非谓语动词讲解非谓语动词讲解NonfiniteVerbs非谓语动词动名词动名词分词分词现在分词现在分词过去分词过去分词动词不定式动词不定式1.谓语动词：谓语动词：概述：概述：2.非谓语动词：非谓语动词：在句子中担任谓语的动词在句子中担任谓语的动词是动词的特殊形式，在句中可以是动词的特殊形式，在句中可以作除谓语外的所有成分作除谓语外的所有成分一个句子一个句子一个句子一个句子当中，当中，当中，当中，已经存在一个已经存在一个已经存在一个已经存在一个主句主句主句主句（谓语动词）（谓语动词）（谓语动词）（谓语动词）, ,又没有又没有又没有又没有连词连词连词连词的情况下的情况下的情况下的情况下, ,还有别的动词出现时还有别的动词出现时还有别的动词出现时还有别的动词出现时。非谓语动词使用条件非谓语动词使用条件Shegotoffthebus,leavingherhandbagonherseat.Shegotoffthebus,but leftherhandbagonherseat.1Theteacherssittingtherearefromotherschools.表语表语2Wesawsometeacherssittingthere.宾语补足语宾语补足语3Weneedtobeactiveinclass.宾语宾语谓语谓语宾语宾语主语主语定语定语连系动词连系动词非谓语动词大都可在句中作主非谓语动词大都可在句中作主语、宾语、宾语补足语、表语、语、宾语、宾语补足语、表语、定语、状语等定语、状语等.4.Toseeyouisglad.=Itsgladtoseeyou.5.Iwanttoseeyou.6.Iwanthimtoseeyou.7.Myhopeistoseeyou.8.Heisthemantoseeyou.9.Imgladtoseeyou.10.Iwenttoseeyou.11.Hewentsoearlyastoseeyou（作主语）（作主语）(作宾语）作宾语）（作宾补）（作宾补）(作表语）作表语）（作定语）（作定语）（作原因状语）（作原因状语）（作目的状语）（作目的状语）（作结果状语）（作结果状语）12.Swimmingishisfavouritesport.13.Heenjoysswimming.14.Ifoundhimswimmingintheriver.15.Hisfavouritesportisswimming.16.Heisthemanswimmingintheriverjustnow.17.SwimminginSummer,wecangetcool.(作主语）作主语）(作宾语）作宾语）(作宾补）作宾补）(作表语）作表语）(作状语）作状语）(作定语）作定语）动词不定式（动词不定式（TheInfinitive）一一.动词不定式的基本构成：动词不定式的基本构成：由不定式符号to加动词原形构成。其否定式由not+不定式构成肯定式：肯定式：todosth否定式：否定式：nottodosth.被动式：被动式：tobedone完成式：完成式：tohavedone二二.动词不定式的句法作用法动词不定式的句法作用法动词不定式有副词，形容词和动词不定式有副词，形容词和名词的特征，因此在句中可作名词的特征，因此在句中可作主语、宾语、宾语补足语、表主语、宾语、宾语补足语、表语定语、状语等成份。语定语、状语等成份。动动词词不不定定式式Todothatsortofthingisfoolish。IwanttoseeyouthiseveningAllyouhavetodoistofinishitquickly.Wefoundahousetolivein.ShecameheretostudyEnglish.Iwarnedthepatientnottoeatcoldwateraftertheoperation.主语主语宾语宾语表语表语定语定语状语状语宾宾补补(1)作主语作主语 不定式做主语时，可以直接放在谓语动词之前。不定式做主语时，可以直接放在谓语动词之前。Toseeistobelieve Nottogetthereintimeisyourfault.注：注：常用常用it做形式主语，将做形式主语，将todo放在位于放在位于之后，使句子保持平衡。之后，使句子保持平衡。句型句型1：It+谓语谓语+todoIttakesusanhour_gettherebybus.句型句型2：Its+n.+todoItsourduty_helpthepoor.Itisagreatenjoyment_spendourholidayinthemountains句型句型3：Itisadj.for/ofsb.todosth.Itis+adj+forsbtodosthItis+adj+ofsbtodosth（是形容人的品质的是形容人的品质的）（是形容事物的性质的是形容事物的性质的）Itiseasyformetofinishthisworkbeforeten.Itisagreathonorforustobepresentatyourbirthdayparty.Itisverykindofyoutogivemesomehelp.Itsimpoliteofyoutospeaktotheteacherlikethat.Youareverykindtogivemesomehelp.youareimpolitetospeaktotheteacherlikethat.常见动词有：常见动词有：口诀：想要决定同意，希望许诺选择口诀：想要决定同意，希望许诺选择want,decide,hope,agree,choose,wish,need,promise(2)作宾语作宾语 Iwanttoknowthismatter.like,demand,expect,promise,begin,determine,refuse,offer,fail,manage,learn,seem,intend,prefer,forget,mean,prepare,pretend,continue,start,afford,hate等等Idontexpecttomeetyouhere.1).接不定式做宾语接不定式做宾语1.Theywanted_(get)onthebus,didntthey?1.Theywanted_(get)onthebus,didntthey?2.Hesaidhewished_(be)aprofessor.2.Hesaidhewished_(be)aprofessor.3.Iagreed_(go)therewiththedoctor.3.Iagreed_(go)therewiththedoctor.4.Mydaughterpreferred_(dance)when4.Mydaughterpreferred_(dance)whenshewasinhertwenties.shewasinhertwenties.5.Hehadpromised_(give)meahand.5.Hehadpromised_(give)meahand.B.常跟疑问词常跟疑问词+不定式作宾语的动词不定式作宾语的动词:tell,advise,show,teach,findout,decide,discuss,learn,explainknow,show,discover,see(understand)Hetaughtushowtousethetool.Noonecouldtellmewheretogetthebook.Ihopeyoulladvisemewhattodo.Idontknowhowtogetthere.Ihaventdecidedwhethertogoorstay.+1.Boys,dontforget_thewindowsbeforeyouleavetheclassroom.A.closingB.closedC.toclosingD.toclose2.Shereachedthetopofthehillandstopped_onabigrock.A.tohaverestedB.restingC.torestD.rest4.Remember_thelightswhenyouleavetheoffice.A.toturnoffB.turningoffC.turnoffD.toturningoff(3)作宾语补足语作宾语补足语(与宾语之间的关系实际上是逻辑上的主谓关系与宾语之间的关系实际上是逻辑上的主谓关系)1.Mothertoldme_comebackbefore10oclock.2.Illgetsomeone_repairtherecorderforyou.3.Whatcausedhim_changehismind?4.Iwishyou_comeassoonaspossible.5.Heaskedme_dotheworkwithhimadviseallowaskbegcauseexpectencourageforcegethateinviteorderwishobligewantwarnremindpromisepermitpersuaderequest+2).Ioftenhearthem(sing)thissong.Didyounoticeanyone(come)in?Iwouldhavehim(wait)formeforalongtime.Lookatthehorsejump.注意：注意：当这类动词转为被动语态时，当这类动词转为被动语态时，其后的不定式则要加上其后的不定式则要加上“to”如：如：Heisoftenheard_thesongHewasseen_theroom.tosingtoenter4.it作形式宾语作形式宾语Ifind/feeltoworkwithhiminterestingIfind/feelitinterestingtoworkwithhim注意：注意：不定式短语作宾语时，如果还带有宾语补足语，往往不定式短语作宾语时，如果还带有宾语补足语，往往把不定式宾语放在宾语补足语之后，而用把不定式宾语放在宾语补足语之后，而用it作形式宾语。