Unit OneTEXT I Hit the Nail on the Head(恰到好处；一语中的恰到好处；一语中的）I. Pre-reading Questions1. Suggested Answer (SA): It means exactly right in words or action.2. SA: The author advises that the English students should try to get the words, phrases and sentences completely right for their purposes in their writing.2021/3/91III. Library Work1. 1) Gustave Flaubert (1821 1880), French novelist, was associated with, though not representative of, the movement of naturalism and known as one of the greatest realists of 19th-century France. He devoted his life to long hours spent in heavy toil over his work. His writing is marked by exactness and accuracy of observation, extreme impersonality and objectivity of treatment, and precision and expressiveness in style, or the principle of the mot juste.2021/3/921. 2) Mrs. Malaprop is a famous character in Sheridans comedy The Rivals (1775). She is noted for her blunders in the use of words. “As headstrong（不受管束的）（不受管束的） as an allegory（比方；寓言）（比方；寓言） (alligator) on the banks of the Nile” is one of her grotesque（荒唐的）（荒唐的）misapplications. She also requests that no delusions（欺骗（欺骗;迷迷惑）惑）(allusions) to the past be made. She has given us the word malapropism（用词（用词错误，尤指误用发音相似而意义全非的词）错误，尤指误用发音相似而意义全非的词）as a name for such mistakes.2021/3/932. Hindi（印地语）（印地语）is a literary and official language of northern India. Swahili（斯瓦希里语）（斯瓦希里语）is a Bantu（班图（班图) language that is a trade and governmental language over much of East Africa and in the Congo region. Bantus are people belonging to a group of tribes found in equatorial and southern Africa. IV. Organization of the Text 1. An analogy between the unskilled use of the hammer and the improper choice of words (Paragraph 1)2021/3/942. The significance of finding the right words (Paragraphs 2 - 3)3. Semantic differences between words having the same root (Paragraphs 4 - 7)(1). Example 1 (human vs. humane) (Paragraph 4)(2). Example 2 (anxiety vs. eagerness) (Paragraph 5)(3). Example 3 (singularity vs. singleness) (Paragraphs 6 7)2021/3/954. Wrong choice of words caused by failure to recognize their connotations (Paragraph 8)Examples: imprison, contain, sum up, epitomize and distill5. Stylistic differences between synonyms (Paragraph 9)Examples: in my childhood vs. when I was a child; love to watch vs. love watching; die vs. expire; poor vs. in indigent circum-stances2021/3/966. The abundance of specific words in English for general notions (Paragraph 10)7. Conclusion (Paragraph 11): the importance of a good control and command over known words (A good writer is not measured by the extent of his vocabulary, but by his skill in finding the word that will hit the nail cleanly on the head. ) 2021/3/97V. Key Points of the TextParagraph 1knock over: hit to fall 捶翻捶翻drive something home: force (the nail) into the right place; make something unmistakably clear 把（钉子等）打入；使明确无误把（钉子等）打入；使明确无误E.g. (1). He slammed the door and drove the bolt home. 他砰地关上门，把门闩插好。他砰地关上门，把门闩插好。(2). drive ones point home 讲清楚自己的观点讲清楚自己的观点(3). a voice that drives home each word 字字字字清清晰晰的说话声的说话声2021/3/98(4). To drive home his policy, the president wrote his second letter. 为为了了阐阐明明他他的的政政策策，总总统统又又写写了第二封信。了第二封信。(5). You must drive it home to John that we dont have enough money. 你你必必须须使使约约翰翰明明白白我我们们钱钱确确实不够。实不够。 deft: effortlessly skillful 熟练的熟练的hit it squarely on the head: hitting it directly on the head. Also hit the (right) nail on the head: (informal) be exactly right in words or action 正正中要害；猜中；说得好，做得好中要害；猜中；说得好，做得好2021/3/99E.g. : (1). Your criticism really hit the nail on the head. 你的批评确是一针见血。你的批评确是一针见血。 (2). In so saying, you hit the right nail on the head. 你这样说确是击中要害。你这样说确是击中要害。 