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第十课时非谓语动词第十课时非谓语动词李仕才1.Many Chinese brands, _ their reputations over centuries, are facing new challenges from the modern market.(2017江苏卷)A.having developed B.being developedC.developed D.developing答案Abrands是逻辑主语,和develop是主谓关系,所以用现在分词,表示伴随状况;再根据“over centuries”可知,应该使用现在分词的完成式,故选A。句意:许多中国品牌,享誉数百年,现在正面临着来自现代市场的新挑战。感 悟 高 考2. The hospital has recently obtained new medical equipment, _ more patients to be treated.(2017天津卷)A.being allowed B.allowingC.having allowed D.allowed答案B句意:近期这个医院购进了新的医疗设备,允许更多的病人被治疗。前句购进医疗设备和后面允许更多的病人被治疗之间是必然的结果关系,用doing,即现在分词作结果状语,表示顺理成章的结果。故选B。3.I was watching the clock all through the meeting, as I had a train _.(2017天津卷)A.catching B.caughtC.to catch D.to be caught答案C句意:在整个会议期间我一直在看表,因为我要去赶火车。根据上文判断出as引导原因状语从句。固定结构 Sb have sth to do 意为某人有某事要做。故选C。4.Many airlines now allow passengers to print their boarding passes online _ their valuable time. (2017北京卷)A.save B.savingC.to save D.saved答案C句意:许多航空公司现在允许乘客网上打印他们的登机牌来节省时间。此处是动词不定式表目的,故选C。5. Jim has retired, but he still remember the happy time _ with his students.(2017北京卷)A.to spend B.spendC.spending D.spent 答案D句意:Jim已经退休了,但是他依然记得和学生一起度过的快乐时光。句子已经有了谓语remember,空格只能填非谓语动词,逻辑主语是time,和spend之间是被动关系,故用过去分词spent。要 点 精 析一、动词不定式作状语1.目的状语动词不定式作目的状语常用的形式:to do, only to do(仅仅为了), in order to, so as to, so (such) .as to.(如此以便)。动词不定式作状语,其中的动词和主句的主语之间要形成主谓关系。在句子中可以充当:He ran so fast as to catch the first bus.他飞快地跑以便赶上第一班汽车。2.结果状语表示事先没有预料到的结果,要放在句子后面。3.原因状语He searched the room only to find nothing.他搜了整个房间什么也没有找到。The water is too cold to drink.水太凉了不能喝。(不用被动)二、现在分词作状语1.时间状语现在分词作状语,其中的动词和主句的主语之间形成主谓关系。在句子中可以充当的成分:Seeing Tom, I couldnt help thinking of his brother.看见汤姆,我不禁想到了他的哥哥。2.原因状语3.方式或伴随状语Being ill,he didnt go to school yesterday.因为生病了,他昨天没有去上学。Mary stood at the school gate waiting for Betty.玛丽站在学校门口等贝蒂。三、过去分词作状语1.过去分词作状语表示被动的、已完成的动作。Written in a hurry, this article was not so good!因为写得匆忙,这篇文章不是很好。2.有些过去分词因来源于系表结构,作状语时不表示被动而表示主动。这样的过去分词及短语常见的有lost (迷路),seated (坐), hidden (躲), stationed (驻扎), lost/absorbed in (沉溺于), born (出生于), dressed in (穿着), tired of (厌烦) 等。Lost/Absorbed in deep thought, he didnt hear the sound.因为陷于沉思之中,所以他没听到那个声音。四、分词作状语的时态1.非谓语动词在主句动作之前完成,与主语之间形成主谓关系用having done。Having seen it twice, I refused his invitation to see the film.看过两次了,我拒绝了他邀请我去看这部电影。2.非谓语动词在主句动作之前完成,与主语之间形成被动关系用having being done。Having been shown around the Water Cube, I was taken to visit the Birds Net.被带领着参观了水立方之后,我又被带着去参观了鸟巢。名师点津(1)分词在句中作时间状语时,其前一般可加when或while。When crossing street, you must be careful.