跨文化交际跨文化交际Chapter9NonverbalCommunicationLearning objectives:Chapter9NonverbalCommunication1.to identify the definitions of nonverbal communication 2.to know the functions of nonverbal communication3.to understand the various categories of nonverbal communication1.NonverbalCommunicationDefined2.CultureandNonverbalCommunication3.CategoriesofNonverbalCommunication4.NonverbalExpectancyViolationsTheoryindexChapter9NonverbalCommunicationNarrowlyspeaking,nonverbalcommunication(非言语交际)referstointentionaluseofnonspokensymboltocommunicateaspecificmessage.1.NonverbalCommunicationDefinedChapter9NonverbalCommunicationTheAllianceBetweenCultureandNonverbalTheFunctionsofNonverbalCommunicationNonverbalMisinterpretationsasaBarrier2.CultureandNonverbalCommunicationChapter9NonverbalCommunicationTheAlliance关系关系BetweenCultureandNonverbalByunderstandingimportantculturaldifferencesinthisbehavior,youwillbeabletogathercluesaboutunderlyingattitudesandvalues,becausenonverbalcommunicationoftenrevealsbasicculturaltraits.Chapter9NonverbalCommunicationTheFunctionsofNonverbalCommunicationa.ReplacingTherearesituationsinwhichwordscannotbeused.Inaverynoisystreet,forexample,policeofficermightusehandgesturestoreplacespokenmessages.b.Complementingc.Substitutingd.Contradictinge.Regulating(调整)interactionf.Reinforcing（强调）andmodifyingChapter9NonverbalCommunicationNonverbalCommunicationisOftenAmbiguousManynonverbalexpressionsvaryfromculturetoculture,anditisjustthosevariationsthatnonverbalcommunicationcanbeambiguous.ThisgesturemeansOKintheU.Sandmanycultures,whileitmeanszeroinFrance,andmeansmoneyinJapan.Chapter9NonverbalCommunication3.CategoriesofNonverbalCommunicationA.paralanguage/metacommunication(副语言/元信息传递)B.chronemics(时间行为 )C.proxemics(时空行为) D.ocuelsics(目光语)E.olfactics(嗅觉)F.haptics(触觉行为)G.kinesics(身势语行为)H.chromatics(色彩学) I.silenceJ.clothingandphysicalappearanceChapter9NonverbalCommunicationA.Paralanguage/Metacommunicationa.Paralanguageb.MetacommunicationMetacommunicationistheintentionalorunintentionalimpliedmeaningofamessage.1.Vocalcharacterizers(声音的特征)2.Vocalqualifiers(声音的修饰)3.Vocalsegregates(声音的分割)4.Accent(口音)Chapter9NonverbalCommunicationB.Chronemics(时间行为)a.Thesenseoftimeb.Monochronicandpolychronictime（单维度时间取向（单维度时间取向-多维度时间取向）多维度时间取向）Chronemicsisthestudyofhowpeopleperceiveandusetime.Chapter9NonverbalCommunicationa.Thesenseoftime1.Timeiscyclical(循环的)2.Timeislinear(线性的)Westernculturesthinktimeislinearaflowfromthepasttothepresenttothefuture.Lifeonearthevolvedinresponsetothecyclesofdayandnightandtheebbandflowofthetides.Chapter9NonverbalCommunicationb.Monochronicandpolychronictime1.Monochronictime（单维度时间取向）单维度时间取向）2.Polychronictime（多维度时间取向）多维度时间取向）Polychronictimemeansbeinginvolvedwithmanythingsatonce.Monochronictimemeanspayingattentiontoanddoingonlyonethingatatime.Chapter9NonverbalCommunicationC.proxemics（时空行为）（时空行为）a.Personalspaceb.Seatingc.FurniturearrangementProxemicsreferstotheperceptionanduseofspace,includingterritoriality(领地感)andpersonalspace.Territorialityreferstophysicalspace;personalspacereferstoperceptualorpsychologicalspace.Chapter9NonverbalCommunicationa.Personalspace（个人距离）（个人距离）1.IntheUnitedStatesHallreportsthatpsychologistshaveidentifiedfourzonesfromwhichU.S.peopleinteract:theintimatezone,thepersonalzone,thesocialzone,andthepubliczone.2.InIndiaInIndia,thereareelaboraterulesabouthowcloselymembersofeachcaste阶级mayapproachothercastes.3.InArabArabsofthesamesexdostandmuchcloserthanNorthAmericans.AnArabenteringanelevatormaystandrightnexttoanotherpersonandbetouchingeventhoughnooneelseisintheelevator.Chapter9NonverbalCommunicationb.SeatingIn