squarely: meaning “directly”, may be used both literally and figuratively.E.g. : (1). The boxer hit his opponent squarely on the jaw.(2). We must face the difficulty squarely.2021/3/910Paragraph 1clean English: English that is exact (precise) and cleara word that is more or less right: a word that is almost right, but not completely right 差不多恰差不多恰当的词语当的词语Question 1: Which phrase in this paragraph marks a contrast between a clumsy man and a skillful carpenter?SA: On the other hand.2021/3/911Paragraph 1Question 2: Which sentence in Paragraph 1 establishes the link between the driving of a nail and the choice of a word?SA: So with language; the good craftsman will choose words that drive home his point firmly and exactly.2021/3/912Paragraph 2Question 1: What does the word “this” in Sentence 1 refer to?SA: Getting the word that is completely right for the writers purpose.scrupulous writers: writers who are thorough, exact, and who pay careful attention to details 一丝不苟的作家一丝不苟的作家2021/3/913scrupulous: correct even in the smallest detail; exact; painstaking; meticulous 严格严格认真的认真的, 审慎的审慎的unscrupulous: 不择手段的不择手段的, 肆无忌惮的肆无忌惮的, the opposite of scrupulous, seems to be more often used to describe people who do not care about honesty and fairness in getting what they want, or who are completely without principles. Also by hook or (by) crook: to win by hook or crook2021/3/914Paragraph 2Question 2: Do you agree with the author that there is a great deal of truth in the seemingly stupid question “How can I know what I think till I see what I say”? Why or why not?2021/3/915Paragraph 2SA: Yes, I do. It sounds irrational that a person does not know what he himself thinks before he sees what he says, but, as a matter of fact, it is quite true that unless we have found the exact words to verbalize our own thoughts we can never be very sure of what our thoughts are, without words, our thoughts cannot be defined or stated in a clear and precise manner.2021/3/916Paragraph 3that constitutes his limitation: that makes or forms his shortcoming or inability in certain respectsconcept vs. conception:A concept is an idea of a category or kind that has been generalized from particular instances. Thus, the concept of “cat” arises form the many cats we see. Concept also refers to a widely held idea of what something is or should be: The concept of2021/3/917government of many small nations has been influenced by the legislative and judicial institutions of Britain. The meaning of conception is much like this second sense of concept, but differs in that the idea of what a thing is or should be is here held by an individual or small group and is often colored by imagination and feeling: A childs conception of the universe is formed by his limited experience and his own fancies.2021/3/918your conception of the man is clearer and sharper: your idea of the man is clearer and more distinctsharp: a word that has a variety of meaningsE.g.: a sharp (thrill) voice 刺耳的语声刺耳的语声 sharp (harsh) words a sharp (severe) pain2021/3/919Paragraph 3Question 3: What is the significance of finding the right words?SA: Words are many and various; they are subtle and delicate in their different shades of meaning. The exact use of language gives us mastery over the material we are dealing with.2021/3/920Paragraph 4human vs. humane: human: relating to or characteristic of humankind or peopleE.g.: human action: action taken by man 人的人的行为行为 To err is human; to forgive, divine. 犯错人皆犯错人皆难免；宽恕则属超凡。难免；宽恕则属超凡。