穿过街道时你要加倍小心。(2)过去分词作状语时其逻辑主语为主句的主语,此时应注意人称一致。Given another hour, I can also work out this problem.再给我一个小时,我也能解这道题。(given为过去分词作状语,它的逻辑主语为主句主语I,即I被再给一个小时。)一、动词不定式作定语 1.表示将来The bridge to be built here will bring great convenience to the local people.这里将要建起的桥会给当地人带来很大的便利。2.用来修饰被序数词、最高级或no, all, any等限定的中心词,且中心词与不定式之间为主动关系。3.很多抽象名词后可接不定式作定语,如ability, ambition, anxiety, attempt, campaign, chance, courage, decision, determination等。He was the first man to land on the moon.他是第一个登上月球的人。The pressure to compete causes Americans to be energetic.竞争的压力使美国人精力充沛。二、分词作定语 1.现在分词作定语(1)现在分词作定语时,如果和所修饰的词之间形成被动关系时,用being done且后置。The meeting being held will greatly affect the future of our company.正在举行的会议将对我们公司将来的发展产生重大影响。(2)现在分词作定语时,和所修饰的词之间形成主谓关系,通常会出现分词前置与分词后置两种情况:分词前置:当分词作定语放在名词之前时,往往表示事物正在发生的状态。He rushed into the burning house.他冲进着火的房子。分词后置:当分词或分词短语位于所被修饰的词语之后时,往往可用定语从句替代。Whos the girl dancing with him?Who is the girl who is dancing with him?和他一起跳舞的女孩是谁?2.过去分词作定语过去分词作定语时,被修饰的词是该分词所表示行为的承受者。当过去分词作定语时,在语态上通常表示“被动”和“完成”,单独的过去分词前置,过去分词短语后置。Local people invited to attend the meeting are very pleased to share their experience.受邀请参加会议的当地人非常乐意分享他们的经验。3.现在分词作定语和过去分词作定语的区别一、动词不定式作宾语1.作某些动词的宾语afford (付得起), agree (同意), aim (力求做到), appear (显得), arrange (安排), ask (要求), attempt (试图), care (想要), choose (决定), claim (声称), decide (决定), demand (要求), determine (决心)等等。2.动词疑问词不定式常见的此类动词有:decide, know, consider, forget, learn, remember, show,understand, see, wonder, hear, find out, explain, tell等。There are so many kinds of tape-recorders on sale that I cant decide which to buy.有这么多的录音机在出售,我都拿不定主意买哪一种。二、现在分词作宾语1.作及物动词的宾语2.作某些短语动词的宾语3.“do限定词(my, some, any, the等)动词-ing”,表示“做”。She likes drawing very much.她很喜欢画画。Mary is thinking of going back to New York.玛丽正考虑回纽约。We often do our cleaning on Saturday afternoon.星期六下午我们常大扫除。4.作介词的宾语Her sister is good at learning physics.她姐姐擅长学物理。名师点津(1)当复合宾语中的宾语是不定式时,先用形式宾语it代替不定式,再把不定式置于补语之后,即:主语动词it补语to do句式。We think it quite important for us to learn a foreign language well.我们认为学好一门外语很重要。(2)动词-ing作宾语带有宾语补足语时,要用it作形式宾语,而将作宾语的动词-ing后置。We found it no good talking like that.我们认为那样谈话是没有用的。一、动词不定式作宾语补足语1.动词宾语不定式(to do)2.to be的不定式结构作补语3.to be形容词Father will not allow us to play on the street.父亲不让我们在街上玩耍。We consider Tom to be one of the best students in our class.我们认为汤姆是班上最好的学生之一。The book is believed to be uninteresting.人们认为这本书没什么意思。4.在“with/without宾语宾语补足语”结构中,若宾语补足语是不定式,不定式所表示的动作将要发生,且句子的主语是该动作逻辑上的执行者,此时不定式须用主动式。With a lot of difficult problems to settle, the newly-elected president is having a hard time.