作形式宾语。Subject+find/think/feel/make/considerit+adj/n+todosth.1.Wethought_better_startearly.2.Doyouconsider_betternot_go?3.Ifeel_myduty_changeallthat.4.Wethink_important_obeythelaw.5.Iknow_impossible_finishsomuchhomeworkinaday.用括号内所给动词的适当形式填空，使句子完整、正确用括号内所给动词的适当形式填空，使句子完整、正确。1.Letme_(help)you_(water)theflowers.2.LittleSandywouldlove_(take)tothecinemathisevening.3.Thoughheoftenmadehisdeskmate_(cry),todayhewasmade_(cry)byhisdeskmate.4.Isawhim_intothesmallstore.A.wentB.goingC.togoD.hasgone5.Telltheboy_outofthewindow.A.nottolookB.tonotlookC.dontlookD.notlookhelp(to)watertotakecrytocry 5.I have something to tell you. (不定式作不定式作定语定语) )1)不定式与它所修饰的词有动宾关系不定式与它所修饰的词有动宾关系 Do you have anything to wash today? Do you have anything to be washed today? ( (区别主被动）区别主被动）2)不定式用来说明所修饰词的内容不定式用来说明所修饰词的内容 I have no chance to go there.3)被修饰词是不定式的逻辑主语被修饰词是不定式的逻辑主语 She is the last to leave the room.4)不定式为不及物动词时，须加介词不定式为不及物动词时，须加介词 He is looking for a room to live in. 1.Thehouseisnotbigenoughforusall_.A.toliveinB.tobelivedinC.toliveD.forlivingin2.Wouldyoupleasepassmetheknife_?A.tocutthefruitwithB.tocutthefruitC.cuttingthefruitD.cuttingthefruitwith3.Ihavesomethingimportanttosay.pleasefindapieceofpaper（写上）写上）4.Excuseme，couldIuseyourpenforamoment？Ihavenopen（写）写）towriteontowritewith动词不定式做定语动词不定式做定语注意：注意：如果不定式是不及物的，它后面就应有必要的介词。如：如果不定式是不及物的，它后面就应有必要的介词。如：HeislookingforaroomtoliveinPleasegivemeaknifetocutwith(5)作状语作状语表示目的、原因、结果或条件。表示目的、原因、结果或条件。IcameheretoseeyouWewereveryexcitedtohearthenewsHehurriedtotheschooltofindnobodythere.Tolookathim，youwouldlikehim(目的目的)(原因原因)(结果结果) (条件条件)动名词动名词（gerund）一一.动名词的基本构成动名词的基本构成主动语态被动语态一般式doingbeingdone完成式havingdonehavingbeendone二二.动名词的性质动名词的性质动名词既具有动词的特点有具有名词的特点，具体表现为：动名词既具有动词的特点有具有名词的特点，具体表现为：1.动名词可以被定冠词和物主代词修饰动名词可以被定冠词和物主代词修饰Ihopeyoudontmindmysayingit.2.动名词可带有自己的宾语和状语动名词可带有自己的宾语和状语Areyoufororagainsthavingthemeeting.Iinsistedonleavingatonce.三三.动名词的功用动名词的功用1.可作主语可作主语SeeingisbelievingReading newspaperscanincreaseourknowledge. no use no good no fun Its+ a shame +doing a waste of time/money useless dangerousThereisno+doing.Itisnousecrying.ItisnogoodobjectingLookingafterthepatientsisanursesjob.Itsdangerousplayingwithfire.Itsawasteoftimecopyingothershomework.Thereisnojokingaboutthematter.2.可作宾语可作宾语S.+vt.+doingHave you finished reading the book?I suggest doing it in a different way.在某些动词后要求用动名词作宾语，不能用不定式，常见的在某些动词后要求用动名词作宾语，不能用不定式，常见的这类动词有：这类动词有：避免错过避免错过(少)延期延期avoidmissdelay/postpone建议完成建议完成(多)练习练习suggest/advisefinishpractise喜欢想象喜欢想象禁不住禁不住enjoy/appreciate/imagine/resist/canthelp承认承认否定否定(与)嫉妒嫉妒admitdenyenvy逃脱逃脱冒险冒险(莫)原谅原谅escape/envy/risk/pardon/excuse忍受忍受保持保持(不)在意在意standkeep/keeponmind注：在动词注：在动词advise, allow, advise, allow, forbid(forbid(禁止禁止) )，permitpermit（允许）（允许）等后，如果没有人称宾语，后跟等后，如果没有人称宾语，后跟动名词；如果有人称宾语则后跟动名词；如果有人称宾语则后跟不定式。例如不定式。例如 Wedontallowpeopletofish here.我们不准人们在这儿钓鱼。我们不准人们在这儿钓鱼。 People arenot allowedtofish here.人们不准在这儿钓鱼。人们不准在这儿钓鱼。prefer.to.lookforwardtobeusedtoputoffgiveupS.+keepon+doingsucceedincanthelpfeellikebebusybeworthhavedifficulty/trouble/problem(in)作介词作介词/短语动词的宾语短语动词的宾语:S.+ v. + prep. +doinge.g.Shesattherewithout(speak)Ilookforwardto(see)himagain.Areyouusedto(live)therealone?Whenmyfatherheardthenews,hecouldnthelp(laugh).Idontfeellike(go)toseethefilm.Hewasbusy(prepare)hislessons.主动表被动主动表被动:want(需要)need(需要)require(需要)Sth.+doingbeworth(值得)使用动名词作宾使用动名词作宾语时，用主动形语时，用主动形式表达被动含义式表达被动含义tobedone使用不定式作使用不定式作宾语时，依然宾语时，依然用被动形式表用被动形式表达被动含义达被动含义Theroomwants(clean).Themethodneeds(improve).Thispairofshoesrequire(mend).Theproblemneeds(workout).Thequestioniswellworth(discuss)d）动词）动词“like,love,hate,prefer”后接动名词表示后接动名词表示“习惯性动作习惯性动作”，后接不定式表示，后接不定式表示“心理或一次具体动作心理或一次具体动作”。当用在当用在should,would之后时，只跟不定式之后时，只跟不定式。例如：。例如：Ilikeswimming,butIdontliketo swim this afternoon.我喜欢游泳，但今天我不愿去游泳。我喜欢游泳，但今天我不愿去游泳。Whatwouldyouliketo eat tonight?你今晚上想吃什么？你今晚上想吃什么？Stop；forget；try；Mean；goon；OthersExamples五.动名词的复合结构动名词前可以加一个物主代词或名词所有格来表示这个动名词逻辑上的主语，构成动名词的复合结构或动名词短语1).物主代词物主代词/名词所有格名词所有格+动名词动名词在句中作主语在句中作主语:Maryscominglatemadeherteacherangry.Doyoumindmysmoking?Doyoumindmyreadingyourpaper?Theircomingtohelpwasagreatencouragementtous.Rosesgoingwontbeofmuchhelp.2).人称代词宾格人称代词宾格/名词名词+动名词动名词在句中作宾语在句中作宾语:Imsureofhimcomingontime.Hehasneverheardofawomanbeingapilot.IdontmindJack(him)going.Shehatesyoungpeople(them)smoking.