Warmingup pSkimmingDiggingCriticalthinkingLanguageinuseUnfamiliarwordsInterpretingTalkingpoint THINKINGfor yourselfWarming up1. Listen and underline any words or expressions which are different from what you hear. Think about it!Here are some tips for students who want to increase their thinking power. The more carefully you think about something, the less interesting it becomes. A university student can learn a lot from TV programmes as well as from teachers. If you take a break when you get stuck on a difficult passage in a book, it may be more difficult to understand when you come back to it. The more carefully you think about something, the less interesting it becomes. (more) A university student can learn a lot from TV programmes as well as from teachers. (other student) If you take a break when you get stuck on a difficult passage in a book, it may be more difficult to understand when you come back to it. (easier) Dont believe anything your teacher says. Be prepared to check the facts. Read your lecture notes again within 24 days. Otherwise they may not make sense to you anymore. If you have any good ideas while you are in the bath, get out and write them down. Otherwise you will forget them. Its important to believe in your own ideas as much as anybody elses.Warming up Dont believe anything your teacher says. Be prepared to check the facts. (everything) Read your lecture notes again within 24 days. (hours) Otherwise they may not make sense to you anymore. If you have any good ideas while you are in the bath, get out and write them down. Otherwise you will forget them. (bed) Its important to believe in your own ideas as much as anybody elses. (more than)Warming up2. Work in pairs and discuss the advice. Decide which tips you agree with, and which you dont.Shorter points on the tips: 1st one: The first seems true to me. If you just look at an ant for a moment, it is of little interest, but if you start thinking about how they live, what they do and so on, it gets fascinating, and its like that with most things. 2nd one: Though perhaps there is a difference. You are more likely to learn subject knowledge from your teacher and other types of knowledge from friends who have had different experiences of life. 3rd one: There is no point in just reading and rereading. You need to go and give your mind a break, and then try again when you feel fresh.Warming up4th one: I think that depends on the sort of thing the teacher says. If a teacher gives you facts about the subject, they are not likely to be wrong; but you can question opinions.5th one: This is very good advice. I wish I took it more often. Some of my notes are like a strange foreign language!6th one: Even better keep a notebook with you all the time. You can put it by the bath as long as you are careful not to get it wet, as well as beside your bed. It is better than getting up and looking around for pen and paper.7th one: Maybe, but there have been plenty of wiser and cleverer people than me so probably I should listen to their opinions first.Warming upWatch the video and answer some questions.1. What do you think of the teachers in the movie, especially Mr. Keating, the one who teaches poetry? Do you like him ? Why or why not?2. How do you understand the saying “Believing everything in books is worse than having no books at all”? Warming upLook at the title of the passage and answer the questions. 1 What is “thinking for yourself”?The main meaning is not simply adopting the opinions of others, but taking the time and effort to form your own opinion, to be an independent thinker.Warming up2 Is it important to think for yourself?It is of great importance to think for yourself; you couldnt just simply accept the views of others. But we should also listen to the wiser people, as they tend to advise us according to their deeper experience.Warming up 3 How do you learn to think for yourself? One way is, on any question, to try to think about different points of view. This means you do not just accept an idea but test it against others and only adopt it if it seems the best one to you. Warming up 4 Is it possible to teach someone to think for themselves? Yes, it is possible but not easy. It has to be a process. I think it comes slowly when students, with the encouragement of teachers, learn to challenge themselves in a stimulating environment. One day they will find themselves actually thinking for themselves. If the teacher praises them for this, it will strengthen the habit. Skimming Browse the passage within 8 minutes to get a rough idea about it.Choose the best answer to the questions on page 4.TaskTask1 Why does the writer believe thinking for oneself is not popular? (a) Because it takes too much time. (b) Because institutions dont like it. (c) Because it doesnt lead to progress. (d) Because only a few people are able to do it. Answer: (b)Skimming2 How often are people interested in what other people think according to the writer? (a) Always. (b) Often. (c) Hardly ever. (d) Never. Answer: (c)Skimming3 Who first made the writer realize that thinking for oneself is important? (a) The manager of an oil company. (b) The writers parents. (c) The writers maths teacher. (d) The writers friend Sarah. Answer: (c)Skimming4 How did the writer feel when she was asked to write “the sum of a number”? (a) Pleased, because it was an easy question to answer. (b) Bored, because she wasnt interested in maths. (c) Worried, because she was the only one who didnt know the answer. (d) Confused, because she didnt understand the question. Answer: (d)Skimming5 What did the writer do in the end? (a) She copied what someone else wrote. (b) She suddenly realized the meaning of the question. (c) She felt too frightened to write an answer. (d) She asked the teacher to explain. Answer: (a)Skimming6 What does the writer think of the maths teacher? (a) She was the best teacher she ever had. (b) She was the worst teacher she ever had. (c) She taught her an important lesson. (d) She valued the intelligence of her pupils. Answer: (c) Think for yourself 1 Thinking for yourself is still a radical act.