有很多的问题要解决,这位新当选的总统会有一个艰难时期。二、过去分词作宾语补足语1.表示感觉或心理状态的动词,如see, watch, hear, listen to, feel, notice, think等。过去分词作宾语补足语,过去分词所表示的动作一定和宾语有逻辑上的动宾关系。能够接过去分词作宾语补足语的动词有以下四类:I heard the song sung in English.我听到有人用英语唱过这首歌。2.表示“致使”意义的动词,如have, make, get, keep, leave等。3.表示思维活动的动词,如consider, know, think等。4.表示爱憎、意愿的动词,如want, wish, like, hate等。Ill have my hair cut tomorrow.明天我要理发。I consider the matter settled.我认为这件事解决了。I want two tickets reserved.我要预定两张机票。三、现在分词作宾语补足语当动词-ing在复合宾语中作宾语补足语时,句中宾语就是这个动词-ing的逻辑主语,可以带有这种复合宾语的动词有see, watch, hear, observe, feel, find, have, keep等。We can see steam rising from the wet clothes.我们能够看见蒸汽从这些湿衣服上升起来。一、非谓语动词作主语1.动词不定式作主语不定式作主语,一般表示具体某一次的动作。常用it作形式主语,而不定式是真正的主语,放在句末,以使句子保持平衡。To climb the mountain is hard work but to go down the mountain is great fun.上山很艰难,下山却很好玩。It is not easy to find your way around the town.在这个小镇要找到路很不容易。2.动词-ing形式作主语动词-ing形式作主语时,如果其结构较长,可用it作形式主语,而将作主语的动词-ing后置。Seeing is believing. 眼见为实。It is no use crying over spilt milk.覆水难收。二、非谓语动词作表语 1.动词不定式作表语不定式作表语表示具体动作或将来动作。(1)当主语和表语都是不定式时,其含义一是条件,一是结果。To be kind to the enemy is to be cruel to the people.对敌人仁慈就是对人民残忍。(2)当主语是以aim, duty, hope, idea, mistake, plan, purpose, suggestion等为中心词的名词词组或以what引导的名词性从句时,不定式用于说明主语的内容。My chief purpose is to point out the difficulties of the matter.我的主要目的是指出这件事的困难。2.动名词作表语(1)有些动名词作表语,与主语部分可以转换。Our work is serving the people.Serving the people is our work.为人民服务是我们的工作。(2)现在分词作表语,说明主语的性质、特点。The story told by Mr.Wang is interesting.王先生讲的故事很有趣。3.过去分词作表语(1)过去分词作表语与被动语态的区别:过去分词作表语,主要是表示主语的状态,而被动语态则表示动作。The cup was broken by my little sister yesterday.茶杯是昨天我妹妹打碎的。(被动语态,表示动作)The library is now closed.图书馆现在是关门的。(过去分词作表语,表示状态)(2)过去分词表示被动或完成,动词-ing形式表示主动或进行。(3)有些动词,如interest, bore, worry, surprise, frighten等的过去分词表示一种情绪和状态。The book is interesting and Im interested in it.这本书很有趣,我对它很感兴趣。名师点津(1)不定式作句子的主语时,谓语动词用单数形式。(2)be to do sth可以表示将来时态。You are to meet him at the airport tomorrow.明天你要到机场接他。一、独立主格结构的构成独立主格结构是英语中的一个特殊结构;它有自己的逻辑主语,与句子主语不一致,此时的“名词/代词分词/形容词/副词/介词短语”,就是独立主格结构。It being Sunday,we neednt go to school.因为是星期天,我们不用上学。二、独立主格结构的构成含义动词不定式表示动作没有发生或即将发生,动词-ed形式表示动作已经结束,动词-ing形式往往表示动作正在进行。The manager looks worried,many things to settle.有这么多的事情要处理,经理看上去很着急。The manager looks relaxed,many things settled.许多事情处理好了,经理看上去很轻松。The food being cooked,the boy was watching TV.做饭时,这个小男孩在看电视。三、独立主格结构的特点1.独立主格结构的逻辑主语与句子的主语不同,它独立存在,一般有逗号与主句分开。2.名词/代词与后面的分词/形容词/副词/介词短语之间是主谓关系。四、with和without引导的独立主格结构五、独立主格结构的句法功能独立主格结构在句中一般作状语,表示时间、条件、原因、伴随状况等,还可以作定语。My shoes removed,I entered a low-ceilinged room.我脱掉鞋子后,走进一间屋顶很低的房间。