分词：分词：Participles一一分词的概述分词的概述1.分词是分词是“非谓语动词非谓语动词”的另一种形式，它有两种形式：的另一种形式，它有两种形式：现现在分词（在分词（PresentParticiple）和过去分词（）和过去分词（PastParticiple）。）。2.现在分词：现在分词：doing过去分词：规则动词过去分词：规则动词V+ed不规则动词不规则动词3.分词在句中起形容词和副词的作用。在句中分词在句中起形容词和副词的作用。在句中作表语、定语状语和宾语补足语。作表语、定语状语和宾语补足语。现在分词与过去分词的区别：现在分词与过去分词的区别：1.语态上：语态上：现在分词表主动，过去分词表被动现在分词表主动，过去分词表被动DoyouknowthewomantalkingtoTom?Thesoldierwoundedinthewarhasbecomeadoctor.2.时态上：时态上：现在分词表进行，过去分词表完成现在分词表进行，过去分词表完成DevelopingcountryboilingwaterDevelopedcountryboiledwater二、分词的作用二、分词的作用1、作定语、作定语分词作定语有两种形式。它可以放在被修饰的名词分词作定语有两种形式。它可以放在被修饰的名词之前，称为前置定语。有的放在被修饰的名词之后，之前，称为前置定语。有的放在被修饰的名词之后，称为后置定语。称为后置定语。（1）前置定语）前置定语Heisapromisingyoungman.Makelessnoise.Theresasleepingchild.Weonlysellusedbooks.我们只卖用过的书。我们只卖用过的书。（2）后置定语）后置定语TheyoungmansittingbetweenJohnandMaryistheeditorofthecampusnewspaper.现在分词作定语表示动作。如果是单词，放在被修饰的名词现在分词作定语表示动作。如果是单词，放在被修饰的名词前；如果是短语，放就放在被修饰的名词之后。前；如果是短语，放就放在被修饰的名词之后。Thebridgebuiltlastmonthneedsrepairing.上个月建造的那座桥需要修理。上个月建造的那座桥需要修理。（3）分词短语作定语必须置于被修饰词之后，）分词短语作定语必须置于被修饰词之后，相当于一个定语从句。如：相当于一个定语从句。如：Thosewhowishtojointheclubshouldsignhere(Thosewishingtojointhisclubshouldsignhere.)想加入本俱乐部的人在这里签名。想加入本俱乐部的人在这里签名。Theman,whohadbeendisturbedsobadly,almostlosthismemory.)由于被严重困扰，这个人几乎失去了记忆。由于被严重困扰，这个人几乎失去了记忆。(Theman,havingbeendisturbedsobadly,almostlosthismemory.（4）过去分词作定语在意义上有两种可能：表示被动和）过去分词作定语在意义上有两种可能：表示被动和完成，只表完成。如：完成，只表完成。如：thequestiondiscussedyesterday昨天讨论的问题昨天讨论的问题（既表示被动也表示完成）（既表示被动也表示完成）thefallenleaves落下的树叶落下的树叶(只表示完成，不表示被动只表示完成，不表示被动)2、作表语、作表语分词作表语表示主语的某种性质或状态。如：分词作表语表示主语的某种性质或状态。如：Shewastoofrightenedtomove.她被吓得一动不动。她被吓得一动不动。Whatyousaidisreallyinspiring.你所说的真令从鼓舞。你所说的真令从鼓舞。3、作宾语补足语、作宾语补足语可以跟宾语补足语的谓语动词有可以跟宾语补足语的谓语动词有see,watch,hear,set,keep,find,have,get等词。等词。Isawhimwalkinginthestreet.我看见他在街上走。我看见他在街上走。Iheardthemsingingintheclassroom.我听见他们在教室里唱歌。我听见他们在教室里唱歌。Wefoundtheboysleeping.我们发现小孩睡着了。我们发现小孩睡着了。A）Iheardmybrother(singing,sung)inthenextroomB）Iheardthesong(singing,sung)inEnglish.现在分词与过去分词在作状语的区别现在分词与过去分词在作状语的区别四、作状语四、作状语现在分词表主动进行，过去分词表被动完成现在分词表主动进行，过去分词表被动完成1.(Seeing/seen)fromthetopofthetower,wecanseeabeautifulfactory.(Seeing/seen)fromthetopofthetower,thefactorylooksbeautiful.2.(Hearing/heard)thebadnews,theycouldnthelpcrying.3.(Giving/Given)moretime,wecoulddoitbetter.4.Istoodbythedoor,notdaringtosayaword.Hearingthebadnews,theycouldnthelpcrying.Givenmoreattention,thetreescouldhavegrownbetter.Beingsoangry,hecouldntgotosleep.Theycameintotheclassroom,singing and laughing.andtheyweresinginglaughingTo servethepeoplewell, Istudyhard.Inordertoservethepeoplewell判断下列句子正误：判断下列句子正误：1.TolearnEnglishwell,alotofpracticemustbedone.2.Seeingfromthehill,thecityismorebeautiful.3.Heating,waterwillboil.4.Gettingthere,thedoorwasfoundopened.判断句子正误并改正：判断句子正误并改正：1,Beingill,hisclassmatesenthimtohospital.2.Togetthereintime,hetoldmetogetupearly.3,BrokenbyJim,Icantusethecup.将下列状语从句改为非谓语将下列状语从句改为非谓语短语作状语：短语作状语：1.Becauseshewasmovedbythehero,shedecidedtostudyharder.2.Whenhefoundthedoorlocked,hewenthome.Hestartedearlyinorderthathecouldgetthereontime.togetthereontime将下列非谓语短语改写为状语从句将下列非谓语短语改写为状语从句1.Notknowingheraddress,Icantwritetoher.2.Enteringtheroom,Isawastrangesight.3,Scoldedbytheteacher,hewasverysad.4.Notknowingwheretogo,heaskedapoliceman.5.Hearingherfriendwasbad-lyhurt,sheburstintotears.6.Knowinghisteamhadwon,hebecamehappyatonce.不定式时态、语态的用法不定式时态、语态的用法1.1.不定式的动作与谓语动词同时发生时，用一般时态不定式的动作与谓语动词同时发生时，用一般时态不定式的动作与谓语动词同时发生时，用一般时态不定式的动作与谓语动词同时发生时，用一般时态 HewantedtoseeyouHewantedtoseeyou2.2.强调不定式的动作正在进行时，用进行时态强调不定式的动作正在进行时，用进行时态强调不定式的动作正在进行时，用进行时态强调不定式的动作正在进行时，用进行时态WhenIcamein,hepretendedtobereadingabookWhenIcamein,hepretendedtobereadingabookHeissaidtobewritinganovelHeissaidtobewritinganovel3.3.强调强调强调强调 不定式的动作在谓语动词之前发生时，用不定式完成时不定式的动作在谓语动词之前发生时，用不定式完成时不定式的动作在谓语动词之前发生时，用不定式完成时不定式的动作在谓语动词之前发生时，用不定式完成时Heissaidtohavewrittenanovel.Imsogladtohaveseenyou.Heissaidtohavewrittenanovel.Imsogladtohaveseenyou.Thegroundissowet,ItmusthaverainedlastnightThegroundissowet,Itmusthaverainedlastnight 不定式被动语态的用法不定式被动语态的用法不定式被动语态的用法不定式被动语态的用法. .A,A,当不定式的逻辑主语是不定式的承受者时，用被动语态当不定式的逻辑主语是不定式的承受者时，用被动语态当不定式的逻辑主语是不定式的承受者时，用被动语态当不定式的逻辑主语是不定式的承受者时，用被动语态SheaskedtobesenttoworkinTibet(SheaskedtobesenttoworkinTibet(宾语宾语宾语宾语) )ThebookissaidtohavebeentranslatedintoEnglish(ThebookissaidtohavebeentranslatedintoEnglish(或叫合或叫合或叫合或叫合 Itisanhonorformetobeaskedtospeakhere(Itisanhonorformetobeaskedtospeakhere(主主主主 语语语语) )B.B.