目标化镇静和体温管理与脑保护目标化镇静和体温管理与脑保护关于地震和海啸的联想原发损伤原发损伤继发损伤继发损伤灌注障碍灌注障碍利用障碍利用障碍让时间凝固，将整个城市催眠让时间凝固，将整个城市催眠Pharmacology & Therapeutics 105 (2005) 2356脑损伤的原发和继发机制脑损伤的原发和继发机制Primary Injury & Neurosurgery脑复苏脑复苏Cerebral resuscitationCerebral resuscitationCHINA International Neuroscience Institute ICU治疗原发疾病：包括中枢神经系统血管病；创伤和肿瘤等。Situations where primary brain insult occurs.防治继发脑损伤：实质上是防治减少细胞灌注的各种因素，包括：低氧血症；低氧血症；低血压，脑水肿，细胞内改变，代谢，低血压，脑水肿，细胞内改变，代谢，还有保护脑血管自动调节功能，血脑屏还有保护脑血管自动调节功能，血脑屏障等。障等。Management directed towards prevention of secondary brain insult multiple insults all end up in reduced cellular perfusion：hypoxia，hypotension，cerebral oedema，intracellular changes，metabolic如何防治继发脑损伤如何防治继发脑损伤? ?继发脑损伤形成的机制继发脑损伤形成的机制仅仅是仅仅是“缺血缺氧性脑病缺血缺氧性脑病”吗？吗？CHINA International Neuroscience Institute ICU原发损伤：原发损伤：物理损伤：外伤，血肿，脑疝，手术创伤等。物理损伤：外伤，血肿，脑疝，手术创伤等。继发损伤：继发损伤：缺乏足够的缺乏足够的血供血供：动脉低血压，血管梗阻，高：动脉低血压，血管梗阻，高CVPCVP或或ICPICP或组织压，微循环障碍等。或组织压，微循环障碍等。血供血供质量差：低氧血症（充血），高血糖，低血糖，质量差：低氧血症（充血），高血糖，低血糖，内环境紊乱，不良代谢产物等。内环境紊乱，不良代谢产物等。脑组织脑组织充血充血和再灌注损伤：过高的脑灌注压（不仅仅和再灌注损伤：过高的脑灌注压（不仅仅是高血压脑病），尤其是脑血管自动调节功能受损时。是高血压脑病），尤其是脑血管自动调节功能受损时。代谢需求过高（相对于代谢需求过高（相对于血供血供）：高热，癫痫，兴奋性）：高热，癫痫，兴奋性神经递质增加等。神经递质增加等。继发脑损伤形成的过程继发脑损伤形成的过程 就就是是不同程度的脑灌注与脑代谢失衡的过程不同程度的脑灌注与脑代谢失衡的过程继发脑损伤防治的过程继发脑损伤防治的过程 就是就是不断寻找脑灌注与脑代谢平衡点的过程。不断寻找脑灌注与脑代谢平衡点的过程。继发脑损伤的防治继发脑损伤的防治CHINA International Neuroscience Institute ICU如何寻找脑灌注与代谢的平衡点？如何寻找脑灌注与代谢的平衡点？如何达到脑灌注与代谢的平衡点？如何达到脑灌注与代谢的平衡点？如何维持脑灌注和代谢的平衡？如何维持脑灌注和代谢的平衡？继发脑损伤的防治继发脑损伤的防治CHINA International Neuroscience Institute ICU如何寻找脑灌注与代谢的平衡点？如何寻找脑灌注与代谢的平衡点？如何达到脑灌注与代谢的平衡点？如何达到脑灌注与代谢的平衡点？如何维持脑灌注和代谢的平衡？如何维持脑灌注和代谢的平衡？CHINA International Neuroscience Institute ICU脑脑 自身如何实现灌注与代谢匹配自身如何实现灌注与代谢匹配？脑血管自动调节功能（脑血管自动调节功能（CACA）: :脑自我保护功能脑自我保护功能血脑屏障血脑屏障( (BBBBBB) )：脑自我保护功能：脑自我保护功能脑血流量：占心输出量（脑血流量：占心输出量（COCO）的）的15-20%15-20%；供能供能；散热散热。脑代谢：体重的脑代谢：体重的2%2%，消耗，消耗 20%20%氧；氧；60%ATP 60%ATP ；循环停止；循环停止1010秒就出现意识障碍，秒就出现意识障碍，5-65-6分钟神经损伤不可逆。分钟神经损伤不可逆。基本无基本无储备储备。大脑是需求最苛刻的器官吗？大脑是需求最苛刻的器官吗？CHINA International Neuroscience Institute ICU 脑的自我保护功能：脑血管自主调节脑的自我保护功能：脑血管自主调节功能（功能（CACA）本质是：脑根据代谢需求调节脑血管舒缩调节脑血流量。本质是：脑根据代谢需求调节脑血管舒缩调节脑血流量。评估治疗监测脑血管自主调节功能的各个机制是相互独立的。脑血管自主调节功能的各个机制是相互独立的。CACA对于保证颅腔内容积稳定至关重要。对于保证颅腔内容积稳定至关重要。理解理解CACA：CA CA 与与 BpBp注意CA是肌源性的。