(作时间状语)He is the person with a lot of questions to be settled.他就是有许多问题要解决的那个人。(作定语)名师点津(1)有些分词短语可以独立存在,在句子中没有逻辑上的主语,作为习惯用法。比如:generally speaking(总的说来), judging from (从判断), supposing (假设)等。(2)有些固定短语是带to的不定式,表明说话人的立场或态度,在句中作独立成分。这些短语有to be honest(老实说), to be sure (确实), to tell you the truth (说实话), to be frank (坦率地说), to make matters/things worse (更糟糕的是)等等。解 题 策 略1.正确判断非谓语动词句子按结构分为三类,即简单句、并列句和复合句。并列句和复合句都需要连词来引导,如果句子中出现了连词,应选谓语动词形式,如果两个结构中未出现连词,则考虑用非谓语动词。_ many times, but he still couldnt understand it.A.Having been told B.ToldC.He was told D.Though he had been told答案C用连词but 引导并列句子,因此,前句与后句一样也是个独立句子,故选C。确定要选非谓语动词之后,第二步要分析其逻辑主语。非谓语动词虽不能作谓语,但仍具有动词特点,其逻辑上的动作执行者就叫做逻辑主语。判断非谓语动词与逻辑主语的关系是主动还是被动。非谓语动词作状语时,其逻辑主语须和句子的真正主语一致,找不到其逻辑主语时,整个句子或句子的主语就是非谓语动词的逻辑主语。正确判断非谓语动词与其逻辑主语之间的关系是正确选择非谓语动词形式的保证,不管是作什么成分的非谓语动词都体现以下特点: (1)如果非谓语动词与其逻辑主语之间是主谓关系,可用现在分词;(2)如果非谓语动词与其逻辑主语之间是动宾关系,可用过去分词。2.正确判断非谓语动词和逻辑主语之间的关系_ from the top of the tower,the south foot of the mountain is a sea of trees.A.Seen B.SeeingC.Having seen D.To see答案A句意:从塔顶看,这座山的南边脚下是树的海洋。seen from the top of the tower是一个过去分词短语,在句子中作状语,其逻辑主语是句子的主语the south foot of the mountain,它们之间是动宾关系,故用过去分词。3.正确判断非谓语动词和谓语动词发生的时间先后顺序非谓语动词具备动词的一些特点,也可以有动作发生的时间,对于谓语动词,我们用时态来表示动作发生的时间;对于非谓语动词不能用时态来表示动作发生的时间问题。非谓语动词所表示的时间是一个相对时间,即相对于谓语动词的时间而言。同时也需要了解非谓语动词的不同形式所表示的时间含义。如to have done,having done表示该动作在谓语动作之前发生;to be doing,doing强调与谓语动词的动作同时发生。Dina,_ for months to find a job as a waitress,finally took a position at a local advertising agency.A.struggling B.struggledC.having struggled D.to struggle答案C句意:蒂娜,奋斗了几个月,想找个做女服务员的工作,最后在当地一家广告社谋到了一个职位。此题考查非谓语动词作定语,因Dina与struggle之间为逻辑上的主谓关系,且struggle发生在took之前,故用现在分词的完成形式作定语。针 对 训 练1.To return to the problem of water pollution,Id like you to look at a study _ in Australia in 2012.(2016浙江卷)A.having conducted B.to be conductedC.conducting D.conducted答案D分析句子成分可知,句中没有连词,所以空处用非谓语动词,且 a study和 conduct 构成逻辑上的动宾关系,所以用过去分词作后置定语。2.I had as much fun sailing the seas as I now do_with students.(2016浙江卷)A.working B.workC.to work D.worked答案A句意:我现在与学生一起工作和航海一样有着同等的乐趣。所选词形应与sailing一致,在句中作方式状语。3._ it easier to get in touch with us,youd better keep this card at hand.(2016北京卷)A.Made B.Make C.Making D.To make答案D句意:为了更容易地和我们取得联系,你最好把这张名片卡放在手头。由本句话的后半句可知,make的逻辑主语为you,you与make之间为逻辑上的主谓关系,结合句意可知,非谓语动词在这里作目的状语,故选D。4.Newly-built wooden cottages line the street, _ the old town into a dreamland.(2016北京卷)A.turn B.turningC.to turn D.turned答案B句意:新建的小木屋沿街排成一行,将这个古老的小镇变成了一个梦幻之地。此处用现在分词作结果状语,表示自然而然的结果。故选B。