human killer: a person or a machine that kills humans 杀人凶手；杀人机器杀人凶手；杀人机器2021/3/921humane: having or showing compassion or benevolence; characterized by kindness, mercy, sympathyE.g.: humane action: merciful action 人道的行为人道的行为humane killer: that which kills but causes little pain; instrument for painless slaughter of animals 牲口无痛屠宰机，牲口麻醉屠宰机牲口无痛屠宰机，牲口麻醉屠宰机Paragraph 5far afield: far away from home; to or at a great distance; very far away 向远处向远处, 远离远离2021/3/922Paragraph 6cowardice: lack of courage 怯懦怯懦, 胆小胆小rife: widespread, common（流行的，普遍的）（流行的，普遍的）. Rife is an adjective used with something negative.E.g.: (1). Crime and violence were rife in this city before liberation.(2). Typhoid fever (Poultry flu) is rife. 目前伤寒目前伤寒（禽流感）流行。（禽流感）流行。 (3). Corruption (Unemployment) is still rife in that country. 那个国家依然贪污成风（失业遍地）。那个国家依然贪污成风（失业遍地）。 2021/3/923(4). The whole city is rife with rumors. 满城谣诼满城谣诼纷纷。纷纷。 (5). This article is rife with error. 这篇文章错误百这篇文章错误百出。出。 (6). The country was rife with disease and violence. 那个国家当时疾病和暴力横行。那个国家当时疾病和暴力横行。 (7). Diseases used to be rife in that country.singularity vs. singleness:singularity: strangeness, oddity, peculiarity 奇特奇特, 特性特性, 非凡非凡E.g.: singularity of mind 思想奇特；标新立异思想奇特；标新立异2021/3/924singleness: complete devotion to; holding steadfastly toE.g.: singleness of mind 思想专一思想专一, , 专心致专心致志志Paragraph 7malapropism: an often amusing misuse of a word, such that the word incorrectly used sounds similar to the intended word but means something quite different 词语词语误用（尤指误用发音相似而意义全非的词）误用（尤指误用发音相似而意义全非的词）2021/3/925hold to: (cause to) follow exactly, keep to (something such as a promise); adhere to坚持，遵守，忠于坚持，遵守，忠于 E.g.: (1). Whatever your argument, I shall hold to my decision. (2). The priest held to his beliefs in spite of cruel treatment.(3). He holds to a simple life. 他坚持过着简他坚持过着简朴的生活。朴的生活。 2021/3/926(4). He held to his own counsel. 他按照自己的意他按照自己的意见行事。见行事。 (5). I hold to my promise. 我格守诺言。我格守诺言。 draw aside: (cause to) move to one sideE.g.: (1). Drawing the curtain aside, he looked down into the street. (2). The crowd drew aside to let the prisoner pass.Paragraph 8Question: Explain why the word “imprison” in the example given in this paragraph, though not a malapropism, is still not the right word for the writers purpose.2021/3/927SA: “Malapropism” means the unintentional misuse of a word by confusing it with one that resembles it, such as human for humane, singularity for singleness. But the misuse of “imprison” is a different case. It is wrongly chosen because the user has failed to recognize its connotation（内涵）（内涵）.imprison: put into prison or keep in a place or state which one is not free to leave 监禁监禁, 关押关押; 限制限制, 束缚束缚2021/3/928coercion: pressure, compulsion; government by force 强迫，压制；高压统治强迫，压制；高压统治E.g.: the coercion of public opinion舆论的压力舆论的压力coerce v.t.: 强制；胁迫；迫使强制；胁迫；迫使E.g.: coerce somebody into doing something 迫迫使使某人做谋事某人做谋事coerce uniformity 强求一致强求一致coercive adj. = coercionary adj.: serving or intended to coerceE.g.: coercive methods (measures) 强强制制的的方方法法（手段）（手段）2021/3/929coercible adj.epitomize: be typical of; serve as the typical example of 代代表表，象象征征，体体现现，写写 的梗概，作的梗概，作 的纲要的纲要E.g.: (1). He was the man who epitomized black resistance to the colonial government. 他代表着黑人对殖民地政府的反抗。他代表着黑人对殖民地政府的反抗。(2). His political creed was epitomized in this report. 他他的的政政治治信信念念就就概概括括在在这这篇篇报报告中。告中。2021/3/930epitome n.: a thing or person that shows, to a very great degree, a quality or set of qualities (especially in the phrase the epitome of) 典型，象征；缩影典型，象征；缩影 a short account of a book or speech 梗梗概；缩写，节录概；缩写，节录E.g.: (1). She is the epitome of arrogance. 她是傲慢的典型。她是傲慢的典型。(2). My cat is the epitome of laziness (= My cat is very lazy.).2021/3/931hit on: strike on: find by lucky chance or have a good idea about（偶然或忽然）发（偶然或忽然）发现；碰上；现；碰上； 找到；想到找到；想到E.g.: (1). I hit on this interesting book in a small bookstore. 