通过调节血管直径改变脑血管阻力。寻找适当的脑灌注：滴定治疗寻找适当的脑灌注：滴定治疗 脑血管自主调节功能受损或丧失的情况下，CPP与CBF，CBV和ICP呈正比。此种状况下，适当的脑灌注压选择变得异常重要；不适当的灌注压会造成不适当的脑灌注，不适当的灌注压会造成不适当的脑灌注，意味着脑缺血或充血。灌注压过高或过低对患者都会造成损害意味着脑缺血或充血。灌注压过高或过低对患者都会造成损害。77. J. H. van Blankenstein, et al. Effect of arterial blood pressure and ventilation gases on cardiac 7. J. H. van Blankenstein, et al. Effect of arterial blood pressure and ventilation gases on cardiac depression induced by coronary air embolism. J Appl Physiol,1994; 77: 1896 - 1902depression induced by coronary air embolism. J Appl Physiol,1994; 77: 1896 - 1902.CHINA International Neuroscience Institute ICU 脑的自我保护功能：血脑屏障脑的自我保护功能：血脑屏障（BBBBBB）评估治疗监测本质是为了保持中枢神经系统内环境的稳定。本质是为了保持中枢神经系统内环境的稳定。继发脑损伤的防治继发脑损伤的防治CHINA International Neuroscience Institute ICU如何寻找脑灌注与代谢的平衡点？如何寻找脑灌注与代谢的平衡点？找不到的！要保护脑，先保护血管！保护和恢复脑血管自动调节功能保护和恢复血脑屏障功能保持内环境良好且稳定动态连续评估脑代谢状况和底物供应状况继发脑损伤的防治继发脑损伤的防治CHINA International Neuroscience Institute ICU如何寻找脑灌注与代谢的平衡点？如何寻找脑灌注与代谢的平衡点？如何达到脑灌注与代谢的平衡点？如何达到脑灌注与代谢的平衡点？如何维持脑灌注和代谢的平衡？如何维持脑灌注和代谢的平衡？脑保护和脑复苏脑保护和脑复苏先保护、再复苏：保护脑血管自动调节功能保护血脑屏障功能保护脑组织增加灌注并且降低代谢评估治疗监测脑保护和脑复苏脑保护和脑复苏先保护、再复苏：保护保护脑血管自动调节功能保护保护血脑屏障功能保护保护脑组织增加灌注并且降低代谢评估治疗监测脑保护和脑复苏脑保护和脑复苏脑保护策略：避免损害脑血管自动调节功能的因素：稳定血压，降低灌注压力、稳定内环境（PCO2等）避免损伤血脑屏障的因素：如甘露醇保护脑组织，降低脑水肿还有吗？评估治疗监测低温与脑保护：低温与脑保护：降低脑代谢，降低氧耗稳定细胞膜保护血脑屏障减少细胞内酸中毒减少脑充血、减少脑水肿脑保护和脑复苏脑保护和脑复苏先保护、再复苏：保护脑血管自动调节功能保护血脑屏障功能保护脑组织增加灌注并且降低代谢增加灌注并且降低代谢评估治疗监测脑保护和脑复苏脑保护和脑复苏增加灌注：控制颅内高压提高提高灌注压评估治疗监测颅内压增高的根本原因是什么？：颅腔内容物增多颅内压增高的本质风险是什么？：原发损伤：脑组织移位，脑疝造成脑组织直接损伤：继发损伤：最终导致脑灌注下降甚至停止，缺血缺养性脑病。包括早期充血再灌注导致细胞水肿和微循环障碍。所以，防治早期充血也应包括在治疗方案内。关于颅内压增高的几个问题Think DifferentThink Different Think Different ！ 颅内高压颅内高压 ? Yes! CBF？颅内压增高意味着脑代偿的到达极限，颅内压增高意味着脑代偿的到达极限，继发脑损伤将随之到来！继发脑损伤将随之到来！CHINA International Neuroscience Institute ICU评估治疗监测缺血还是充血？TCD告诉你!脑脊液引流脑脊液引流CPP,PEEP,CPP,PEEP,过度过度通气；体位；通气；体位；颈位；静脉窦颈位；静脉窦支架支架LUND therapyLUND therapy渗透压治疗渗透压治疗镇静，低温镇静，低温外科手术减压外科手术减压颅内高压的形成和针对性治疗方案颅内高压的形成和针对性治疗方案隆德概念（隆德概念（Lund concept）基本概念：基本概念：脑血管自动调节功能脑血管自动调节功能（CACA）血脑屏障血脑屏障(BBB)(BBB)脑代谢脑代谢重点关注：重点关注：减少颅腔内容体积，哪减少颅腔内容体积，哪怕怕5ml5ml也好！也好！不用甘露醇控制颅内压！不用甘露醇控制颅内压！Midazolam 5-20 Midazolam 5-20 mg/hmg/h+ +Low-dose thiopental 0.5-3 Low-dose thiopental 0.5-3 mgmg kgkg-1-1 h h-1-1 + + Fentanyl Fentanyl 2-5 2-5 g g kgkg-1-1 h h-1-1 + + 1 1-antagonist metoprolol 0.