5.Mr.Johnson,_as a manager for many years,found it hard to be an ordinary clerk again.A.having worked B.workedC.to have worked D.working答案A句意:由于已经当经理很多年了,Mr.Johnson发现重新做回一名普通职员很难。主语与work之间为逻辑上的主动关系,故应用现在分词形式,由空后的时间状语“for many years”可知,应该用完成式。6.Little Tom sat_watching the monkey dancing in front of him.(2015四川卷)A.amaze B.amazingC.amazed D.to amaze答案C句意:小汤姆吃惊地坐在那儿看着小猴子在他面前跳舞。根据句意以及句子结构可知,空格处为形容词作状语,说明主语的状态。amazing令人吃惊的,常修饰物;amazed感到吃惊的,常修饰人。根据句意,选C。7.After receiving the Oscar for Best Supporting Actress,Anne Benedict went on _ all the people who had helped in her career.(2015陕西卷)A.to thank B.thankingC.having thanked D.to have thanked答案A句意:在获得奥斯卡最佳女配角奖之后,安妮本尼迪克特继续感谢所有曾经在她的事业中帮助她的人。go on to do sth继续做另一件事;go on doing sth继续做同一件事。拿奖后又继续做另一件事,即“感谢所有帮助过她的人”,所以选A。8.At college,Barack Obama didnt know that he_ the first black president of the United States of America.(2015陕西卷)A.was to become B.becomesC.is to become D.became答案A句意:在大学时,贝拉克奥巴马不知道他会成为美国的第一任黑人总统。由didnt know可知,此处表示从过去(上大学时)看将来要发生的动作,要用过去将来时,即谓语动词用would/should do,也可以用was/were to do表示,故选A。9.Sometimes I act as a listening ear for fellow students_ what is bothering them.(2015湖南卷)A.to talk over B.talked overC.talk over D.having talked over答案A句意:有时对我的同学来说我充当了听众的角色,以便与他们详细聊一聊正在困扰他们的事情。本句用动词不定式作目的状语。10._ the early flight, we ordered a taxi in advance and got up very early.(2015北京卷)A.Catching B.CaughtC.To catch D.Catch答案C句意:为了赶上早班飞机,我们提前预定了出租车并且很早就起了床。逻辑主语是we,用不定式作目的状语,表示提前预定出租车并且早起的目的。故选C。11.There are still many problems _ before we are ready for a long stay on the Moon.(北京卷)A.solving B.solvedC.being solved D.to be solved答案D句意:在我们准备长期居住在月球上之前,还有许多问题有待解决。此处考查非谓语动词作后置定语,修饰problems,solve和其逻辑主语之间是被动关系,排除A项,再根据句意知道问题还没有解决,故用动词不定式来表示有待于发生的动作。12.Trump Tower,_ as the headquarters for The Trump Organization,is a 58-story-skycraper_ in Midtown Manhattan.A.serving;located B.served;locatedC.served;locating D.serving;locating答案A句意:川普大楼,作为川普集团的总部,是一座坐落于曼哈顿市中心的58层的摩天大厦。serve as和逻辑主语Trump Tower为主谓关系,故用现在分词作定语;locate和逻辑主语构成动宾关系,be located in意为“坐落于”,故用过去分词作定语。13.Would you mind going to the movies by yourself tonight?I am afraid.I will feel lonely in the theatre,with no one _ me.A.being accompanied B.accompainedC.to accompany D.having accompanied答案C句意:“你介不介意今晚一个人去看电影?”“我介意。没有人在电影院陪我的话,我会感到孤独。” with复合结构中,accompany作宾补和宾语no one构成主动关系,并且动作发生于将来,故用不定式的主动形式。14.Women deserve to be treated with dignity and they should make their voices _ in the world.A.heard B.having heardC.hearing D.to be heard答案A句意:女性应该得到尊严,而且她们应该在世界上发表自己的意见。分析句子成分可知,voice和hear之间为被动关系,故heard符合题意。make ones voice heard意为“发表意见,表达心声”。
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