译文译文DiggingMP32 Thinking for yourself is not a popularactivity, though it should be. Every step ofreal progress in our society has come from it.But in most circles, particularly in places thatshape our lives families, schools and mostworkplaces thinking for yourself is regardedwith suspicion. Some institutions thwart it onpurpose. It can be seen as dangerous.MP3Digging3 I was reminded of this sad fact at a partywhen a fellow guest asked me the subject of a book I was planning to write. I told him that it was about how people can help each other to think for themselves. “Oh dear,” he said, “I dont think much of that; I much prefer people do as theyre told.” I later found out that he is the fourth-generation president of one of the largest oil companies.译文译文MP3Digging4 When was the last organizational vision statement you saw that included the words “ to develop ourselves into a model environment in which everyone at every level can think for themselves”? For that matter, when was the last time somebody asked you, “What do you really think, really?” and then waited for you to answer at length?译文译文MP3Digging5 This dearth should not surprise us. Hardly anyone has been encouraged, much less trained, to think for themselves, and their teachers and parents and bosses werent either. And neither were theirs. (We may have learned to revere thinkers like Socrates, but we also learned that the state poisoned him for thinking for himself: not unmitigated encouragement.)译文译文MP3Digging6 Occasionally, however, we do have a teacher or mentor who truly wants us todevelop our own thinking. They give us glimpses. When I was 13 years old, I wasput into an advanced algebra course. On thefirst day the teacher, who was maligned bystudents as a hard teacher because she triedto get them to think, stood in front of theblackboard and said, “On the paper in frontof you write the sum of a number.”译文译文MP3Digging7 The entire class of 35 pubescent people just stared at her. She repeated the direction, “Write the sum of a number.”译文译文MP3Digging译文译文MP3Digging8 I remember my hand gathering sweat around the pencil. A few heads looked down and their pencils started up. I wondered what in the world they were writing. I saw the girl across the aisle from me lean forward and peer over the shoulder of the boy in front of her who was scribbling something. Then she scratched a figure and immediately covered it with her hand.9 The teacher paced and rubbed the chalk between her fingers. I wondered what she was about to put on the board. I was now the only one not writing. I leaned back and over my left shoulder whispered to my friend, “What is it?”译文译文MP3Digging10 “Seven,” she whispered back.MP3Digging 11 So I wrote “7” on my paper. I kept my head down, hoping I looked busy and confident.MP3MP3Digging12 After the agony among us had become tactile, the teacher asked us for our answers. The number 7 was prevalent. She walked slowly over to the board and wrote: “There is no such thing as the sum of a number.”MP3Digging13 I knew that.14 Why didnt you write it?15 Sarah said it was 7.16 Why did you ask her?17 Because I dont know.18 Thats right. From now on, think for yourself.Digging19 I was too scared around that teacher for the rest of my young life to think very well in her presence. But I took the message with me and gradually examined and valued it. MP3DiggingI dont recommend humiliating people into thinking for themselves as she had. She certainly did not create a Thinking Environment for us. Had she affirmed our intelligence first and spoken about the joy of thinking for ourselves, had she not fanned our fear of her, we would all have learned even more powerfully what it meant to do our thinking. And we might have been able to think well around her too.MP3DiggingMain idea of the text20 But at least she introduced the concept into my academic life.MP31 Thinking for yourself is still a radical act. (Para 1)The word “still” shows the writers impatience after all this time we are still thinking like sheep (盲目从众、没有主见的人) and following what everyone else does or thinks.Difficult sentences Difficult sentences 2 particularly in places that shape our lives families, schools and most workplaces thinking for yourself is regarded with suspicion. (Line 4, Para 2)The idea behind this sentence is that our lives are significantly influenced by places or social institutions like the family, school or workplace. For example, parents tend to make life choices for their children, schools make students wear uniform and obey the teacher, and most companies want their workers to follow regular procedures and not to express their opinions.The writer was shocked that a person in such a senior position should have such an opinion and prefer obedient employees to thoughtful ones.Difficult sentences 3 I later found out that he is the fourth-generation president of one of the largest oil companies. (Line 7, Para 3)The answer expected is that it is very rare for vision statements to say such things, even though the writer thinks it is what every organization should be aiming at.Difficult sentences 4When was the last organizational vision statement you saw that included the words ? 