-antagonist metoprolol 0.2-0.3 2-0.3 mgmg kgkg-1-1 24h24h-1-1 iv.iv.+ + 2 2-agonist clonidine -agonist clonidine 0.4-0.8 0.4-0.8 g g kgkg-1-1 h h-1-1 4-6 iv.4-6 iv. + + 维持正常血容量，适度液体负平衡：速尿维持正常血容量，适度液体负平衡：速尿1-3mg/hr1-3mg/hr + + 维持胶体渗透压和携氧能力：维持胶体渗透压和携氧能力：ALB40g/L ;Hb 12.5 ALB40g/L ;Hb 12.5 g%g%隆德概念的隆德概念的 BUNDLEBUNDLE镇静镇静控制应激反应控制应激反应脑灌注的质和量的管理脑灌注的质和量的管理镇痛镇痛输血加镇静：提高灌注质量+减低代谢脑代谢的指标脑代谢的指标：MicrodialysisMicrodialysis颅内压增高的控制思路Think Different脑脊液引流脑脊液引流CPP,PEEP,CPP,PEEP,过度过度通气；体位；通气；体位；颈位；静脉窦颈位；静脉窦支架支架LUND therapyLUND therapy渗透压治疗渗透压治疗镇静镇静，低温。，低温。外科手术减压外科手术减压脑水肿治疗：扬汤止沸还是釜底抽薪？ICP异常增高！为什么？看上去很安静？强化镇静试试？5mg 咪唑安定静推！寒战、镇静与ICP控制降低脑代谢的手段：镇静和麻醉降低脑代谢的手段：镇静和麻醉依赖或不依赖于脑血流变化依赖或不依赖于脑血流变化 Think DifferentDHCADHCA脑保护带来的启示脑保护带来的启示体温与脑血流量和脑氧代谢率的关系镇静低温就是循环支持脑保护和脑复苏脑保护和脑复苏先保护、再复苏：保护脑血管自动调节功能保护血脑屏障功能保护脑组织增加灌注并且降低代谢增加灌注并且降低代谢评估治疗监测调整策略，主动出击、釜底抽薪：调整策略，主动出击、釜底抽薪：降低脑代谢降低脑代谢-镇静和低温镇静和低温仅仅关于镇静的问题:拿什么指标作镇静的尺子？用什么药物镇静？用什么药物镇痛？多早？多深？多久？蓄积？如何减药？停药？目标化镇静管理的目标制定目标化镇静管理的目标制定仅仅关于镇静的问题:拿什么指标作镇静的尺子？用什么药物镇静？用什么药物镇痛？多早？多深？多久？蓄积？如何减药？停药？目标化镇静管理的目标制定目标化镇静管理的目标制定目标化镇静的质控：Bis和EEGNCSE仅仅关于镇静的问题:拿什么指标作镇静的尺子？用什么药物镇静？用什么药物镇痛？多早？多深？多久？蓄积？如何减药？停药？目标化镇静管理的目标制定目标化镇静管理的目标制定关于中长期中长期镇静药物的问题:冬眠合剂：氯丙嗪50mg、异丙嗪50mg、哌替定100mg，iv 持续泵入，每日2-3 个全量。咪达唑仑：5-20mg/h iv 持续泵入辅助：异丙酚、右美托嘧啶。不使用肌松剂！不间断唤醒！目标化镇静管理的目标制定目标化镇静管理的目标制定仅仅关于镇静的问题:拿什么指标作镇静的尺子？用什么药物镇静？用什么药物镇痛？多早？多深？多久？蓄积？如何减药？停药？目标化镇静管理的目标制定目标化镇静管理的目标制定关于镇静药物减药、蓄积和停药的问题:长期应用存在蓄积可能，需要注意。但长程“冷静”治疗后更多见耐药！根据脑代谢灌注平衡情况及病理生理过程逐渐减药停药。目标化镇静管理的目标制定目标化镇静管理的目标制定仅仅关于镇静的问题:拿什么指标作镇静的尺子？用什么药物镇静？用什么药物镇痛？多早？多深？多久？蓄积？如何减药？停药？同温度控制策略目标化镇静管理的目标制定目标化镇静管理的目标制定Fever Management in SAH V. Scaravilli G. Tinchero G. Citerio The Participants in the International Multi-disciplinary ConsensusConference on the Critical Care Management of Subarachnoid Hemorrhage.2011仅仅关于温度的问题:拿什么温度作尺子？多早？多低？多久？用什么控温？复温？目标化体温管理的目标制定目标化体温管理的目标制定Fever Management in SAH V. Scaravilli G. Tinchero G. Citerio The Participants in the International Multi-disciplinary ConsensusConference on the Critical Care Management of Subarachnoid Hemorrhage.2011仅仅关于温度的问题:拿什么温度作尺子？多早？多低？多久？用什么控温？复温？