the United States, they tend to talk withthoseoppositethemratherthanthoseseatedor stand beside them. The Chinese oftenexperienceuneasinesswhentheyfacesomeonedirectly or sit on opposite side of a desk ortablefromsomeone.Chapter9NonverbalCommunicationc.FurniturearrangementFrenchspaceisareflectionofFrenchculture.Everythingiscentralized,andspatiallytheentirecountryislaidoutaroundcenters.InGermany,whereprivacyisstressed,officefurnitureisspreadthroughouttheoffice.InJapan,wheregroupparticipationisencouraged,manydesksarearrangedhierarchicallyinthecenterofalarge,commonroomabsentofwalls.Chinesegeomancy(泥土占卜),fengshui,istheartofarrangingthephysicalenvironmenttoestablishharmonywiththenaturalenvironmenttoachievehappiness,prosperity,andhealth.Chapter9NonverbalCommunicationfengshuiwFengShuiisa3,000+yearoldwmetaphysicalpractice形而上学实践观,originatinginChina,butrelevanttoeveryonesinceitdealswithenergy,nature,lawsofphysicsandtheenvironmentsweallcreate.Theharmfuleffectofexposedbeamsiswell-documentedandabasicfengshuiprincipleisthatflat,beamlessceilingsaremuchhealthiertosleepunder.wOnefirstandveryimportantfengshuicareertiptalksaboutyourdeskposition.Thedeskortableyouuseforworkingshouldbeplacedinapositionthatallowsyoutoseethemaindoor.Yourdeskshouldneverbewithyourbackatthedoor,sincethatwouldbeveryharmfulforyourcareer.Andifpossible,youshouldalsotrytoplaceitinsuchananglewhereyoucanalsoseethewindow.Thestudyofcommunicationssentbytheeyesistermedoculesics.AprolongedgazeorstareintheUnitedStatesisconsideredrude.InotherculturessuchasJapan,Korea,andThailand,staringisalsoconsideredrude.Inmostcultures,mendonotstareatwomen.InFranceandItaly,however,mencanstareatwomeninpublic.IntheUnitedStates,staringatapersonisconsideredasignofinterestandmayevenbeinterpretedassexuallysuggestive.Docuelsics（目光语）（目光语）Chapter9NonverbalCommunicationE.Olfactics( (嗅觉嗅觉) )ThestudyofcommunicationviasmelliscalledOlfactics. Apersonssmellcanhavea positive or negative effect on the oralmessage.Do people have the same idea aboutfragrance?Chapter9NonverbalCommunicationF.Haptics( (触觉行为触觉行为) )Hapticsortouchreferstocommunicatingthroughtheuseofbodilycontact.InThailandandLaos,itisrudeforastrangeroracquaintance(熟人)totouchachildonthetopoftheheadbecausetheheadisregardedasthehomeofthespiritorsoul.Itisbelievedthatachildsspiritorsoulisnotstrongenoughtobetouchedandhastendencytobecomeillifpatted.EvenplacingahandonthebackofanAsianworkerschairisconsideredinappropriate.WhiteMuslimshuganotherpersonaroundtheshoulders,Koreayoungpeopledonottouchtheshouldersoftheirelders.Chapter9NonverbalCommunicationG.Kinesics（身势语）（身势语）Kinesicsisthetermusedforcommunicatingthroughvarioustypesofbodymovementsincludingfacialexpressions,gestures,postureandstance,andothermannerisms习性thatmayaccompanyorreplaceoralmessages.Chapter9NonverbalCommunicationGesturescanbeemblemsororregulators(onesfaceturnsredwithembarrassment).Gesturesareusedtoaddemphasisorclaritytoanoralmessage.symbols(the“ok”gesture),illustrators(policeofficershandhelduptostoptraffic),Chapter9NonverbalCommunicationa.Facialexpressionsb.Gestures lHeadmovement