5 (Line 1, Para 4)This is an example of irony: The expression is far too mild; clearly killing someone, ie Socrates, is very powerful discouragement to others who intend to follow him. not unmitigated encouragement: not a completely good encouragementDifficult sentences 5 (We may have learned to revere thinkers like Socrates, but we also learned that the state poisoned him for thinking for himself: not unmitigated encouragement.) (Line 5, Para 5)The rather strange alliterative (头韵的) expression “pubescent people” instead of the more normal “teenagers” adds a touch of humour.Difficult sentences 6 The entire class of 35 pubescent people just stared at her. (Line 1, Para 7)The teacher drew out the event, creating suspense, and at that moment the tension in the classroom could even be touched. This is an exaggeration as agony cannot actually be touched, though sometimes physical symptoms are visible, eg sweating when strained.Difficult sentences 7 After the agony among us had become tactile, (Line 1, Para 12)Note the absence of quotation marks. This dialogue is not between the child and teacher but in the childs head.Difficult sentences 8 I knew that. (Para 13)Unfortunately, the teachers lesson did not really work at the time because her approach made the students so afraid of her that their brains would not work properly in her presence.for the rest of my young life: It refers to the time the writer spent at that school.Difficult sentences 9 I was too scared around that teacher for the rest of my young life to think very well in her presence. (Line 1, Para 19)a Thinking Environment: It is an important concept in Nancy Klines book; it refers to an organizational atmosphere which makes people feel comfortable about thinking about their work and goals.Difficult sentences 10 She certainly did not create a Thinking 11 Environment for us. (Line 6, Para 19)It is a metaphor derived from fanning a fire / flame. The teacher did give them a valuable lesson but its impact was lessened by her also increasing students fear of her.Difficult sentences 11 had she not fanned our fear of her (Line 9, Para 19)radical释义释义a. radical opinions or acts are based on the belief that important political or social changes are necessary 激进的；极端的例句例句His radical ideas are likely to produce fireworks at the meeting. 他的激进思想很可能在会上引起激烈的争论。 翻译翻译Words例句例句翻译翻译I never dared be radical when young for fear it would make me conservative when old. 我年轻时从来不敢激进，因为害怕年老时那会使我保守。particularly释义释义ad. used for emphasizing that something refers especially to one specific person, thing, or situation 尤其例句例句The environment has become a major political issue, particularly in the past decade. 环境保护已成为了一个主要的政治问题，尤其是在过去10年里。 翻译翻译Words真题真题The automobile is losing its emotional appeal, particularly among the young, who prefer to spend their money on the latest electronic devices.(Jun. 2009, CET-4, Vocabulary and structure)suspicion释义释义n. U a feeling that you do not trust someone or something 不信任；猜疑 例句例句Refugees tend to be treated with suspicion. 难民常会遭人猜疑。翻译翻译Words例句例句New people in our town were regarded with suspicion. 我们镇上的人对新来的人存有戒备心。 翻译翻译suspicion释义释义n. C a feeling that someone has done something wrong （对某人做错事的）怀疑，猜疑，疑心例句例句She had a suspicion that Mr Engel was not being completely honest. 她怀疑恩格尔先生没有完全说实话。翻译翻译Words真题真题Imagine that someone in your neighborhood broke the law, and the judge put the whole neighborhood under suspicion. (Dec. 2010, CET-4, Listening Comprehension)例句例句Her suspicions were aroused by the smell of perfume on his clothes. 他衣服上的香水味引起了她的怀疑。 翻译翻译释义释义 例句例句They argue for the reform of existing political institutions.他们认为要改革现有的政治机构。 翻译翻译Wordsn. C a large organization 社会机构，组织institutionAnd in the United States, institutions are helping place students in summer internships (实习) abroad to prepare them for global careers. (Dec. 2007, CET-4, Skimming and Scanning)真题真题 例句例句That is a charitable institution for the education of young children. 那是个从事儿童教育的慈善团体。 翻译翻译subject释义释义n. C an idea, problem, situation etc that you discuss or write about 主题；话题例句例句Hes never mentioned the subject of money. 他从未提到过钱的问题。翻译翻译WordsOn the subject of space walks, for example, audiences vary in their interests and how much complexity they can comprehend. (Dec. 2008, CET-4, Listening Comprehension)真题真题The positive side of Henry Fords statement can be seen in the prosperity that business has brought to U.S. life. (Jun. 2003, CET-4, Reading Comprehension) statement释义释义n. C something you say or write that states a fact or gives information in a formal way 说明；陈述例句例句He refused to make a statement to the press.他拒绝向媒体发表声明。 翻译翻译Words真题真题例句例句A will is a statement of who gets what when you die. 遗嘱就是在你死后关于谁得到什么东西的陈述。 翻译翻译“Welfare was a poison. It was a toxin (毒素) that was poisoning the family,” says Robert Rector, a welfare-reform policy analyst. (Jun. 2000, CET-4, Reading Comprehension) poison释义释义vt. to kill someone or make them very ill by giving them poison 毒杀；毒害 例句例句He was suspected of poisoning his wife. 他有毒死妻子的嫌疑。翻译翻译Words 真题真题 真题真题They (foxes) are officially classified as harmful and farmers try to keep their numbers down by shooting or poisoning them. (Jan. 2002, CET-4, Reading Comprehension) The goal was to let farmers precisely target pesticide (杀虫剂) spraying rather than rain poison on a whole field, which invariably includes plants that dont have pest (害虫) problems. (Jun. 1997, CET-4, Reading Comprehension) poison释义释义n. C, U a substance that can kill you or make you ill if you eat, drink, or breathe it 有毒物；毒药 例句例句Some mushrooms contain poison.有些蘑菇是有毒的。翻译翻译Words 真题真题encouragement释义释义n. C, U words or actions that give someone confidence or hope 鼓励；鼓舞例句例句He received a lot of encouragement from his teacher.老师给了他极大的鼓励。翻译翻译Words 真题真题We expect our pupils to do their best, not their least, and we give them every encouragement to attain this goal. (Jan. 1990, CET-4, Reading Comprehension) 例句例句Mick was always ready to offer advice and encouragement. 迈克总是乐于给别人建议和鼓励。 