句子的主语是不定式的逻辑主语，尽管不定式与被修饰词是被句子的主语是不定式的逻辑主语，尽管不定式与被修饰词是被句子的主语是不定式的逻辑主语，尽管不定式与被修饰词是被句子的主语是不定式的逻辑主语，尽管不定式与被修饰词是被C.C.动关系，也还要用主动语态动关系，也还要用主动语态动关系，也还要用主动语态动关系，也还要用主动语态1,GivehimsomebooktoreadDoyouhaveanyclothestowash?1,GivehimsomebooktoreadDoyouhaveanyclothestowash?“Doyouhaveanyclothestobewashed?”askedthemaid“Doyouhaveanyclothestobewashed?”askedthemaid2,S+be+easydifficulthardpleasantinterestingexciting2,S+be+easydifficulthardpleasantinterestingexcitingcomfortable+todocomfortable+todoThisquestioniseasytoanswerTheboyisdifficulttoteachThisquestioniseasytoanswerTheboyisdifficulttoteach3,ThehouseistoletThemanageristoblame.Thereasonis3,ThehouseistoletThemanageristoblame.Thereasonisnotfartoseek.notfartoseek.4Therebe4Therebe句型中，主动形式或被动形式均可但有时含意不同句型中，主动形式或被动形式均可但有时含意不同句型中，主动形式或被动形式均可但有时含意不同句型中，主动形式或被动形式均可但有时含意不同Thereisnothingtodonow(wehavenothingtodonow)Thereisnothingtodonow(wehavenothingtodonow)现在没事干现在没事干现在没事干现在没事干Thereisnothingtobedonenow(wecandonothingnow)Thereisnothingtobedonenow(wecandonothingnow)现在没什现在没什现在没什现在没什么办法么办法么办法么办法Thereisnothingtosee(nothingisworthseeing)Thereisnothingtosee(nothingisworthseeing)没有东西值得看没有东西值得看没有东西值得看没有东西值得看ThereisnothingtobeseenThereisnothingtobeseen看不见有什么东西看不见有什么东西看不见有什么东西看不见有什么东西分词时态、语态的用法分词时态、语态的用法如果强调分词表示的动作如果强调分词表示的动作如果强调分词表示的动作如果强调分词表示的动作 发生在谓语动词之前，要用完成形式。发生在谓语动词之前，要用完成形式。发生在谓语动词之前，要用完成形式。发生在谓语动词之前，要用完成形式。Nothavingfinishedhishomework,Tomwasmadetostayatschool.Nothavingfinishedhishomework,Tomwasmadetostayatschool.Havingclosedallthewindows,IwenthomeHavingclosedallthewindows,IwenthomeHavingbeeninvitedtotheparty,Tomwasveryhappy.Havingbeeninvitedtotheparty,Tomwasveryhappy. 分词所表示的动作与谓语动词同时发生。分词与其逻辑主语的关分词所表示的动作与谓语动词同时发生。分词与其逻辑主语的关分词所表示的动作与谓语动词同时发生。分词与其逻辑主语的关分词所表示的动作与谓语动词同时发生。分词与其逻辑主语的关系时被动的，要用被动语态系时被动的，要用被动语态系时被动的，要用被动语态系时被动的，要用被动语态1.Lookingoutofthewindow,Icanseemanycarsandbuses.1.Lookingoutofthewindow,Icanseemanycarsandbuses.2.SeenfromthetopofDragonTower,Harbinlooksmorebeautiful.2.SeenfromthetopofDragonTower,Harbinlooksmorebeautiful.3.Theteachercamein,_manystudents.(follow)3.Theteachercamein,_manystudents.(follow)4.Theteachercamein,_bymanystudents.(follow)4.Theteachercamein,_bymanystudents.(follow)followingfollowingfollowedfollowed 如果强调分词表示的动作正在进行时，要用分词的进行时态。如果强调分词表示的动作正在进行时，要用分词的进行时态。如果强调分词表示的动作正在进行时，要用分词的进行时态。如果强调分词表示的动作正在进行时，要用分词的进行时态。1.Beingrepaired,thebuildingisforbiddentoenter.1.Beingrepaired,thebuildingisforbiddentoenter.2.ThehousebeingbuiltnowisaHopeProjectSchool.2.ThehousebeingbuiltnowisaHopeProjectSchool.3.Passingbytheaccidentscene,Isawthemanbadlyhurtbeing3.Passingbytheaccidentscene,Isawthemanbadlyhurtbeingcarriedontoanambulance.carriedontoanambulance.Task:Task: complete the following sentencescomplete the following sentences1.“1.“（你有衣服要洗吗（你有衣服要洗吗（你有衣服要洗吗（你有衣服要洗吗）?themaidasked.?themaidasked.2._(2._(没有完成作业没有完成作业没有完成作业没有完成作业),TomwasforbiddentowatchTV.),TomwasforbiddentowatchTV.3._(3._(正在刷油漆正在刷油漆正在刷油漆正在刷油漆),thehousewasnotallowedtoenter.),thehousewasnotallowedtoenter.4._(4._(被邀请参加舞会被邀请参加舞会被邀请参加舞会被邀请参加舞会),Maryfeltexcited.),Maryfeltexcited.5.Thedifficult5.Thedifficultmathsmathsproblem_(problem_(很难算出）很难算出）很难算出）很难算出）. .6.Shewasangryfor_(6.Shewasangryfor_(没有被邀请）没有被邀请）没有被邀请）没有被邀请）totheball.totheball.7.Thethiefstoleintothestore_(7.Thethiefstoleintothestore_(没人看到）没人看到）没人看到）没人看到）8.Theflat_(8.Theflat_(出租）出租）出租）出租）9.Themanwhowasondutythatday_(9.Themanwhowasondutythatday_(应受谴责）应受谴责）应受谴责）应受谴责）10.Theywereproudof_(10.Theywereproudof_(被派往西藏去工作）被派往西藏去工作）被派往西藏去工作）被派往西藏去工作）11.Whentheteachercamein,Tom_(11.Whentheteachercamein,Tom_(假装再看书）假装再看书）假装再看书）假装再看书）12.NiPingissaid_(12.NiPingissaid_(写了一本名叫写了一本名叫写了一本名叫写了一本名叫“ “日子日子日子日子” ”的书）的书）的书）的书） 13.Song13.SongDandanDandanissaid_(issaid_(在写一本叫在写一本叫在写一本叫在写一本叫“ “月子月子月子月子” ”的书）的书）的书）的书）14._(14._(从窗户往外看从窗户往外看从窗户往外看从窗户往外看),Icanseemanytallbuildings.),Icanseemanytallbuildings.15._(15._(从山顶往下看从山顶往下看从山顶往下看从山顶往下看),thecitylooksmorebeautiful.),thecitylooksmorebeautiful.16._(16._(他有很多活要干）他有很多活要干）他有很多活要干）他有很多活要干）.Dontbotherhim.Dontbotherhim.17._(17._(他有很多活要干他有很多活要干他有很多活要干他有很多活要干)andyoucango,too.)andyoucango,too.DoyouhaveanyclothestobewashedDoyouhaveanyclothestobewashedNothavingfinishedhishomework,Nothavingfinishedhishomework,BeingpaintedBeingpaintedNothavingbeeninvitedtotheball,Nothavingbeeninvitedtotheball,isdifficulttoworkoutisdifficulttoworkoutnothavingbeeninvitednothavingbeeninvitedwithoutbeingseenwithoutbeingseenistoletistoletistoblameistoblamehavingbeensenttoworkinTibethavingbeensenttoworkinTibetpretendedtobereadingpretendedtobereadingtohavewrittenabookcalled“TheDays”tohavewrittenabookcalled“TheDays”tobewritingabooknamed“TheMonths”tobewritingabooknamed“TheMonths”Lookingoutofthewindow,Lookingoutofthewindow,Seenfromtopofthehill,Seenfromtopofthehill,HehasalotofworktodoHehasalotofworktodoHehasalotofworktobedoneHehasalotofworktobedone分词的时态和语态分词的时态和语态构成（以构成（以study和和go为例）为例）及物与不及物及物与不及物动词动词 语态语态 时态时态类别类别及及物物动动词词不及物不及物动词动词主主动语态动语态被被动语态动语态主主动语态动语态现现在分在分词词一般式一般式studyingbeingstudiedgoing完成式完成式havingstudiedhavingbeenstudiedhavinggoing过过去分去分词词一般式一般式studiedgone被动式：被动式：beingdone表示一个现在进行的完成动作。表示一个现在进行的完成动作。1.Thebuildingbeingrepairedisourlibrary.2.Thequestionbeingdiscussedisveryimportant.3.Asweapproachedthevillage,wesawnewhousesbeingputup.完成式：完成式：havingdone所表示的动作在谓语动词所表示的所表示的动作在谓语动词所表示的动作之前发生。动作之前发生。1.Havingturnedofftheradio,hebegantogooverhislessons.2.Nothavingreceivedhisfathersletter,hedecidedtomakeacalltohim.独立主格结构独立主格结构一般来说，分词或分词短语作状语，其逻辑主语要和句子一般来说，分词或分词短语作状语，其逻辑主语要和句子一般来说，分词或分词短语作状语，其逻辑主语要和句子一般来说，分词或分词短语作状语，其逻辑主语要和句子的主语一致。但有时候，分词的动作不是由句子的主语发出的主语一致。但有时候，分词的动作不是由句子的主语发出的主语一致。但有时候，分词的动作不是由句子的主语发出的主语一致。但有时候，分词的动作不是由句子的主语发出来的，它有自己的逻辑主语。来的，它有自己的逻辑主语。来的，它有自己的逻辑主语。来的，它有自己的逻辑主语。独立主格独立主格独立主格独立主格结构（结构（结构（结构（IndependentGenitiveIndependentGenitive）有两部分组成，）有两部分组成，）有两部分组成，）有两部分组成，前一部份是前一部份是前一部份是前一部份是名词名词名词名词或者或者或者或者代词代词代词代词，后一部分是，后一部分是，后一部分是，后一部分是非谓语动词非谓语动词非谓语动词非谓语动词( (不定式、不定式、不定式、不定式、动名词和分词动名词和分词动名词和分词动名词和分词) )或形容词、副词、或介词短语。前后两部分或形容词、副词、或介词短语。前后两部分或形容词、副词、或介词短语。前后两部分或形容词、副词、或介词短语。前后两部分具有逻辑主谓关系。独立主格结构在句中做具有逻辑主谓关系。独立主格结构在句中做具有逻辑主谓关系。独立主格结构在句中做具有逻辑主谓关系。独立主格结构在句中做状语状语状语状语，多用于书，多用于书，多用于书，多用于书面语。面语。面语。面语。 独立主格结构本身不是句子，在句子中作状语，表示时独立主格结构本身不是句子，在句子中作状语，表示时独立主格结构本身不是句子，在句子中作状语，表示时独立主格结构本身不是句子，在句子中作状语，表示时间、原因、条件、伴随、目的等。间、原因、条件、伴随、目的等。间、原因、条件、伴随、目的等。间、原因、条件、伴随、目的等。Givenmoretime,wecoulddoitbetter.Nobodyhavinganymoretosay,themeetingwasNobodyhavinganymoretosay,themeetingwasclosed.closed.1 1独立主格结构的形式：独立主格结构的形式：独立主格结构的形式：独立主格结构的形式：（1 1）名词）名词）名词）名词 / /代词代词代词代词 +-+-inging分词及其短语分词及其短语分词及其短语分词及其短语Themoonappearing,theydecidedtogoonwiththeirThemoonappearing,theydecidedtogoonwiththeirjourney.journey.Thepupilsarewalkingslowly,theirteacherfollowing.Thepupilsarewalkingslowly,theirteacherfollowing.（2 2）名词）名词）名词）名词 / /代词代词代词代词 +-+-eded分词及其短语分词及其短语分词及其短语分词及其短语Good-byesaid,wewenthome.Good-byesaid,wewenthome.Allthingsconsidered,itisagoodplan.Allthingsconsidered,itisagoodplan.（3 3）名词）名词）名词）名词 / /代词代词代词代词 +形容词及其短语形容词及其短语形容词及其短语形容词及其短语Theweather(being)hot,weallwentswimming.Theweather(being)hot,weallwentswimming.Dinnerready,thehostessaskedhergueststobeseated.Dinnerready,thehostessaskedhergueststobeseated.（4 4）名词）名词）名词）名词 / /代词代词代词代词 +不定式及其短语不定式及其短语不定式及其短语不定式及其短语Themoneytobepaidbythedriver,thepoliceThemoneytobepaidbythedriver,thepolicewentaway.wentaway.Herearethefirsttwovolumes,thethirdonetoHerearethefirsttwovolumes,thethirdonetocomeoutnextmonth.comeoutnextmonth.（5 5）名词）名词）名词）名词 / /代词代词代词代词 +副词及其短语副词及其短语副词及其短语副词及其短语Themeeting(being)over,welefttheroom.Themeeting(being)over,welefttheroom.（6 6）名词）名词）名词）名词 / /代词代词代词代词 +介词及其短语介词及其短语介词及其短语介词及其短语Shestoodthere,bookinhand.Shestoodthere,bookinhand.Everybodyathome,wesatdowntodinnerEverybodyathome,wesatdowntodinner. .2 2with+with+复合宾语结构复合宾语结构复合宾语结构复合宾语结构这种结构也可以看成是一种独立主格结构。这种结这种结构也可以看成是一种独立主格结构。这种结构有较鲜明的特色。在这种结构中，构有较鲜明的特色。在这种结构中，withwith后的宾语相后的宾语相当于该结构中的逻辑主语，其后面的词相当于这个当于该结构中的逻辑主语，其后面的词相当于这个结构中的逻辑谓语。这个结构很像一个用来说明附结构中的逻辑谓语。这个结构很像一个用来说明附带情况或细节的，可以起状语作用的句子。翻译时，带情况或细节的，可以起状语作用的句子。翻译时，withwith原有的含意往往不翻译出来。原有的含意往往不翻译出来。（1 1）with+with+名词名词名词名词 / /代词代词代词代词 +名词名词名词名词ThebravemanfoughtthetigerwithastickhisonlyThebravemanfoughtthetigerwithastickhisonlyweapon.weapon.Hewascarriedintothehospital,withhisfaceamassofHewascarriedintothehospital,withhisfaceamassofbleedingflesh.bleedingflesh.