lArmmovementc.PostureandstancePosture,thewaysomeonestands,sits,orwalks,cansendpositiveornegativenonverbalmessages.Posturecansignalagreementordisagreement.Appropriatepostureisrelatedtoapersonsstatusinsociety.Forexample,themanagermaystanderectwhentalkingtosubordinates,butthesubordinatesmaydroptheirshoulderswhentalkingtothemanager.Chapter9NonverbalCommunicationH.chromatics（色彩学）（色彩学）Chromaticsreferstothestudyofcoloruseinaffectingpeoplesmood,emotions,andimpressionofothers.Chapter9NonverbalCommunicationBlackisthecolorofmourningtomanyEuropeansandU.S.Americans,butwhiteisworntofuneralsinJapanandmanyothernations.IntheUnitedStates,whiteistypicallywornbybrideswhileinIndia,redoryellowisworn.Purpleissometimesassociatedwithroyalty,butitisthecolorofdeathinmanyLatinAmericancountries.Red(especiallyredroses)isassociatedwithromanceinsomeculturesincludingtheUnitedStates.RedisnotanappropriatecolorforwrappinggiftsinJapan.DarkredisthecolorofmourningalongtheIvoryCoast科特迪瓦(旧称象牙海岸.Culturaldifferencesassociatedwithcolorsinclude:Chapter9NonverbalCommunicationGreenisnotusedforwrappingpackagesinEgyptsincegreenisthenationalistcolor(asred,whiteandbluearethenationalistcolorsintheUnitedStates).MenshouldavoidwearingagreenhatinChinaasthissignifiesthattheirwifeorsisterisaprostitute.Inmanycountriesoftheworld,blueisconsideredamasculinecolor,buttopeopleofFranceandtheUnitedKingdom,redismoremasculine.Blue,inIran,isanundesirablecolor.WhilepeopleoftheUnitedStatesconsiderpinktobethemostfemininecolor,personsinmostothercountriesthinkofyellowasthemostfemininecolor.Culturaldifferencesassociatedwithcolorsinclude:Chapter9NonverbalCommunicationUnited Airlines美 国 联 合 航 空 公 司 unknowinglygotoffonthewrongfoot使一开头就不顺利duringitsinitialflightsfromHongKong. To commemorate the occasion, theyhanded out white carnations(康乃馨) to thepassengers. When they learned that to manyAsians white flowers represent bad luck andevendeath,theychangedtoredcarnations.Chapter9NonverbalCommunicationI.SilenceSilenceisaformofnonverbalcommunicationthatmaybeinterpretedinvariouswaysdependinguponthesituation,thedurationofthesilence,andtheculture.Theuseofsilenceincommunicationisalsoimportant.Silencecancommunicateagreement,apathy(冷漠),awe(敬畏),confusion,contemplation(沉思),disagreement,embarrassment,obligation,regret,repressedhostility,respect,sadness,thoughtfulness,oranynumberofmeanings.Case-analysis:SilenceinJapanWhat is the different opinion towardsilenceinWesternandEasternculture?Chapter9NonverbalCommunicationJ.ClothingandPhysicalAppearanceAlthoughWesternbusinessdresshasbeenwidelyadoptedamongothercultures,youmaywishtolearnculturaldistinctionsinappropriatebusinessattire(服装).WhenvisitingSaudiArabia,forexample,theSaudimightwearthetraditionalArabicwhiteflowingrobeandheadcloth.Theuseofclothingandphysicalappearancetocommunicateismoreobvious.Clothingcanreflectculturalheritage.Chapter9NonverbalCommunication4NonverbalExpectancyViolationsTheoryPeopleholdexpectationsabouttheappropriateness of the nonverbal behaviors ofothers. These expectations are learned andculturallydriven.ViolationofNonverbalExpectationChapter10NonverbalCommunicationHomeworkandAfter-classactivitiesGiveinterpretationstothefollowingnonverbalbehaviorsassistyouindiscoveringyourownethnocentrism?Giveyourpersonalexamples. lAnadultpatsachildshead l A customer in a restaurant waves his handoverhishead lTwowomenwalkhandinhandonthestreet In what situations might you need to interpret thenonverbal behavior of someone from another culture?What problems could arise from not understandingdifferencesinnonverbalbehaviors?Chapter10NonverbalCommunication