我我在在一一家家小小书书店店里里偶偶然然发发现了这本有趣的书。现了这本有趣的书。(2). The plan we hit upon was not logical, perhaps, but it worked. 我我们们想想出出来来的的那那个个计划也许不合逻辑，但它行之有效。计划也许不合逻辑，但它行之有效。(3). How did you hit on the right answer so quickly?2021/3/932(4). At last someone hit upon taking the other road through the mountains.distill: take and separate the most important parts of (a book, a subject, etc.) 提炼提炼E.g.: distill the essence of 提取提取的精华的精华alive: sensitive; alertParagraph 9disprove vs. disapprove: 2021/3/933disprove: prove to be contrary; refute 反驳，反驳，证明有误证明有误E.g.: (1). find a charge hard to disprove 发发现推翻某项罪名有困难现推翻某项罪名有困难(2). He could not disprove the major contention of his opponents. 他他驳驳不不倒倒对对方方的主要论点。的主要论点。Compare disapprove: have a bad opinion for moral reasons (of) 不不赞赞成成；不不同同意意；不准许；否决；不赞同；不喜欢不准许；否决；不赞同；不喜欢(of)2021/3/934E.g. (1). She disapproved the arrangements for the wedding.(2). The court disapproved the verdict. 法院法院否定了陪审团的裁决。否定了陪审团的裁决。(3). Jims father disapproved of his marriage to Mary. Jim的的父父亲亲不不赞赞成成他他与与Mary的婚事。的婚事。(4). He disapproved of her. 他讨厌她。他讨厌她。 2021/3/935expire: die; pass away; come to an end 死亡；过期死亡；过期indigent: poor; lacking money and goods; poverty-stricken; penniless 贫贫困的，贫穷的困的，贫穷的Paragraph 10march: walk with firm regular steps like a soldier 齐步前进齐步前进, 行军行军2021/3/936pace: walk with slow, steady steps, especially backwards and forwards 踱方步踱方步 patrol: go at regular times round (an area, building, etc.) to see that there is no trouble, that no one is trying to get in or out illegally, etc. 巡逻，巡查巡逻，巡查stride: walk with long steps or cross with one long step 大踏步地走，跨大踏步地走，跨2021/3/937stalk: walk stiffly, proudly, or with long steps 高视阔步地走高视阔步地走strut: walk proudly or stiffly, especially with the chest pushed forward and trying to look important 趾高气扬地走，大摇大摆地走趾高气扬地走，大摇大摆地走tread: step on 踩踩, 践踏践踏tramp: walk (through or over) with firm heavy steps 用沉重的脚步行走用沉重的脚步行走2021/3/938Paragraph 10step out: (AmE) go outside or go somewhere (美口美口) 暂时走开暂时走开prance: move quickly, happily or proudly with a springing or dancing step 欢跃地走欢跃地走2021/3/939prowl: (of an animal looking for food, or of a thief) move about (an area) quietly, trying not to be seen or heard 潜行，暗中徘徊潜行，暗中徘徊E.g.: beasts prowling after their prey 四处觅食的野兽四处觅食的野兽2021/3/940Paragraph 10sidle: (up) walk as if ready to turn and go the other way, especially secretively or nervously（尤指鬼鬼祟祟地或胆怯地）（尤指鬼鬼祟祟地或胆怯地）悄悄地走悄悄地走E.g.: He sidled up to the stranger in the street and tried to sell him the stolen ring. 在街上，他鬼鬼祟祟地走到陌生人面前在街上，他鬼鬼祟祟地走到陌生人面前企图向他兜售偷来的戒指。企图向他兜售偷来的戒指。2021/3/941Paragraph 10creep: move slowly and quietly with the body close to the ground 匍匐前进，爬行；匍匐前进，爬行； 蹑手蹑脚地走蹑手蹑脚地走E.g.: The cat crept silently towards the mouse. 猫悄悄地向老鼠爬过去。猫悄悄地向老鼠爬过去。 The policeman crept up on the criminal and seized him from behind. 警察偷偷逼警察偷偷逼近罪犯，从后面将他一把抓住。近罪犯，从后面将他一把抓住。2021/3/942Paragraph 10plod: (especially along, on) walk slowly, especially with difficulty and great effort; trudge 沉重缓慢地走，沉重缓慢地走，步履艰难步履艰难E.g.: The old man plods along, hardly able to lift each foot. 那老人步履艰难那老人步履艰难地走着，双脚几乎都提不起来。地走着，双脚几乎都提不起来。2021/3/943Paragraph 10trudge: walk with heavy steps, slowly and with effort (plod) 步履艰难地走步履艰难地走, 跋涉跋涉E.g.: He had to trudge (for) 20 miles to get home. 他要跋涉他要跋涉20英里才回到家。英里才回到家。shuffle: walk by dragging ones feet slowly along 曳足而行，拖着步子走曳足而行，拖着步子走2021/3/944stagger: walk or move unsteadily and with great difficulty, almost falling 蹒蹒跚，摇晃，踉跄跚，摇晃，踉跄E.g.: He was staggering along as if drunk. 他摇摇晃晃地向前走，好像喝他摇摇晃晃地向前走，好像喝醉了酒一样。醉了酒一样。toddle: walk with short unsteady steps, as a small child does 蹒跚行步，蹒跚行步，东倒西歪地走东倒西歪地走2021/3/945Paragraph 10stroll: walk a short distance slowly or lazily, especially for pleasure 散步；散步；闲逛；溜达闲逛；溜达ramble: (about, through, among) go on a long walk with no particular plan 漫游；漫步漫游；漫步2021/3/946Paragraph 10E.g.: They rambled through the woods. 