（2 2）with+with+名词名词名词名词 / /代词代词代词代词 +介词介词介词介词TheteachercameintotheclassroomwithabookinhisTheteachercameintotheclassroomwithabookinhishand.hand.Hewasasleepwithhisheadonhisarms.Hewasasleepwithhisheadonhisarms.Familydependants,whenill,enjoyfreemedicalFamilydependants,whenill,enjoyfreemedicaltreatment,withmedicinesathalfprice.treatment,withmedicinesathalfprice.（3 3）with+with+名词名词名词名词 / /代词代词代词代词 +副词副词副词副词Hewentoutwithhishaton.Hewentoutwithhishaton.ThesquarelooksmorebeautifulthaneverwithThesquarelooksmorebeautifulthaneverwithherlightson.herlightson.4 4）with+with+名词名词名词名词 / /代词代词代词代词 +形容词形容词形容词形容词Dontspeakwithyourmouthfull.Dontspeakwithyourmouthfull.Theoncelowlyserfsnowwalkwithheadshigh.Theoncelowlyserfsnowwalkwithheadshigh.5 5）with+with+名词名词名词名词 / /代词代词代词代词 +-+-inging分词分词分词分词Withtheoldmanleading,thetwostartedtowardtheWiththeoldmanleading,thetwostartedtowardthemountains.mountains.Witheveryonesurroundinguswecancertainlysucceed.Witheveryonesurroundinguswecancertainlysucceed.Shefeltverynervouswithsomanypeoplelookingather.Shefeltverynervouswithsomanypeoplelookingather.（6 6）with+with+名词名词名词名词 / /代词代词代词代词 +-en+-en分词分词分词分词Alltheafternoonheworkedwiththedoorlocked.Alltheafternoonheworkedwiththedoorlocked.Hediedwithhislifesworkstillunfinished.Hediedwithhislifesworkstillunfinished.Withhismattersettled,welefttheroom.Withhismattersettled,welefttheroom.（7 7）with+with+名词名词名词名词 / /代词代词代词代词 +不定式不定式不定式不定式Theyarehighlymechanizedfarms,withmachinerytoTheyarehighlymechanizedfarms,withmachinerytodomostofthework.domostofthework.Thiswasaseveretest,withinnumerabledifficultiestoThiswasaseveretest,withinnumerabledifficultiestobeovercome.beovercome.Withfiveminutestogobeforethelasttrainleft,weWithfiveminutestogobeforethelasttrainleft,wearrivedhere.arrivedhere.3.由Therebeing+主语这种结构多表示原因。例如：There being a lot of books to read,heoftenstudiedtillmidnight.因为有许多书要读，他经常学习到深夜。不定式与动名词作主语的区别：不定式与动名词作主语的区别：不定式作主语时经常表示具体动作，而动名词作主不定式作主语时经常表示具体动作，而动名词作主不定式作主语时经常表示具体动作，而动名词作主不定式作主语时经常表示具体动作，而动名词作主语时经常表示抽象动作：语时经常表示抽象动作：语时经常表示抽象动作：语时经常表示抽象动作： Its no good eating too much fat.Its no good eating too much fat. Its not good for you to eat so much fat. Its not good for you to eat so much fat. 关于逻辑主语的问题动名词复合结构的一般规关于逻辑主语的问题动名词复合结构的一般规则是：则是：1. 1.逻辑主语是有生命的名词：作主语时，须用名词所有格或形逻辑主语是有生命的名词：作主语时，须用名词所有格或形容词性物主代词；作宾语时，也可用普通格或人称代词宾格。容词性物主代词；作宾语时，也可用普通格或人称代词宾格。Toms (His)Toms (His) coming is what we have coming is what we have expeexpe 2. 2. 逻辑主语是无生命的名词：逻辑主语是无生命的名词：Is there any hope of Is there any hope of our teamour team winning the winning the matchmatch She didnt mind She didnt mind Jack/ Jacks (him/ his)Jack/ Jacks (him/ his) coming here. coming here.1. _to the meeting surprised all of the boards.1. _to the meeting surprised all of the boards. A. Mike coming B. Mike came A. Mike coming B. Mike came C. Mike comes D. Mikes coming C. Mike comes D. Mikes coming 2. Its no use _ that you didnt know the rules. 2. Its no use _ that you didnt know the rules. A. you pretend B. you pretending A. you pretend B. you pretending C. your pretending C. your pretending D. your pretendD. your pretend Change the following into the simple sentences. Change the following into the simple sentences.That Peter didnt attend the meeting That Peter didnt attend the meeting made it put off.made it put off.Thanksalot!不定式与动名词作主语的区别：不定式与动名词作主语的区别：不定式作主语时经常表示具体动作，而动名词作主不定式作主语时经常表示具体动作，而动名词作主不定式作主语时经常表示具体动作，而动名词作主不定式作主语时经常表示具体动作，而动名词作主语时经常表示抽象动作：语时经常表示抽象动作：语时经常表示抽象动作：语时经常表示抽象动作： Its no good eating too much fat.Its no good eating too much fat. Its not good for you to eat so much fat. Its not good for you to eat so much fat. 关于逻辑主语的问题动名词复合结构的一般规关于逻辑主语的问题动名词复合结构的一般规则是：则是：1. 1.逻辑主语是有生命的名词：作主语时，须用名词所有格或形逻辑主语是有生命的名词：作主语时，须用名词所有格或形容词性物主代词；作宾语时，也可用普通格或人称代词宾格。容词性物主代词；作宾语时，也可用普通格或人称代词宾格。Toms (His)Toms (His) coming is what we have coming is what we have expeexpe 2. 2. 逻辑主语是无生命的名词：逻辑主语是无生命的名词：Is there any hope of Is there any hope of our teamour team winning the winning the matchmatch She didnt mind She didnt mind Jack/ Jacks (him/ his)Jack/ Jacks (him/ his) coming here. coming here.1. _to the meeting surprised all of the boards.1. _to the meeting surprised all of the boards. A. Mike coming B. Mike came A. Mike coming B. Mike came C. Mike comes D. Mikes coming C. Mike comes D. Mikes coming 2. Its no use _ that you didnt know the rules. 