目标化体温管理的目标制定目标化体温管理的目标制定Fever Management in SAH V. Scaravilli G. Tinchero G. Citerio The Participants in the International Multi-disciplinary ConsensusConference on the Critical Care Management of Subarachnoid Hemorrhage.2011仅仅关于温度的问题:拿什么温度作指标：皮肤温度？腋温？鼻咽温？肛温？膀胱温？血温？脑温？目标化体温管理的目标制定目标化体温管理的目标制定Pediatric Anesthesia 21 (2011) 347358 2011 Blackwell Publishing LtdSummaryNeurological insults are a leading cause of morbidity and mortality, both in adults and especially in children. Among possible therapeutic strategies to limit clinical cerebral damage and improve outcomes, hypothermia remains a promising and beneficial approach. However, its advantages are still debated after decades of use. Studies in adults have generated conflicting results, whereas in children recent data even suggest that hypothermia may be detrimental. Is it because brain temperature physiology is not well understood and/or not applied properly, that hypothermia fails to convince clinicians of its potential benefits? Or is it because hypothermia is not, as believed, the optimal strategy to improve outcome in patients affected with an acute neurological insult? This review article should help to explain the fundamental physiological principles of brain heat production, distribution and elimination under normal conditions and discuss why hypothermia cannot yet be recommended routinely in the management of children affected with various neurological insults.低温治疗：拿什么作尺子？体温？核心温度？脑温！脑温与脑代谢程度和局部血流灌注情况密切相关；脑温与脑代谢程度和局部血流灌注情况密切相关；不同部位，不同病理生理状态下均有不同。不同部位，不同病理生理状态下均有不同。膀胱温与脑温的差异：T即可作为脑损伤严重程度和微循环障碍的评估，也可作为治疗的目标点Fever Management in SAH V. Scaravilli G. Tinchero G. Citerio The Participants in the International Multi-disciplinary ConsensusConference on the Critical Care Management of Subarachnoid Hemorrhage.2011仅仅关于温度的问题:拿什么温度作尺子？：脑温！多早？多低？多久？用什么控温？复温？目标化体温管理的目标制定目标化体温管理的目标制定Fever Management in SAH V. Scaravilli G. Tinchero G. Citerio The Participants in the International Multi-disciplinary ConsensusConference on the Critical Care Management of Subarachnoid Hemorrhage.2011仅仅关于温度的问题:拿什么温度作尺子？：脑温！多早？多低？多久？用什么控温？温度的质控！复温？