to clean up the river. A. Having suffered B. Suffering C. To suffer D. SufferedCBA分词的用法分词的用法作表语作表语例如：例如： The news is inspiring. The glass is broken1. This book is really _. A. to entertain B. entertained C. entertaining 2. He grew more _ and a little _ when he got to the mysterious cave. A. exciting; frightened B. exciting; frightening C. excited; frightened D. excited; frighteningCC3. The boy was _, so I didnt believe him again. A. disappointing B. disappointed C. to disappoint 4. At the sight of the snake, the little girl got _. A. to be frightened B. frightening C. frightenedAC分词的用法 作宾语补足语作宾语补足语例如例如： We saw the teacher making the experiment. 注意：在在 see，hear，watch，feel，observe，have，listen to，notice等动词后等动词后，既可以用现在分词既可以用现在分词构成复合宾语构成复合宾语，也可以用不定式构成复合宾语也可以用不定式构成复合宾语，但两者的含义是有差别的但两者的含义是有差别的，用现在分词用现在分词，表示表示动作正在发生动作正在发生，(即处于发生的过程中即处于发生的过程中，还没有还没有结束结束)，用不定式表示动作发生用不定式表示动作发生了了，(即动作全即动作全过程结束了过程结束了)。例如例如： I saw the girl getting on the tractor I saw the girl get on the tractor and drive off“have +宾语宾语+宾补宾补”的几个句型比较的几个句型比较:注意宾补和宾语的关系！注意宾补和宾语的关系！“ have十宾语十十宾语十doing”表示表示主体使客体处于主体使客体处于某状态或一直在干什某状态或一直在干什么事；么事；“ have十宾语十十宾语十done”表示表示动作是别人做的动作是别人做的或与主体意志无关或与主体意志无关The two cheats had the lights burning all night long. (那两那两个骗子让灯火亮了一夜。个骗子让灯火亮了一夜。) He had his clothes washed. (他叫别人洗了衣服。他叫别人洗了衣服。) He had his house broken into when he was away. (他不在家时家里被盗了。他不在家时家里被盗了。) “have + 宾语宾语+do”表示表示让某人做某事让某人做某事Who would you like to have go with you ？（你想让谁和你一道去？）（你想让谁和你一道去？） 1. 表示感觉和心理状态的动词，如表示感觉和心理状态的动词，如 hear, watch, feel, find, give, listen to, look at, notice, observe, see, smell, watch 等词的句子中。等词的句子中。2. 表示表示“致使致使”等意义的使役动词，如等意义的使役动词，如 catch, make, have, get, keep, leave, set 的句子中。的句子中。3. with 引导的结构中。引导的结构中。非谓语动词作宾语补足语最常见的是出现在使役动非谓语动词作宾语补足语最常见的是出现在使役动词、感觉动词的句型结构中。即：词、感觉动词的句型结构中。即：have sb. do sth. have sb. doing sth. have sth. done have sth. doing 1.She was glad to see her child well _ (take) care of. 2. We are pleased to see the problem _ (settle) so quickly. 3. I could feel the wind _ (blow)on my face from an open window. takensettledblowingCA4. He found them _ at a table_. A. seating; playing chess B. sitting; to play chess C. seated; playing chess D. seat; play the chess5. John rushed out in a hurry, _ the door_. A. leaving; unlocked B. leaving; unlocking C. left, unlocked D. to leave; unlocking6. With a lot of work _, he didnt go to the film. A. to be done B. to do C. doing D. having done7. He knocked against the table and sent the bowls _ in all directions before _. A. flying; sent to sleep B. flying; sending to sleep C. to fly; to be sent to sleep D. to fly; sending sleeping BA非谓语动词做题步骤非谓语动词做题步骤一、分析句子结构一、分析句子结构, 辨别辨别“谓与谓与非谓非谓”1. _many times , but he still couldnt understand it .2. _many times , he still couldnt understand it .A. Having been told B. Told C. He had been told D. Though he had been toldC_A二、找固定搭配二、找固定搭配当非谓语动词充当宾语时，我们可以先看当非谓语动词充当宾语时，我们可以先看谓语动词有无固定搭配。谓语动词有无固定搭配。They seem _ (finish) their work. to have finished 非谓语动词虽不能作谓语，但仍具有动非谓语动词虽不能作谓语，但仍具有动词特点，词特点，其逻辑上的动作执行者就叫做其逻辑上的动作执行者就叫做逻辑主语逻辑主语。三、找逻辑主语三、找逻辑主语Being unhappy, she phones her friend to chat. She is reading a book found on the way.His/He being late makes us angry. The birds singing, it is a nice day. 1. _no buses , we have to walk home 2. _Sunday, I shall have a quiet day at home .A.There being B. It were C. There were D. It being_AD_四、分析语态四、分析语态分析语态就是在确定逻辑主语之后，分析语态就是在确定逻辑主语之后，分析非谓语动词和逻辑主语在搭配分析非谓语动词和逻辑主语在搭配使用时是使用时是主动主动还是还是被动被动关系。关系。1. The dirty clothes _ , the girl hung them up outside .2. _ the dirty clothes, the girl hung them up outside .A. was washed B. washed C. were washed D. having washed_B_D五、分析时态五、分析时态1. The building _ now will be a restaurant .2. The building _ next year will be a restaurant .3. The building _ last year is a restaurant.A. having been builtB. to be built C. being built D. built _C_B_D