连动式和兼语式的译法2021/6/301汉语的特点之一，就是有些句子往往连用两个或更多的动 词，中间不用任何关联词语。英语则不然。所以，汉译英时经常 会遇到如何处理谓语中几个动词连用的问题。汉语中两个或两个以上的动词连用，构成复杂谓语。复杂谓语有两种类型：连动式和兼语式。下面分别介绍这两类复杂谓语的英译方法。2021/6/302一、连动式的译法汉语连动式的特点是：两个或两个以上的动词，与同一主语 发生主谓关系。连动式的这两个或两个以上的动词所表示的动 作、行为，在顺序上不能变动。连动式的几个动词之间虽然没有关联词语，但在意义上却有 一定的关系：有的表示目的与手段，有的表示原因与结果，有的 则只表示行为动作的先后。因此在翻译连动式时，首先必须正确 地判断几个动词在意义上的相互关系。然后根据英语的特点，将 表示主从关系的连动式里的主要动词译成英语的谓语，将其他动 词译成不定式、分词、介词或介词短语。如果连动式里的几个动 词只表示动作先后关系，则按动作发生的先后，译成几个并列的 谓语动词。2021/6/303下面根据连用动词的不同意义与关系分别介绍连动式的几种译法。(一）表示先后关系的连动式通常将几个动词都译成谓语动词， 按原文中的先后次序，用and加以连接。例如：(1) 他把书接过来摆在膝盖上。He took the book and laid it on his lap.(2) 这个军官放下杯子站了起来。The officer put down his glass and stood up.表示动作先后的连动式，第一个动词也可以用分词结抅来译。(1) 他打开抽屉拿出词典来。Opening the drawer he took out a dictionary.(2) 他到了车站发现火车已经开走了。Arriving at the station, he found that the train had left.(3)她备好了课开始写日记。Having prepared her lessons, she began to write up her diary.2021/6/304(二）表示“手段、目的”关系的连动式，在英译时，通常是把前一个动词，即表示手段的词译作谓语，而后一个动词即表示目 的的词，则用不定式译作目的状语。例如：(1) 那老汉下意识地举起手来搔他那光秃秃的头顶。The old man involuntarily raised his hand to scratch his bald head.(2) 去年我和弟弟回乡去看朋友。Last year I went home with my brother to visit our friends.(3) 早在1938年他就去延安学习。As early as in 1938 he went to Yenan to study.(4) 他到班长那儿请了个假。He went to the squad leader to ask for leave.在表示“手段、目的”关系的连动式中，第二个动词有时也 可以用含目的意义的介词来译。例如：(1) 他回房间去取钥匙He went back to his room for the key.(2) “这年头，谁敢下乡去收租米？” （茅盾子夜）Who dares go down into the villages for rent these days?2021/6/305(三）有些连动式，前一个动作表示后一个动作的方式、状态， 两者形成主从关系。在英译时，通常把后一个动作用限定动词译 成谓语，前一个动作译成分词或介词短语。例如：他们热烈鼓掌欢迎朝鲜来宾。They welcomed the Korean guests with warm applause.不久，他捧着那本书回来了Very soon he came back， holding that book in his hand.她已经洗完了衣服，坐在小溪边的石头上撩起布衫揩脸上的汗水。She had already finished washing. Seated on a stone beside the stream, she wiped her perspiring face with her tunic.2021/6/306但是，连动式的译法要根据英语习惯，灵活掌握，有时也可 使用其他方法。例如：(1)她站在门口笑。She stood at the door, grinning.如果译成“She grinned standing at the door.” 就不合习惯了。(2)人民起来反抗压迫。The people rose against oppression.(3)我们应当起来捍卫真理。We should come forward in defense of truth.以上（2)，(3)两例中，against 和 rose 搭配，in defense of和come forward搭配，就符合英语习惯。2021/6/307(1) 虛心使人进步，骄傲使人落后。Modesty helps one to go forward， whereas conceit makes one lag behind.(2) 我们都劝他戒烟。We all advised him to give up smoking.(3) 我请他教我法语。 I asked him to teach me French.有时英语的宾语补足语也可由介词短语来充当。例如(1) 他迫使对方处于守势。He drove his opponent into a defensive position.(2) 解放前环境迫使他行乞。Before liberation circumstances forced him into begging.(3) 地震使所有的房子都成了废墟。The earthquake reduced all the houses to ruins. 2021/6/308二、兼语式的译法兼语式的特点是：谓语有两个动词，前一动词的宾语，又是后一动词的主语，前后两个动词不共一个主语。 兼语式的基本译法有以下几种： (一）按英语的SVOC (主语+谓语+宾语+补语）句型把兼 语式的第二个动词转化为英语的宾语补足语。当兼语式的第一个动词是“使、叫、让、教、请、劝、派、 催、逼、要求、命令、请求、迫使、引诱、号召、鼓励、促进、 动员、禁止、防止、阻挠”等时，译成英语后，在很多情况 下，其宾语补足语是由不定式来充当的。2021/6/309兼语式中的第一个动词，如果是“领导”、“率领”、 “组织”等词，第二个动词只有译成介词语短，才符合英语习惯。例如：(1) 党是能够领导农民走上社会主义道路的。The Party is capable of leading the peasants along the socialist road.(2) 检票员领他到座位上。The usher took him to his seat.(3) 他们组织工人加入了工会 。They have organized the workers into trade unions.在翻译这类兼语式时，宾语补足语有时还可以用形容词、副 词或分词。例如：(1) 你妈妈叫你马上回去。Your mother wants you back home at once,(2) 我们必须使房子保持整洁。We must keep the room clean and tidy.