他们漫步他们漫步穿过树林。穿过树林。 We rambled about for hours in the old city. 我我们在古城漫游了几个小时。们在古城漫游了几个小时。roam: (through, around, about) wander without a very clear purpose 漫步；闲荡；漫步；闲荡；漫游漫游E.g.: At this height hyenas roamed about. 在这高度，有鬣狗四处游荡。在这高度，有鬣狗四处游荡。2021/3/947saunter: walk in an unhurried way, and especially in a confident manner (lounge) 闲逛；漫步闲逛；漫步E.g.: I sauntered along the street with nothing to do. 我在街上闲逛，无所事事。我在街上闲逛，无所事事。meander: (of people) wander in a slow easy way 漫步漫步, , 散步散步 (of rivers and streams) flow slowly, turning here and there（指河川）蜿蜒而流；迂回曲折地前（指河川）蜿蜒而流；迂回曲折地前进进2021/3/948lounge: (especially about, around) move in a lazy, relaxed way, move in leisurely, indolent manner (saunter) 闲逛闲逛E.g.: He lounged about the house, doing nothing but getting in our way while we were working. 我们工作时，他什么也不干，我们工作时，他什么也不干，在屋子里乱转，碍手碍脚的。在屋子里乱转，碍手碍脚的。loiter: move on or move about, stopping often 走走停停；徘徊；闲逛走走停停；徘徊；闲逛E.g.: The policemen saw someone loitering near the shop. 警察看见有人在商店附近徘警察看见有人在商店附近徘徊徊.2021/3/949Paragraph 11Question 1: What conclusion is drawn by the author in this paragraph?SA: A good writer is not measured by the extent of his vocabulary, but by his skill in finding the “mot juste”, the word that will hit the nail cleanly on the head.2021/3/950Question 2: The writer begins his article with an analogy between the unskilled use of the hammer and the improper choice of words. Identify the places where the analogy is referred to in the rest of the article.SA: “We dont have to look far afield to find evidence of bad carpentry in language.” (Paragraph 5)2021/3/951“It is perhaps easier to be a good craftsman with wood and nails than a good craftsman with words.” (Paragraph 9)“A good carpenter is not distinguished by the number of his tools, but by the craftsmanship with which he uses them. So a good writer is not measured by the extent of his vocabulary, but by his skill in finding the mot juste, the word that will hit the nail cleanly on the head.” (Paragraph 11)2021/3/952take courage: feel hopeful and confident about somethingE.g.: It is a challenging job; but take courage and work hard at it, and youll be rewarded.2021/3/953VI. SA to Ex. I, P. 1, Workbook1. So with language; the good craftsman will choose words that drive home his point firmly and exactly.2. Getting the word that is completely right for the writers purpose.2021/3/954VI. SA to Ex. I, P. 1, Workbook3. Yes, I do. It sounds irrational that a person does not know what he himself thinks before he sees what he says, but, as a matter of fact, it is quite true that unless we have found the exact words to verbalize our own thoughts we can never be very sure of what our thoughts are, without words, our thoughts cannot be defined or stated in a clear and precise manner.2021/3/955VI. SA to Ex. I, P. 1, Workbook4. “Malapropism” means the unintentional misuse of a word by confusing it with one that resembles it, such as human for humane, singularity for singleness. But the misuse of “imprison” is a different case. It is wrongly chosen because the user has failed to recognize its connotation. 