目标化体温管理的目标制定目标化体温管理的目标制定低温方法的选择决定了目标化体温管理的质控从一个病理生理状态到另一个最适合你的方法就是最好的方法：最适合你的方法就是最好的方法：无创，智能，精确，高效，稳定，方便，便宜无创，智能，精确，高效，稳定，方便，便宜CHINA International Neuroscience Institute ICUFever Management in SAH V. Scaravilli G. Tinchero G. Citerio The Participants in the International Multi-disciplinary ConsensusConference on the Critical Care Management of Subarachnoid Hemorrhage.2011仅仅关于镇静和温度的问题:拿什么温度作尺子？脑温！多早？多低？多久？用什么控温？温度的质控！复温？目标化镇静和体温管理的目标制定目标化镇静和体温管理的目标制定 Time is BrainFor every minutes delay, the brain loses:1.9 million neurons; 190万万神经元神经元14 billion synapses; 140亿突触突触7.5 miles of myelinated fibers. 7.5英里英里有髓鞘的神经纤维有髓鞘的神经纤维If a stroke runs its full course an estimated 10 hours on average the brain loses:1.2 billion neurons; 12亿神神经元元8.3 trillion synapses; 830万兆突触万兆突触4,470 miles of myelinated fibers. 4470英里神英里神经纤维Stroke 2006;37:263-266在永久性损伤发生前锁定问题在永久性损伤发生前锁定问题！确保适当的脑灌注！确保适当的脑灌注！Think DifferentThink DifferentDiscussion We found no significant difference in outcome in patients treated with hypothermia compared with those treated with normothermia; however, patients in the hypothermia group did have a significantly higher number of episodes of increased intracranial pressure than those in the normothermia group. Lancet Neurol 2011; 10: 13139Methods The National Acute Brain Injury Study: Hypothermia II (NABIS: H II) was a randomised, multicentre clinical trial of patients with severe brain injury who were enrolled within 25 h of injury at six sites in the USA and Canada. Patients with non-penetrating brain injury who were 1645 years old and were not responsive to instructions were randomly assigned (1:1) by a random number generator to hypothermia or normothermia. Patients randomly assigned to hypothermia were cooled to 35C until their trauma assessment was completed. Patients who had none of a second set of exclusion criteria were either cooled to 33C for 48 h and then gradually rewarmed or treated at normothermia, depending upon their initial treatment assignment. Investigators who assessed the outcome measures were masked to treatment allocation. The primary outcome was the Glasgow outcome scale score at 6 months. Analysis was by modified intention to treat. This trial is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT00178711.Lancet Neurol 2011; 10: 13139Think DifferentThink DifferentLancet Neurol 2011; 10: 13139Think DifferentThink DifferentFever Management in SAH V. Scaravilli G. Tinchero G. Citerio The Participants in the International Multi-disciplinary ConsensusConference on the Critical Care Management of Subarachnoid Hemorrhage.2011仅仅关于镇静和温度的问题:拿什么温度作尺子？