(3) 什么事使你这么样徼动？What made you so excited?2021/6/3010有时还可以用名词。例如：(1) 我们选他为区人民代表。We elected him a deputy to the district peoples congress.(2) 他们推他为领袖。They made him their leader.此外，兼语式的第一个动词如果是表示生理上感觉的动词时，也常常按照英语SVOC的句型来翻译。例如： (1)他觉得房子在摇动。He felt the house shaking.(2)我们可以听见孩子们在外面玩。We could hear the children at play outside.(3)我们看着他拿起门闩，在门口停了一会。We saw him lift the latch and pause for a moment in the doorway.2021/6/3011(二）英语中有大量的含有“致使”、“促成”意义的动 词，有时为了句子简练有力，往往利用这类动词来翻译。例如：这真使我吃惊！It surprised me！这会使孩子们高兴的That will please the children.这暴行使全世界公众舆论感到震惊。This outrage shocked the world opinion.(三有些兼语式结构出现在主语中充当句子的一个成分，这种兼语式结构可以译成一个以具有动词意义的名词为中心词的短语。例如：(1)党中央动员和组织边区各方力量进行抗日赢得全 民的高度赞扬。The Party Central Committee s and organization of the Border Regions capacities to make war against the Japanese won high praise from the people throughout the country,（2)他支持葡萄牙占据果阿使得亚洲人民更加反对他的政府。His support for Portugal s occupation of Goa has turned the Asian peoples against his government all the more.2021/6/3012(四）兼语式的第一个动词如果是“责怪”、“埋怨”、“批 评”、“表扬”等，往往可将第二个动词译作英语的状语短语或 状语从句。例如：(1)报上批评这位作家没有真实地反映生活。Newspapers criticized the author because He failed to present a true picture of life in his works.(2) 指挥员表扬他有勇气。The commander praised him for his courage.(3) 她责备孩子迟迟不回家。She reproached her child for staying out late.2021/6/3013翻译下列各句，注意连动式谓语的译法 去给丁医生打电话！ 他拉过一把椅子放在客人的背后。 你起来吃药吧。第二天早上，他就到镇上去借钱买茶叶。他解开了大襟上的钮扣，又抓着衣角扇了几下，站起来回家去。1. Go and ring up Dr Ting.2. He drew up a chair and placed it behind the visitor.3. Sit up and take your medicine.4. The next morning, he went into town to borrow money for buying tea.5. He unfastened the jacket and swung its opened edges back and forth a few times to fan himself. Then he stood up and started for home.2021/6/3014(五有时也可按照上下文和英语习惯灵活翻译。例如：(1)要使几亿人口的中国人民生活得好 to ensure a better life for the several hundred million people of China(2) 您叫我到哪儿去?But where can I go?(3) 小姐，我劝您少管闲事。Young lady, youd better mind your own business.2021/6/30156. 她抱住女儿的头痛哭着。7. 他腋下挟着几本书回来了8. 我要带孩子到街上去走走。 9. 暑假里他乘火车到西安去参观。 10. 他打发儿子到城里去买些酒来。6. Hugging her daughter, she broke down completely.7. He came back home with some books under his arm.8. I will take my child to the street for a walk.9. He went to Xi an for a visit during the summer vacation.10. He sent his son to town to buy some wine.2021/6/3016翻译下列各句，注意兼语式谓语的译法连长命令一排担任警戒。 我们迫使敌人缴械投降。 是谁鼓动你干这样的坏事的？ 我们不能强迫人们接受某一种学派。 他要你十一点钟给他回电话。1. The company commander ordered the first platoon to keep watch,2. We forced the enemy to hand over their weapons and surrender.3. Who instigated you to do such evil things? (or, Who instigated you to all such evil deeds?)4.We cannot compel people to accept one particular style of art or school of thoughts5. He wants you to call him back at 11.2021/6/3017我要让他自己解决这个问题。 大夫劝他好好休息。制止帝国主义发动新的世界大战是世界人民的共同愿望。有五十多个国家决定派代表团出席大会。 她听到孩子在摇篮里哭。 Ill leave him to solve the problem for himself. 7. The doctor advised him to take a good rest. It is the common wish of the world s people to prevent the imperialists from launching a new world war.9. More than fifty countries decided to send their delegations to the conference.10. She heard the baby crying in the cradle.2021/6/3018 结束束语若有不当之处，请指正，谢谢！若有不当之处，请指正，谢谢！