翻译翻译glimpse释义释义n. C ( of / into) an experience that gives you an idea of what something is like 窥见某物之一斑例句例句翻译翻译WordsThe exhibit gives us a glimpse of what life might be like in the future. 这个展览让我们了解到未来的生活可能是什么样子。 例句例句翻译翻译That smile afforded her a brief glimpse of the other side of Adam. 亚当的微笑让她看到了他的另一面。 glimpse释义释义n. C (of) an occasion when you see someone or something for a moment only 一瞥例句例句翻译翻译WordsSome fans had waited 24 hours outside the hotel to catch a glimpse of the film star. 为了一睹这个电影明星的风采，有些粉丝已经在饭店外等了一天。 A brief glimpse at a daily newspaper vividly shows how much people in the United States think about business. (Jan. 2003, CET-4, Reading comprehension)真题真题例句例句翻译翻译We caught just a glimpse of the sun on the cloudy day.在那个大阴天，太阳只露了一下脸儿。advanced释义释义ad. at a high academic level 高等的；高级的例句例句 翻译翻译 WordsShe taught herself advanced mathematics from textbooks. 她通过教材自学了高等数学。 真题真题Universities are institutions that teach a wind variety of subjects at advanced levels. (Jun. 2008, CET-4, Cloze)例句例句 翻译翻译 The lab has recently been updated to allow for more advanced courses. 实验室最近经过更新，可以上更高级的课程了。advanced释义释义ad. based on the most recent methods or ideas 先进的例句例句 翻译翻译 WordsIm sure that well catch up with the advanced countries within 20 years. 我相信在20年内，我们一定能赶上先进国家。 真题真题We are now witnessing the emergence of an advanced economy based on information and knowledge. (Jun. 2008, CET-4, Listening comprehension)例句例句 翻译翻译 Many are afraid that, without more training or advanced technical skills, theyll lose their jobs. 许多人担心他们会因为缺乏进一步培训或先进的技术而丢掉工作。 lean释义释义vi. (forward / back / towards / across etc) to move your body so it is closer to or further from someone or something 探身；弯腰；屈身例句例句翻译翻译Words西莉亚弯腰捡起铅笔。 Celia leaned forward to pick up her pencil. I had to keep changing the angle every time she leaned over to talk to him, or he leaned over to kiss her. (Jan. 2002, CET-4, Cloze)真题真题例句例句翻译翻译女孩俯身过来想听一听出了什么事。 The girl leaned forward to hear what was going on. lean释义释义vi. (against / on) to stand or be set at an angle against something for support instead of being upright 倾斜；倚靠；斜靠例句例句翻译翻译Words别靠着围栏，那不结实。 Dont lean on the fence. Its not very sturdy. Just lean it against the wall there. Use the ladder again any time. (Jan. 1997, CET-4, Listening Comprehension)真题真题例句例句翻译翻译他手里拿着一杯饮料，靠在酒吧柜台上。 He was leaning on the bar with a drink in his hand. peer释义释义vi. to look very carefully, especially because something is difficult to see 仔细看；（尤指）费力地看翻译翻译Words她凝视着报纸上的那张小照片。She peered at the tiny picture in the newspaper.He peered at the computer screen, wondering what his programming mistake was.真题真题例句例句例句例句翻译翻译他盯着计算机屏幕，不知道程序哪儿出错了。scratch释义释义vt. (infml) to write something very quickly and carelessly 仓促写下例句例句翻译翻译Words他仓促地写了封短信给妻子。He scratched a few lines to his wife. 例句例句翻译翻译He scratched notes on a pad when the professor lectured.听教授讲课的时候，他迅速地在便签纸上记着笔记。 scratch释义释义v. to pull your nails along your skin, especially because you have an itch that makes you want to do this （尤指因皮肤发痒）抓，挠例句例句翻译翻译Words你能帮我挠挠背么？Could you please scratch my back for me?例句例句翻译翻译He scratched his arm on a rose thorn.他的胳膊被玫瑰刺划伤了。pace释义释义v. to walk with regular steps around a small area, because you are worried, nervous, or impatient （因担忧、紧张或不耐烦而）踱步，踱步于例句例句翻译翻译Words老虎在笼子里踱来踱去。The tiger was pacing the floor of its cage.例句例句翻译翻译When I get nervous I start pacing back and forth. 我一紧张就要来回走动。 rub释义释义v. to press and move your hands or an object over a surface 擦；磨擦例句例句翻译翻译Words搓搓手会让你暖和些。 Rub your hands togetherit will help you to stay warm.The player proceeded to rub his gloves across his wet T-shirt and then exclaimed. “Are they wet enough now?” (Jan. 2005, CET-4, Reading Comprehension)真题真题例句例句翻译翻译我们尝试用两块木头相互摩擦来生火。 We tried to make a fire by rubbing two sticks together. agony释义释义n. C, U a strong and unpleasant feeling, especially great worry or sadness 痛苦；煎熬例句例句翻译翻译Words她不得不经受离开孩子的痛苦。 She had to go through the agony of leaving her children. They went through agony in the search for their missing relatives. 例句例句翻译翻译他们在寻找失散亲人的过程中经历了极大的痛苦。 agony释义释义n. C, U great pain 剧痛例句例句翻译翻译Words拔智齿很痛。 It was agony having my wisdom teeth out. They sat and listened as she called out in agony. 例句例句翻译翻译他们坐在那里听着她发出痛苦的喊叫。 presence释义释义n. U (in sbs ; in the presence of sb) in the same place as someone 有某人在场；有某人出席例句例句翻译翻译Words当着全班同学的面，那男孩受到了惩罚。The boy was punished in the presence of all his classmates.真题真题A graduated license requires that a teenager first prove himself capable of driving in the presence of an adult, followed by a period of driving with night of passenger restrictions, before graduating to full driving privileges. (Sep. 2003, CET-4, Reading Comprehension)presence释义释义n. U the existence of someone or something in a particular place 存在；在场例句例句翻译翻译Words那年轻人清楚地知道她当时就在聚会现场。 The young man had been well aware of her presence at the party. 真题真题Their presence on campus helps break some long believes about aging. (Jan. 1999, CET-4, Listening Comprehension)例句例句翻译翻译他们认为他在村里出现只会招惹麻烦。 They argued that his presence in the village could only stir up trouble.fan释义释义vt. (fml) to make a feeling or belief stronger 煽动；激发例句例句翻译翻译Words这个故事煽动了选民的情绪。The story fanned the emotions of the voters. Comments like that will only fan the flames of distrust and fear.例句例句翻译翻译像那样的评论只会激起怀疑和恐惧。 powerful释义释义 a. with a lot of physical force 有力的例句例句翻译翻译Words要做到这一点，你需要有发达的肌肉。 You need powerful muscles for this. Some people doubted that the secret of making atomic bombs could be kept from other countries. Some even doubted the wisdom of using so powerful a weapon. (Jun. 1990, CET-4, Reading comprehension)真题真题例句例句翻译翻译他以一记重重的左勾拳打在对手的下巴上。 He landed a powerful left hook on rivals chin. powerful释义释义a. able to influence or control what people do or think 有影响力的；能控制他人的例句例句翻译翻译Words该电影将图像和语言很有感染力地融在一起。The film uses a powerful blend of images and words. 