脑温！多早？尽早！尽快！多低？多久？用什么控温？温度的质控！复温？目标化镇静和体温管理的目标制定目标化镇静和体温管理的目标制定 long-term hypothermia therapyClinical Articles Effect of long-term mild hypothermia therapy in patients with severe traumatic brain injury: 1-year follow-up review of 87 casesObject. The goal of this study was to investigate the protective effects of long-term (314 days) mild hypothermia therapy (3335C) on outcome in 87 patients with severe traumatic brain injury (TBI) (Glasgow Coma Scale score 8).Methods. In 43 patients assigned to a mild hypothermia group, body temperatures were cooled to 33 to 35C a mean of 15 hours after injury and kept at 33 to 35C for 3 to 14 days. Rewarming commenced when the individual patients intracranial pressure (ICP) returned to the normal level. Body temperatures in 44 patients assigned to a normothermia group were maintained at 37 to 38C. Each patients outcome was evaluated 1 year later by using the Glasgow Outcome Scale. One year after TBI, the mortality rate was 25.58% (11 of 43 patients) and the rate of favorable outcome (good recovery or moderate disability) was 46.51% (20 of 43 patients) in the mild hypothermia group. In the normothermia group, the mortality rate was 45.45% (20 of 44 patients) and the rate of favorable outcome was 27.27% (12 of 44 patients) (p 0.05). Induced mild hypothermia also markedly reduced ICP (p 0.01) and inhibited hyperglycemia (p 0.05). The rates of complication were not significantly different between the two groups.Conclusions. The data produced by this study demonstrate that long-term mild hypothermia therapy significantly improves outcomes in patients with severe TBI.Journal of Neurosurgery October 2000 / Vol. 93 / No. 4 / Pages 546-549 Ji-Yao Jiang, M.D., Ph.D., Ming-Kun Yu, M.D., Ph.D., and Cheng Zhu, M.DThink DifferentThink Different，Make Make DifferenceDifferenceFever Management in SAH V. Scaravilli G. Tinchero G. Citerio The Participants in the International Multi-disciplinary ConsensusConference on the Critical Care Management of Subarachnoid Hemorrhage.2011仅仅关于镇静和温度的问题:拿什么温度作尺子？