2. Its no use _ that you didnt know the rules. A. you pretend B. you pretending A. you pretend B. you pretending C. your pretending C. your pretending D. your pretendD. your pretend Change the following into the simple sentences. Change the following into the simple sentences.That Peter didnt attend the meeting That Peter didnt attend the meeting made it put off.made it put off.不定式、动名词用作主语不定式、动名词用作主语1 1。直接作主语。直接作主语。直接作主语。直接作主语（1 1）眼见为实）眼见为实）眼见为实）眼见为实（2 2）今天早晨做早操对身体）今天早晨做早操对身体）今天早晨做早操对身体）今天早晨做早操对身体 无益无益无益无益（3 3）在这里吸烟很危险）在这里吸烟很危险）在这里吸烟很危险）在这里吸烟很危险1.To see is to believe1.To see is to believe2.To do morning exercises today 2.To do morning exercises today is not good for health.is not good for health.3.To smoke here is dangerous3.To smoke here is dangerous（1 1）眼见为实。）眼见为实。）眼见为实。）眼见为实。（2 2）天天做早操有益于健康。）天天做早操有益于健康。）天天做早操有益于健康。）天天做早操有益于健康。（3 3）吸烟不是好习惯。）吸烟不是好习惯。）吸烟不是好习惯。）吸烟不是好习惯。1.Seeing is believing.1.Seeing is believing.2.Doing morning exercises every 2.Doing morning exercises every day is good for healthday is good for health3.Smoking is not a good habit3.Smoking is not a good habit不定式与动名词作主语的区别：不定式与动名词作主语的区别：不定式作主语时经常表示具体动作，而不定式作主语时经常表示具体动作，而动名词作主语时经常表示抽象动作动名词作主语时经常表示抽象动作A: 如果要说明不定式表示的动作是谁做的， 可以在不定式前加一个由 for 引起的短语。Itiseasyforthestudentstoread.Itwillbeamistakeforustohelpyou.B: 下列形容词作表语时，不定式前常加一个 of 引起的短语，这些形容词是： (表评价性的，来说明逻辑主语的性质，特征，属性） kind, good, nice, wise, unwise, clever, silly, stupid, foolish, wrong, right, careless, rude, polite,naughty etc. Its Its kind ofkind of you to think so much of us. you to think so much of us. Its Its unwise ofunwise of him to leave home at once. him to leave home at once. It s It s wrong of wrong of him to speak bad behind others. him to speak bad behind others. Its Its wrong ofwrong of the south to break away from the Union. the south to break away from the Union.动名词作主语动名词作主语动名词作主语动名词作主语用用用用it it作形式主语，有自己特定的句型作形式主语，有自己特定的句型作形式主语，有自己特定的句型作形式主语，有自己特定的句型（1）广说不做没用）广说不做没用（2）做无益的后悔没用）做无益的后悔没用（3）吸烟太多无益）吸烟太多无益（4）学好英语是值得做的）学好英语是值得做的4.Its worthwhile 4.Its worthwhile learning English well. English well.2. 2.用用用用it it作形式主语，常与作形式主语，常与作形式主语，常与作形式主语，常与nouse,nogood,useless,worthwhilenouse,nogood,useless,worthwhile连用连用连用连用1.Its no use talking too much without doing 1.Its no use talking too much without doing anythinganything2.Its useless crying over the spilt milk2.Its useless crying over the spilt milk3.Its no good smoking too much3.Its no good smoking too much1.Itsnouse_(sit)herewaiting.2.Thereisno_(say)whatwillhappennext.3.Isitanygood_(tell)himthetruth?4.Itisgreatfun_(play)golf.小结：动名词与不等式作主语时的区别小结：动名词与不等式作主语时的区别一、对称原则一、对称原则二、特殊表达二、特殊表达三、固定句型三、固定句型四、习惯用法四、习惯用法主语和表语对称主语和表语对称动名词表示经常性、反复发动名词表示经常性、反复发生的动作生的动作不等式表示具体的、某一次不等式表示具体的、某一次的动作的动作It takes sb some time to do sthIts no use/no good /useless/worthwhile + Its no use/no good /useless/worthwhile + doing doing Its kind/wise/clever of Its kind/wise/clever of sbsb to do to do sthsthIts important/necessary/hard for Its important/necessary/hard for sbsb to to do do sthsthtodo表示具体的动作，表示具体的动作，-ingform表示泛指的动作，通表示泛指的动作，通常常 1. Her work is _( look ) after the children. 2. My aim is _( go ) to TsingHua University. 3. One of my bad habits is _(bite ) nails（指甲）. 作表语（3）做表语：主语）做表语：主语+系动词系动词+不定式不定式1).其主语多为抽象名词其主语多为抽象名词(wish,need)Mywishistobeascientist.Themainthingistokeepourroomclean.2).betodo可构成将来时态可构成将来时态,表表“准备准备/打算打算/计划计划/需需要要”;Sheistoreturnnextweek.Itwasabouttoleavewhenitstartedtorain.2 2。不定式不定式不定式不定式作主语作主语作主语作主语用用用用it it作形式主语，有自己特定的句型作形式主语，有自己特定的句型作形式主语，有自己特定的句型作形式主语，有自己特定的句型（1 1）你这么说真是太好了）你这么说真是太好了）你这么说真是太好了）你这么说真是太好了（2 2）他说出这样的话太愚蠢了）他说出这样的话太愚蠢了）他说出这样的话太愚蠢了）他说出这样的话太愚蠢了（3 3）我们学好英语是必要的）我们学好英语是必要的）我们学好英语是必要的）我们学好英语是必要的（4 4）你们学好英语语法并不难）你们学好英语语法并不难）你们学好英语语法并不难）你们学好英语语法并不难3. 3.固定句型固定句型固定句型固定句型1.It is very kind of you to say so.2.Its very foolish of him to say such things3.It is necessary for us to learn English well4.Its not difficult for you to learn well English 4.Its not difficult for you to learn well English grammargrammar（1 1）李垒每天花两个半小时完成作业）李垒每天花两个半小时完成作业）李垒每天花两个半小时完成作业）李垒每天花两个半小时完成作业（2 2）你昨晚用多长时间写完的作文？）你昨晚用多长时间写完的作文？）你昨晚用多长时间写完的作文？）你昨晚用多长时间写完的作文？1.It takes 1.It takes LiLeiLiLei two and a half hours to two and a half hours to complete his homework.complete his homework.2.How long did it take you to finish writing your composition?