例句例句翻译翻译我们生活在一个传媒影响力巨大的社会中。 We live in a society where the media are extremely powerful. concept释义释义n. C an idea of something that exists 概念例句例句翻译翻译Words第一章介绍管理的基本概念。The first chapter introduces the basic concepts of management. And by focusing attention on healthy ways of living, the concept of wellness can have a beneficial impact on the ways in which people face the challenges of daily life. (Dec. 2006, CET-4, Reading comprehension)例句例句翻译翻译她补充说在西方，大家对包办婚姻的概念有些误解。 She added that the concept of arranged marriages is misunderstood in the west. think for yourself 释义释义to consider facts and make decisions, instead ofdepending on someone elses judgment 独立思考It could be that Platos deliberately putting mistakes in earlier arguments so as to encourage you to think for yourself.有可能是柏拉图有意的，在早期理论中犯下一些错误，从而鼓励你们去独立思考。Phrases例句例句翻译翻译例句例句翻译翻译TextDont let him take away your freedom to think for yourself.别让他夺去你独立思考的自由。释义释义例句例句翻译翻译他故意制造事端。He created disturbances on purpose.on purposedeliberately 故意地Phrases例句例句翻译翻译Was it a mistake or did you kick him on purpose? 你踢他是由于失误还是故意的？ 释义释义例句例句翻译翻译他们觉得这计划不怎么样。They did not think much of the plan.not think much ofto not like someone or something very much 不大喜欢Phrases例句例句翻译翻译I do not think much of being an office worker, do you?我觉得当一名办公室人员没多大意思，你呢？(mainly spoken) used for emphasizing that something else is also true 而且（用于强调其他事情也是真的）释义释义例句例句翻译翻译我不知道，而且我也不想知道。I dont know, and for that matter, I dont care.for that matterPhrases例句例句翻译翻译Your mother would never allow it, and for that matter, neither would I.你母亲决不会允许，我也不会。for a long time and with a lot of detail 详尽地；啰嗦地释义释义例句例句翻译翻译他们详细地讨论了这问题。They discussed the problem at length.at (great / some) lengthPhrases例句例句翻译翻译He talked at length about his work.他详细地谈了他的工作。if an engine, car etc starts up, or you start it up, it begins to work 启动，发动释义释义例句例句翻译翻译当系统启动时，电源指示灯就会闪红光和绿光。 The power light flashes red and green as the system start up. start upPhrases例句例句翻译翻译The motor is allowed to start up only when the water cooling tank has been full of water. 电动机只有在冷却水箱中充满水后才允许启动。 used for adding emphasis to a question, especially because you are surprised or angry 究竟，到底（在疑问句里表示强调）释义释义例句例句翻译翻译究竟是什么事情让你的母亲这么生气？What happened in the world that made your mother so angry?in the worldPhrases例句例句翻译翻译So the only real question remaining is where in the world is Jane?所以现在剩下的真正的问题是，简现在到底在哪里呢？to be going to happen or do something very soon 即将做某事；正要发生某事释义释义例句例句翻译翻译演出就要开始了。 The show was about to begin. be about to do sthPhrases例句例句翻译翻译 He was just about to dive when he saw the shark. 他正要扎进水里时看见了鲨鱼。 starting from the present time 从现在起；从今以后释义释义例句例句翻译翻译你从现在起可以独立工作了。From now on you can work on your own.from now onPhrases例句例句翻译翻译From now on, Ill say a line, and all you have to do is repeat it exactly.现在开始，我一句句说，你只要逐句重复就行了。used when mentioning an advantage that exists despite the problem or disadvantage you have just mentioned 至少；起码释义释义例句例句翻译翻译今天参加大会的至少有3000人。At least three thousand people attended the meeting today.at leastPhrases例句例句翻译翻译The task under consideration requires at least eight workers.这项任务至少需要八个人去完成。Culture pointsIt is a short piece of writing that describes what an organization wants to be, or how it wants the world in which it operates to be in the future. It is meant to inspire members of the organization.vision statement(愿景宣言愿景宣言)Culture pointsHe (469399BC) was a Greek philosopher who lived in the fifth century BC. He was charged with giving the young people of Athens bad ideas and put to death. His ideas were recorded in The Dialogues of Plato and have had a major influence on Western thought.Socrates(苏格拉底苏格拉底)独立思考独立思考 直到现在，独立思考仍然是一种激进的行为。直到现在，独立思考仍然是一种激进的行为。Translation原文原文 独独立立思思考考本本应应该该是是一一种种普普遍遍的的行行为为，但但事事实实并并非非如如此此。我我们们社社会会的的每每一一次次重重大大进进步步都都源源于于独独立立思思考考。然然而而，在在大大多多数数圈圈子子里里，尤尤其其是是在在我我们们生生活活中中的的重重要要场场所所如如家家庭庭、学学校校以以及及大大部部分分工工作作场场所所独独立立思思考考受受到到人人们们的的质质疑疑。有有些些机机构构甚甚至至故故意意压压制制独独立立思思考考，把把它它视视作危险行为。作危险行为。Translation 在在一一次次晚晚会会上上，有有一一位位客客人人问问起起我我酝酝酿酿中中的的一一本本书书的的主主题题，他他让让我我想想起起了了这这个个令令人人悲悲哀哀的的事事实实。我我告告诉诉他他这这本本书书是是关关于于人人们们如如何何相相互互帮帮助助，培培养养独独立立思思考考能能力力的的。“啊啊，天天哪哪！”他他说说，“我我觉觉得得这这个个主主题题不不怎怎么么好好，我我更更希希望望人人们们按按指指令令行行事事。”后后来来我我才才发发现现他他是是一一家家大大公公司司的的第第四四代代掌掌门门人人，而而这这家家公公司司是是世世界界上上最最大的石油公司之一。大的石油公司之一。Translation原文原文 “要要把把我我们们公公司司发发展展成成一一个个典典范范的的工工作作环环境境，其其中中各各层层次次的的人人都都能能够够独独立立思思考考。”你你最最后后一一次次看看到到包包含含上上述述字字眼眼的的机机构构愿愿景景陈陈述述是是在在什什么么时时候候？而而且且，最最后后一一次次有有人人问问你你：“你你能能说说说说真真心心话话吗吗？真真心心话话！”，然然后后等等着着你你最最终终给给出出充充分的答案，那又是在什么时候？分的答案，那又是在什么时候？Translation原文原文 我们对于缺乏独立思考已习以为常了。很我们对于缺乏独立思考已习以为常了。很少有人受到鼓励进行独立思考，更别提接受相少有人受到鼓励进行独立思考，更别提接受相关的训练，就连他们的老师、父母和老板也是关的训练，就连他们的老师、父母和老板也是如此。而且他们的老师、父母和老板也是如此。如此。而且他们的老师、父母和老板也是如此。（我们也许已经知道要尊敬像苏格拉底这样的（我们也许已经知道要尊敬像苏格拉底这样的思想家，但同时我们也知道，他正是因为独立思想家，但同时我们也知道，他正是因为独立思考而被雅典城判处死刑，服毒而亡思考而被雅典城判处死刑，服毒而亡这绝这绝非是对独立思考完完全全的鼓励。）非是对独立思考完完全全的鼓励。）Translation原文原文 可可是是，偶偶尔尔我我们们确确实实能能遇遇到到一一位位真真心心想想让让我我们们发发展展独独立立思思考考能能力力的的人人。他他们们让让我我们们对对独独立立思思考考的的重重要要性性有有了了浅浅略略的的认认识识。我我13 13 岁岁时时被被安安排排学学习习一一门门高高等等代代数数课课程程。这这门门课课的的老老师师曾曾因因迫迫使使学学生生思思考考而而遭遭到到学学生生的的中中伤伤。上上第第一一节节课课时时，她她站站在在黑黑板板前前说说道道：“在在你你们面前的纸上写出一个数字之和。们面前的纸上写出一个数字之和。”Translation原文原文 全全班班3535个个少少男男少少女女都都愣愣愣愣地地看看着着她她。她她把把要求又重复了一遍：要求又重复了一遍：“写出一个数字之和。写出一个数字之和。”Translation原文原文 我记得当时握铅笔的手都攥出了汗。有几我记得当时握铅笔的手都攥出了汗。有几个人把头低下，动笔写起来。我纳闷他们究竟个人把头低下，动笔写起来。我纳闷他们究竟在写些什么。我看见跟我隔着过道的那个女同在写些什么。我看见跟我隔着过道的那个女同学向前探了一下身子，从前座男生的肩膀上方学向前探了一下身子，从前座男生的肩膀上方偷窥他正在草草写些什么。然后她飞快地写了偷窥他正在草草写些什么。然后她飞快地写了个数字，随即用手盖住了。个数字，随即用手盖住了。Translation原文原文 老师来回踱着步，手指搓弄着粉笔。我不老师来回踱着步，手指搓弄着粉笔。我不知道她会在黑板上写出什么。我是唯一一个没知道她会在黑板上写出什么。我是唯一一个没有在写的。我把身子往后一靠，向左侧过脸，有在写的。我把身子往后一靠，向左侧过脸，悄声问我的朋友：悄声问我的朋友：“答案是什么？答案是什么？”Translation原文原文“7 7，”她小声回答道。她小声回答道。Translation 于于是是我我在在纸纸上上写写了了个个“7”7”。我我一一直直低低着着头头，想让自己看起来正忙于做题，而且充满信心。想让自己看起来正忙于做题，而且充满信心。Translation 在在觉觉察察出出我我们们的的不不安安和和煎煎熬熬后后，老老师师问问我我们们答答案案是是什什么么。大大部部分分人人都都回回答答说说“7”7”。她她缓缓缓缓地地走走到到黑黑板板前前，写写道道：“根根本本就就不不存存在在一一个数字之和。个数字之和。”