脑温！多早？尽早！何时都有意义！多低？多久？病理生理过程；ICP？用什么控温？温度的质控！复温？目标化镇静和体温管理的目标制定目标化镇静和体温管理的目标制定临床决策多样性：临床决策多样性：Think DifferentThink DifferentCHINA International Neuroscience Institute ICUh h不同的疾病不同的病理生理过程和阶段不同的代谢状态不同的个体不同的器官不同的角度不同的反应性理解病理生理过程需要“过程过程”！没那么简单！Think Different!理解病理生理过程需要“过程过程”：不同的疾病的自然病程脑血管自动调节功能状态的动态评估TCD？ICP?脑电生理？脑代谢指标？血生化：CK?TCD动态评估：脑灌注和脑血管自动调节功能评估治疗反应和病理生理状态和阶段 Fever Management in SAH V. Scaravilli G. Tinchero G. Citerio The Participants in the International Multi-disciplinary ConsensusConference on the Critical Care Management of Subarachnoid Hemorrhage.2011仅仅关于镇静和温度的问题:拿什么温度作尺子？：脑温！多点！多早？尽早！何时都有意义！温度多低？镇静多深？多久？病理生理过程；ICP？用什么控温？温度的质控！复温？目标化镇静和体温管理的目标制定目标化镇静和体温管理的目标制定降低脑代谢的手段：镇静和麻醉降低脑代谢的手段：镇静和麻醉Fever Management in SAH V. Scaravilli G. Tinchero G. Citerio The Participants in the International Multi-disciplinary ConsensusConference on the Critical Care Management of Subarachnoid Hemorrhage.2011仅仅关于镇静和温度的问题:拿什么温度作尺子？：脑温！多点！多早？尽早！何时都有意义！镇静多深？以代谢状态以及脑代谢灌注失衡程度定，Bis 30-40？多久？病理生理过程；ICP？用什么控温？温度的质控！复温？目标化镇静和体温管理的目标制定目标化镇静和体温管理的目标制定Fever Management in SAH V. Scaravilli G. Tinchero G. Citerio The Participants in the International Multi-disciplinary ConsensusConference on the Critical Care Management of Subarachnoid Hemorrhage.2011仅仅关于镇静和温度的问题:拿什么温度作尺子？：脑温！多点！多早？尽早！何时都有意义！温度多低？多久？病理生理过程；ICP？用什么控温？温度的质控！复温？目标化镇静和体温管理的目标制定目标化镇静和体温管理的目标制定低温治疗的利与弊评估、权衡和妥协评估、权衡和妥协神经重症体温升高是影响预后和LOS的独立危险因素Diringer MN, Reaven NL, Funk SE, Uman GC. Elevated body temperature independently contributes to increased length of stay in neurologic intensive care unit patients. Crit Care Med. 2004;32:148995.Think Different ： 我们是否曾经片面强调追求灌注而忽略了体温的控制？！Fever Management in SAH V. Scaravilli G. Tinchero G. Citerio The Participants in the International Multi-disciplinary ConsensusConference on the Critical Care Management of Subarachnoid Hemorrhage.2011NORMOTHERMIA:蛛网膜下腔出血的发热控制1、发热（体温38.3，72%SAH患者）与SAH后的不良预后及住院日延长相关，是独立于血管痉挛的有害因素。但发热如何影响预后仍不明确，发热可能促进继发性神经损伤，也可能发热本身即是某些不良事件的标志。2、独立于出血严重程度和感染，发热可能与症状性脑血管痉挛有关，两者中均有炎症激活。