不定式动词在介词不定式动词在介词but，except，besides后面时，如果这些介后面时，如果这些介词之前有词之前有行为动词行为动词do的各种形式，那么，这些介词后的不定式的各种形式，那么，这些介词后的不定式不带不带to，否则要，否则要带带to。ShecoulddonothingbutcryWhatdoyouliketodobesidesswim?Ihavenochoicebuttogo(4)作定语作定语不定式作定语时，不定式作定语时，通常放在被修饰的名词或代词之后。通常放在被修饰的名词或代词之后。不定式常和它所修饰的词有动宾关系。如：不定式常和它所修饰的词有动宾关系。如：Ihavealotofworktodo.Herearesomebooksforyoutoread.Shewasthefirstpersontothinkoftheidea.TheymadeaplantostudyEnglish.HeexpressedhiswishtovisittheGreatWall.不定式动词在介词不定式动词在介词but，except，besides后面时，如果这些介后面时，如果这些介词之前有词之前有行为动词行为动词do的各种形式，那么，这些介词后的不定式的各种形式，那么，这些介词后的不定式不带不带to，否则要，否则要带带to。ShecoulddonothingbutcryWhatdoyouliketodobesidesswim?Ihavenochoicebuttogo(4)作定语作定语不定式作定语时，不定式作定语时，通常放在被修饰的名词或代词之后。通常放在被修饰的名词或代词之后。不定式常和它所修饰的词有动宾关系。如：不定式常和它所修饰的词有动宾关系。如：Ihavealotofworktodo.Herearesomebooksforyoutoread.Shewasthefirstpersontothinkoftheidea.TheymadeaplantostudyEnglish.HeexpressedhiswishtovisittheGreatWall.1).目的状语目的状语:可放于句首可放于句首,也可放于句末也可放于句末,前面可加前面可加inorder/soas/soasto表强调表强调.Hewenttoseetheartisthimself.Hestoppedtohavealook.Heransofastastogettoschoolintime2).结果状语结果状语:主要用在主要用在enoughto/tooto/onlyto结构中。结构中。Thequestionistoodifficulttoanswer.Theyworkedhardenoughtofinishtheirwork.3).原因状语原因状语:主语主语+系动词系动词+adj.+todo表表感情的感情的adj.有有:happy,surprised,pleased,glad,sorry,anxious(忧虑忧虑),disappointed,careful,afraid,wrong.Imverysorrytoseeyou.Hewasafraidtoleavehimhome1.Themaninsisted_ataxiformeeventhoughItold1.Themaninsisted_ataxiformeeventhoughItoldhimIlivednearby.himIlivednearby.A.findA.findB.tofindB.tofindC.onfindingC.onfindingD.infindingD.infinding2.Itsnecessarytobepreparedforajobinterview._the2.Itsnecessarytobepreparedforajobinterview._theanswersreadywillbeofgreathelp.answersreadywillbeofgreathelp.A.TohavehadA.Tohavehad B.HavinghadB.HavinghadC.HaveC.HaveD.HavingD.Having3.Ireallycantunderstand_herlikethat.3.Ireallycantunderstand_herlikethat.A.A.youtreatyoutreatB.youtotreatB.youtotreatC.whytreatC.whytreatD.youtreatingD.youtreating4.Hegotwell-preparedforthejobinterview,forhe4.Hegotwell-preparedforthejobinterview,forhecouldntrisk_thegoodopportunity.couldntrisk_thegoodopportunity.A.A.tolosetoloseB.losingB.losingC.tobelostC.tobelostD.beinglostD.beinglost动词不定式的时态和语态动词不定式保留了动词的一些特征，具有时态和语态的变化，动词不定式保留了动词的一些特征，具有时态和语态的变化，但是它的时态和语态只有以下几种，见下表。但是它的时态和语态只有以下几种，见下表。语态时态主动语态被动语态一般时tomaketobemade进行时tobemaking完成时tohavemadetohavebeenmade完成进行时tohavebeenmakingWhenIgothome,mysonhappenedtobewatchingTV.如果不定式的动作发生在谓语动词之前，要用完成式。如果不定式的动作发生在谓语动词之前，要用完成式。Sheissaidtohavereadthirtynovelsthisyear.ImsorrytohavekeptyouwaitingsolongAftergraduation,heaskedtobesenttoworkinthecountryside.ThisnovelissaidtohavebeentranslatedintoFrench.选出下面习题正确答案选出下面习题正确答案1-Imhungry,andIwanttoeatthecake.-What!itisnotgood_A.foreatingB.tobeeatenC.toeatD.ateating2Itsimportant_andhelpful.A.tokindB.bekindC.kindD.tobekind3.IttookAliceandmeanhour_outtheproblem.A.toworkB.workingC.workD.forworking.4.Ifounditveryimportant_Englishwell.A.learningB.learnC.tolearnD.learned5.Itsverynice_youto_meaboutit.A.for;tellB.of;sayC.to;speakD.of;tell怎样区分动名词和现在分词怎样区分动名词和现在分词Myjobisteaching.换位法换位法HerjobisgettingeverythinginorderintheofficeTheplayisexciting.ExcitingistheplayThestoryhetolduswasveryinterestingInterestingwasthestoryhetoldus.作表语作表语作定语作定语动名词作定语表示性质或用途。动名词作定语表示性质或用途。awashingmachineamachineforwashing四.动名词的时态和语态1.完成式：动名词完成式表示其动作在谓语动词表示的动完成式：动名词完成式表示其动作在谓语动词表示的动2.作之前发生。例如作之前发生。例如Iregretnot having takenyouradvice.Hedidintmentionhavingmetyoubefore2.被动式：当动名词的逻辑主语是动名词动作对被动式：当动名词的逻辑主语是动名词动作对象时，该动名词要求用被动形式。例如：象时，该动名词要求用被动形式。例如：Shedidntmindbeingcalledahousewife找出下列句子中的非谓语动词（含短语）找出下列句子中的非谓语动词（含短语）1.Hestoodthere,tiredfromawholedayofwork,thinkingofawaytoescapefromtheconstructionsite.2.Thenewsconference,tobeheldinthathall,hasalreadybeencrowdedwithreporters.3.HavingreachedtheverypeakoftheEverest,theclimberscheeredagainstthefiercenorthwind.4.Hekeepsbuyingexpensivemaps.Hemusthavemorethan200bynow.5.Iheardthegirlsingingintheclassroom.6.ThemantalkingwithmyfatherisMr.Wang.状语状语定语定语状语状语宾语宾语(宾语宾语)补语补语定语定语3）作表语）作表语:S.+be+doingMyjobisteachingyouEnglish.Hishobbyiscollectingstamps.Mygreatesthappinessisservingthepeople.4）作定语）作定语:S.+v.+doing+n.Doesheworkinthereading-room?Ourteacherusesaverygoodteachingmethod.Hisgrandfatherhasabamboowalkingstick.