Translation这我是知道的。这我是知道的。那你为什么没有这样写呢？那你为什么没有这样写呢？萨拉说是萨拉说是“7”7”。那你为什么要问她？那你为什么要问她？因为因为我不知道。我不知道。这就对了。从现在开始，要独立思考。这就对了。从现在开始，要独立思考。Translation 在在后后来来的的青青春春岁岁月月里里，我我一一见见到到这这位位老老师师就就害害怕怕，只只要要她她一一出出现现，我我就就无无法法好好好好思思考考。然然而而，我我记记住住了了她她的的教教诲诲，而而且且渐渐渐渐地地开开始始审审视它、珍惜它。视它、珍惜它。Translation 我我并并不不认认同同像像她她那那样样以以羞羞辱辱人人的的方方式式让让大大家家独独立立思思考考。当当然然，她她也也没没有有为为我我们们营营造造一一个个思思考考的的环环境境。如如果果她她能能首首先先肯肯定定我我们们的的聪聪明明才才智智，跟跟我我们们谈谈谈谈独独立立思思考考的的乐乐趣趣，如如果果她她没没有有激激起起我我们们对对她她的的畏畏惧惧，我我们们就就可可以以更更深深切切地地体体会会到到独独立立思思考考的的意意义义。而而且且有有她她在在场场时时，我我们们也能好好思考。也能好好思考。Translation 不不过过，至至少少她她把把独独立立思思考考的的理理念念引引入入了了我我的学习生活。的学习生活。TranslationMain idea of the passageThere is not enough encouragement of independent thinking. Too much education merely tells us what to think instead of thinking for ourselves. A story then follows to show this point. It illustrates how one teacher rather cruelly showed her class they were not thinking for themselves by making them look stupid.DiggingTextWork in pairs. Look at the sentences from the passage and answer the questions.InterpretingUnderstanding writers attitude A writer can use a variety of techniques to reveal their attitude towards the facts theyre describing. These techniques include an “after-thought” following what appears to be a fact, an adjective before the fact, words like really which question or stress the real truth behind a fact, and exaggeration or humour. Interpreting1 Thinking for yourself is not a popular activity, though it should be. Whose opinion does “though it should be” refer to? It refers to the writers opinion.2 I was reminded of this sad fact at a party when a fellow guest asked me the subject of a book I was planning to write.InterpretingWhat is the “sad fact”? What does this choice of word tell us about the writers opinion?The “sad fact” refers to the fact that thinking foryourself can be seen as suspicious or dangerous. It shows the writer is unhappy about this and thinks it is wrong.3 For that matter, when was the last time somebody asked you, “What do you really think, really?” and then waited for you to answer at length? What answer does the writer expect to this question?InterpretingThe writer expects an answer like “I cant remember”, “many years ago”, “it hardly ever happens” etc; in a word, a negative answer.4 I remember my hand gathering sweat around the pencil. How do you think the writer was feeling at this moment? The writer was feeling tense, nervous and frightened.InterpretingWork in pairs and discuss the questions in Activity 7 on page 6.1. What are the advantages of thinking for yourself ?control our livesavoid misinformationCritical ThinkingWord tips: accept new ideasExample answer There are many people with a desire to control us for their own benefit. For example, if we allow advertisers to tell us what to think, we may buy some very substandard (次等的) products; the Internet contains a lot of misinformation and we need to be able to assess it. It makes sense for us to make our own decisions about our lives. If we have come to a conclusion ourselves, we will have stronger belief in it and commitment to it. This can make us do it better. As change is constant now, we need to be adaptable and be able to accept new ideas and approaches without problems. Critical Thinking2. Do you agree that many people dont know how to think for themselves? Why / Why not?culture-boundnot encouragedpros:organized efficientCritical ThinkingWord tips: cons:dull copycat This depends on the cultures they belong to. In some cultures people are not encouraged to think for themselves. They are expected to follow leaders or famous people. This has both advantages and disadvantages. One advantage is that people may be guided to things in an efficient way, not wasting time and energy, but getting on with the work. A disadvantage is that the work produced may be very dull and merely a copy of other peoples. Also people may not know what to do when an unexpected problem occurs. Some sort of balance is necessary between total independence of thought and social harmony.Critical ThinkingExample answer3. Do you agree that thinking for yourself can be dangerous? Why / Why not?inexperiencedfoolish ideas caught in troubleCritical ThinkingWord tips: various opinionsdebate chaosdivergencebias punishmentYes, it can be dangerous on some occasions, eg:If you are not experienced, well-informed or intelligent enough, you might come up with some foolish ideas. Not many of us are geniuses, so completely following our own thoughts is likely to get us in trouble.If there are too many opinions, movement forwards may become impossible. At the very least, a lot of discussion and debate will have to take place on almost everything. Chaos might arise.It might be dangerous in the sense that in some regions, the religious or political authorities may take action against the views they disapprove of.Critical ThinkingExample answer4. Do you think that the writers teacher was a good teacher? Why / Why not?intellectual approachcommunication methodlearning environmentCritical ThinkingWord tips: Critical ThinkingExample answer The teacher had the right intellectual approach, but did not know how to handle young people. By humiliating the students and making them nervous of her she prevents them enjoying the subject and feeling secure in the lessons. Traditionally, teachers have been stern and harsh with their students, but educational psychologists believe a supportive learning environment is the best for learning. Despite the writers criticism, she did learn a lot from the teacher. Perhaps she would never have had the career she has or written her book on thinking independently without the help of that teacher. affirm agony glimpse institution lean pace peer poison rub scratchUnfamiliar WordsReplace the underlined words with the correct form of the words in the box. You may need to make other changes.1 I moved my body forwards so that I could get a quick look at what was written in the book. leant / leaneda glimpse ofUnfamiliar Words2 Our college has publicly stated that it will help students with financial problems. 