3、发热发生发展的危险因素：疾病严重程度、蛛网膜下腔出血量及脑室内出血；加重缺血性损伤及脑水肿，升高颅内压，影响意识状态。SAHSAH后即使是一过性发后即使是一过性发热，与预后不良有关，在级别较低的热，与预后不良有关，在级别较低的SAHSAH患者中亦然。患者中亦然。4、非感染性发热通常比感染性发热早，多发生在SAH后3天内；感染性发热也不少见，需要立即应用抗生素治疗。累计性发热负荷（累计性发热负荷（SAHSAH后后1313天体温天体温3838的累的累计）计）与患者预后不良及延迟康复有关。与患者预后不良及延迟康复有关。5、发热的控制包括应用退热剂、体表降温及血管内降温。降温的益处可能由寒战带来的不良反应抵消。寒战的防治包括应用丁螺环酮、纠正低血镁、使用杜冷丁，及镇静。发热负荷管理和目标化体温管理发热负荷管理和目标化体温管理Fever Management in SAH V. Scaravilli G. Tinchero G. Citerio The Participants in the International Multi-disciplinary ConsensusConference on the Critical Care Management of Subarachnoid Hemorrhage.2011关于NORMOTHERMIA的问题:Fever Burden 发热负荷的监测和管理有所谓的正常体温吗？正常人有，那病人呢？发热负荷管理和目标化体温管理发热负荷管理和目标化体温管理体温也是个相对概念：脑灌注和代谢的平衡！脑灌注代谢平衡匹配的评估Think DifferentThink DifferentICP 18CPP70BIS 50Tb 38ICP16CPP90BIS 40Tb37ICP 14CPP100BIS 35Tb 33ICP22CPP100BIS 30Tb 32CHINA International Neuroscience Institute ICU评估治疗监测脑代谢的指标脑代谢的指标：MicrodialysisMicrodialysis输血加镇静脑代谢的指标脑代谢的指标：MicrodialysisMicrodialysisCHINA International Neuroscience Institute ICUThink Different：没有所谓金指标不同的方法、不同的参数、不同的角度,不同的结果、能相互替代吗？平衡、匹配和妥协脑代谢和电生理指标灌注指标临床评估和压力指标继发脑损伤的防治继发脑损伤的防治CHINA International Neuroscience Institute ICU如何寻找脑灌注与代谢的平衡点？如何寻找脑灌注与代谢的平衡点？如何达到脑灌注与代谢的平衡点？如何达到脑灌注与代谢的平衡点？如何维持脑灌注和代谢的平衡？如何维持脑灌注和代谢的平衡？Targeted Sedation and Temperature Management Protocol For a SAHMonitoring : CA , TCD ,ICP, MAP , VS ,Monitoring : CA , TCD ,ICP, MAP , VS ,生化：生化：PAB,CRPPAB,CRP、CKCKICP 20 mmHgICP 150 mmHg PO2 150 mmHg （FiO2 50%FiO2 50%）；）；PCO2 PCO2 ：30-35mmHg30-35mmHgPH 7.40PH 7.40T brain 30-35 T brain 30-35 （匹配）（匹配）BIS 30-50 EEGBIS 30-50 EEG？NCSE?NCSE?CI:3-5;CI:3-5;视视 CBF CBF 定定EVLW : 7EVLW : 10G/L;HCT 30-35% 10G/L;HCT 30-35%I / O : I / O : 避免大出大入避免大出大入器官保护：早期放置鼻肠管，低流量器官保护：早期放置鼻肠管，低流量ENEN，必要时加，必要时加PNPN，低热卡，低热卡护理：引流：呼吸道，消化道，脑脊液。护理：引流：呼吸道，消化道，脑脊液。目标治疗和综合治理并举目标治疗和综合治理并举总结：目标化镇静和体温管理总结：目标化镇静和体温管理主动的镇静和体温控制避免充血，减少组织水肿，控制颅内压，经常可以不甘露醇有利于维护血脑屏障完整有利于保护和修复脑血管自动调节功能有利于减少体循环压力，保护心肺有利于全程、全面地实现脑保护，帮助受损的脑组织度过病理生理过程“冷静冷静”面对脑保护面对脑保护Think different：从一个病理状态到另一个，我们还了解的太少！低温治疗的并发症从一个病理状态到另一个！如何实现脑保护？如何实现脑保护？需要保持需要保持 “冷冷和和静静”！CHINA International Neuroscience Institute ICU谢谢谢谢! !Keep Thinking in Neurocritical Keep Thinking in Neurocritical Care Care Think Different ， Make Difference.