3 Waiting for the results of the exams was not pleasant it was a feeling of great worry. affirmed affirm agony glimpse institution lean pace peer poison rub scratchan agony.Unfamiliar Words4 I looked carefully at the letter but I couldnt read the name at the bottom. 5 In the next room a woman was walking up and down the room.peered affirm agony glimpse institution lean pace peer poison rub scratchpacingUnfamiliar Words6 I could hear the dog moving its claws against the door, trying to get out. 7 The university is one of the most famous large organizations in the country.scratching at affirm agony glimpse institution lean pace peer poison rub scratchinstitutionsUnfamiliar Words8 The king died after he was made to eat or drink a substance that could kill him. 9 She woke up and pressed and moved her hands over her eyes, still feeling sleepy. rubbedpoisoned affirm agony glimpse institution lean pace peer poison rub scratchComplete the paragraph with the correct formof the words in the box.advanced concept particularly powerful presence radical suspicion Unfamiliar WordsChildren learn from their teachers, but they learn from other children too. This (1) _ has been proved in a lot of research, (2) _ with young children. When they find themselves in the (3) _ of other children, the desire to imitate them is a(n) (4) _ aid to learning. conceptparticularlypresencepowerfuladvanced concept particularly powerful presence radical suspicion Unfamiliar WordsAdults may lose their motivation, but not children! But real progress comes when children learn tothink for themselves and that, as we all know now, is a(n) (5) _ skill. It may sound (6) _ and we may view it with (7) _, but its an important skill to learn.advancedradicalsuspicionUnfamiliar WordsAnswer the questions about the words.1 If you thwart something, do you (a) make it happen, or (b) stop it from happening?2 If you revere someone, do you think they are (a) very old, or (b) very wise?Answer: bAnswer: bUnfamiliar Words3 If you malign another person, do you say (a) nice things, or (b) bad things about them?4 Is an aisle (a) a narrow area between rows of seats, or (b) an area at the front of a classroom?Answer: bAnswer: aUnfamiliar Words5 If you scribble something, do you write it (a) very quickly, or (b) very clearly and carefully?6 If you humiliate another person, do you make them feel (a) bad, or (b) good about themselves?Answer: aAnswer: aimpersonal structures withthe passive voiceLanguage in UseLook at the sentences.People regard thinking for yourself with suspicion. They see it as dangerous.We can rewrite them like this:Thinking for yourself is regarded with suspicion. It can be seen as dangerous.impersonal structures withthe passive voice We can use the passive voice when we do not know who the subject of the action is, or when the subject is vague or general (such as people). It is common in phrases which express widely-held beliefs (It is thought / believed / said that). These structures are more formal than the equivalent structures in the active voice.Language in UseLanguage in UseNow rewrite the sentences using impersonal structures with the passive voice.1 Some people consider asking too many questions to be rude. Answer: Asking too many questions is considered rude.2 They view a relaxed attitude to learning with suspicion. Answer: A relaxed attitude to learning is viewed with suspicion.3 People believe that our university dates back to the tenth century. Answer: Our university is believed to date back to the tenth century.Language in Use4 Most people consider this library to be the oldest in the country. Answer: This library is generally considered (to be) the oldest in the country.5 Many people think Imperial College London is the best place to study sciences. Answer: Imperial College London is thought by many to be the best place to study sciences.6 They say my old school has the best teachers. Answer: My old school is said to have the best teachers.Had + subject inversionLanguage in UseLook at the sentence.If she had affirmed our intelligence first, wewould all have learned even more powerfully.We can rewrite it like this:Had she affirmed our intelligence first, we wouldall have learned even more powerfully.Had + subject inversionLanguage in UseWe can use a clause beginning with the inversion had + subject as an alternative to the if clause in a conditional sentence. Its more formal than the if clause, and is not as common.Language in UseNow complete the sentences about yourself using Had + subject inversion.1 I would have enjoyed myself more _. 2 _, I would have made different plans for the weekend.had I gone with a group of friendsHad I known how cold it was going to be3 I wouldnt have worked so hard _. 4 _, I would have gone to a different college. had I known how easy the examination would beHad I known about the pollution hereneither + inversionLanguage in UseLook at the sentences.Hardly anyone has been encouraged to think for themselves, and their teachers and parents and bosses werent either. And the same is true of theirs.We can rewrite them like this:Hardly anyone has been encouraged to think forthemselves, and their teachers and parents andbosses werent either. And neither were theirs.Language in UseNow complete the sentences with your own ideas using neither + inversion.1 My friends werent told about the change of the timetable, and _.2 Xiao Ming doesnt feel ready to do the work yet, and _.3 They dont understand how to solve the problem, and _. neither was Ineither do Ineither do weLanguage in Use4 Josh wont be able to get there early, and _.5 Melanie never really spoke to me about the course, and _.6 I dont feel like doing anything more tonight, and _.neither will any of usneither did the teacherneither do my family1 I dont think much of that 2 I much prefer people do as theyre told. 3 Hardly anyone has been encouraged, much less trained, to think for themselves (a) used to say that something is even less true (b) used after “I dont think” to indicate an opinion (c) used before a verb expressing a preferenceAnswer: 1 (b) 2 (c) 3 (a)muchMatch the sentences with the uses of much.Language in Use1 I didnt think that lesson was very good. Answer: I didnt think much of that lesson.2 None of us like the timetable weve been given for this term. Answer: None of us thinks much of the timetable weve been given for this term.Rewrite the sentences using not think much of.Language in Use3 Im afraid Ive got a lot of doubts about what hes written. Answer: Im afraid I dont think much of what hes written.4 Our professor is always criticizing this book. Answer: Our professor doesnt think much of this book.5 I dont like the theme of this weeks essay. Answer: I dont think much of the theme of this weeks essay.Language in Use1 I _ than in my room.2 Lily _ her friend than go there on her own.3 Personally I _ to playing basketball.Complete the sentences with your own ideas using much prefer.Language in Usemuch prefer working in the librarymuch prefers to go withmuch prefer shopping4 Some people _ than spend a lot of time reading.5 I _ teachers _ than send me an email.Language in Usemuch prefer to gossip in their dormmuch preferto speak to me personally1 I cant even say two words of Chinese, so I definitely cant speak the language. Answer: I cant even say two words of Chinese, much less speak the language.2 Basic study skills are not taught here, and certainly not practised. Answer: Basic study skills are not taught here, much less practised.Rewrite the sentences using much less.Language in Use3 Nobody has even started the essay, let alone finished it. Answer: Nobody has even started the essay, much less finished it.4 Nobody even heard what the lecturer said, and so of course they didnt understand him. Answer: Nobody even heard what the lecturer said, much less understood him.5 I havent even got a PC in my room, so I obviously havent got an Internet connection. Answer: I havent even got a PC in my room, much less an Internet connection.Language in Use Translate the sentences into Chinese.1 But in most circles, particularly in places that shape our lives families, schools and most workplaces thinking for yourself is regarded with suspicion.然而，在大多数圈子里，尤其是在我们生活中的重然而，在大多数圈子里，尤其是在我们生活中的重要场所要场所如家庭、学校以及大部分工作场所如家庭、学校以及大部分工作场所独立思考受到人们的质疑。独立思考受到人们的质疑。Language in Use2 Hardly anyone has been encouraged, much less trained, to think for themselves, and their teachers and parents and bosses werent either.很少有人受到鼓励进行独立思考，更别提接受相关的训很少有人受到鼓励进行独立思考，更别提接受相关的训练，就连他们的老师、父母和老板也是如此。练，就连他们的老师、父母和老板也是如此。Language in Use3 I saw the girl across the aisle from me lean forward and peer over the shoulder of the boy in front of her who was scribbling something.我看见跟我隔着过道的那个女同学向前探了一下身子，我看见跟我隔着过道的那个女同学向前探了一下身子，从前座男生的肩膀上方偷窥他正在草草写些什么。从前座男生的肩膀上方偷窥他正在草草写些什么。Language in Use4 I was too scared around that teacher for the rest of my young life to think very well in her presence.在后来的青春岁月里，我一见到这位老师就害怕，只要她在后来的青春岁月里，我一见到这位老师就害怕，只要她一出现，我就无法好好思考。一出现，我就无法好好思考。Language in Use5 Had she affirmed our intelligence first and spoken about the joy of thinking for ourselves, had she not fanned our fear of her, we would all have learned even more powerfully what it meant to do our thinking.如果她能首先肯定我们的聪明才智，跟我们谈谈独立思如果她能首先肯定我们的聪明才智，跟我们谈谈独立思考的乐趣，如果她没有激起我们对她的畏惧，我们就可考的乐趣，如果她没有激起我们对她的畏惧，我们就可以更深切地体会到独立思考的意义。以更深切地体会到独立思考的意义。Language in Use Translate the sentences into English.1 独立思考能力是大学生必备的素质之一。(think for yourself; quality)The ability to think for yourself is one of the qualities that college students must have.2 虽然大家对这部电影好评如潮，我却不怎么喜欢这部电影。(despite; not think much of)Despite all the good comments the film received, I didnt think much of it.Language in Use3 有陌生人或外国人在场时，她总是不愿意说话。(in the presence of sb; reluctant)In the presence of strangers or foreigners she is always reluctant to talk.4 正要离开书店时，他发现了自己一直在寻找的一本书。(be about to do sth)He was about to leave the bookshop when he found a book that he had been looking for.Language in Use5 会上，大家对如何提高学生的阅读技能进行了更详细的探讨。(at length)How to improve students reading skills was discussed at greater length at the meeting. Look at the chart and choose the thinking style which best matches you.Talking Point In the past there used to be IQ (Intelligence Quotient) tests, which were meant to measure your intelligence. They mostly tested your linguistic and mathematical skills. IQ tests still exist, but today psychologists think that people think in different ways, and there may be as many as seven different “thinking styles”. Here are some of the statements they ask people to choose to describe themselves.Talking PointI am good with numbers, logic, and like to find the answers to problems using reason. I often think in terms of movements, and use my body and hands to express myself.I spend a lot of time trying to understand other people.I like to think in pictures, and can develop mental models of the physical world.I like to think in words, and use language to express complex ideas.I tend to think in sounds, and feel a strong connection between music and emotions.I like to understand the natural world, and am good at communicating with animals. Work in pairs. Talk about some famous people you know and decide which their main thinking styles are.Talking Point