2021/3/956VI. SA to Ex. I, P. 1, Workbook5. human = characterizing of, or relating to manhumane = characterized by kindness, mercy, sympathy; thus: human action = action taken by manhumane action = merciful actionhuman killer = person that kills humanshumane killer = that which kills but causes little pain2021/3/957VI. SA to Ex. I, P. 1, Workbook6. Sensitive; alert7. “We dont have to look far afield to find evidence of bad carpentry in language.” (Paragraph 5)“It is perhaps easier to be a good craftsman with wood and nails than a good craftsman with words.” (Paragraph 9)2021/3/958VI. SA to Ex. I, P. 1, Workbook“A good carpenter is not distinguished by the number of his tools, but by the craftsmanship with which he uses them. So a good writer is not measured by the extent of his vocabulary, but by his skill in finding the mot juste, the word that will hit the nail cleanly on the head.” (Paragraph 11)2021/3/959VII. SA to Ex. II, P. 2, Workbook1. A writer who is particular about the exactness of an expression in English will never feel happy with a word which fails to express an idea accurately.2021/3/960VII. SA to Ex. II, P. 2, Workbook2. To a certain extent, the process of finding the right words to use is a process of perfection where you try to search for words that may most accurately express your thoughts and feelings, and words that may most effectively make your listeners and readers understand your thoughts and feelings.2021/3/961VII. SA to Ex. II, P. 2, Workbook3. Finding the most suitable word to use is in no sense easy. But there is nothing like the delight we shall experience when such a word is located.4. Once we are able to use language accurately, we are in a position to fully understand our subject matter.2021/3/962VIII. SA to Ex. III, P. 3, Workbook1. After citing many facts and giving a number of statistical figures, he finally drove home his point.2. It took us half a year more or less to carry through the research project.3. What he said was so subtle that we could hardly make out his true intention.4. His new book looks squarely at the contemporary social problems.2021/3/963VIII. SA to Ex. III, P. 3, Workbook5. The younger generation today are very much alive to the latest information found on the Internet.6. It is a matter of opinion whether a foreign language is more easily learned in ones childhood or otherwise.7. Never loose heart in the face of a setback; take courage and deal with it squarely. 8. Rice, meat, vegetables, and fruit constitute a balanced diet.2021/3/964TEXT II The Makers Eye: Reviewing Your Own Manuscripts(作者的眼光：修改自己的手稿）作者的眼光：修改自己的手稿）I. Organization of the Text1. The way writers should view their own writing through the makers eye (Paragraphs 1 9)2021/3/9652. How to revise ones own writing (Paragraphs 10 26)II. Key Points of the TextParagraph 2journeyman: an experienced person whose work is fairly (but not very) good 熟练工熟练工craftsman: a person skilled in a job 能工能工巧匠巧匠prolific: productive; producing many works2021/3/966Paragraph 3a progression of: a succession ofdecode: discover the meaning of (something written in a code) 解码；解码；译解译解 compare encode: turn (a message) into codeParagraph 4detach from: separate from2021/3/967Paragraph 5supposedly: as is believed; as it appears 想想象上，据推测，大概象上，据推测，大概for a year to the day: for exactly a yeardiscipline: controleuphoric: extremely happyeuphoria: a feeling of happiness and cheerful excitement 欣快症；异常欣快欣快症；异常欣快2021/3/968Paragraph 6counsel: adviseE.g.: a counsel of perfection 要别人必要别人必须做到十全十美的要求；须做到十全十美的要求； 达不到的达不到的理想理想darken counsel 使更加难以理解使更加难以理解take counsel of ones pillow 通夜思考通夜思考excise: remove by cutting out2021/3/969a schizophrenic process: a maddening or disorderly process 混乱的过程；前后矛盾混乱的过程；前后矛盾的过程的过程schizophrenia: a mental disorder marked by a separation of a persons mind and feelings 精神分裂症精神分裂症Paragraph 8prune: cut off, remove or shorten some of the branches in order to improve the shape, growth, production of flowers or fruit; reduce or remove (anything useless2021/3/970or unwanted) from (something) by making careful choices 修剪；删除修剪；删除spontaneous: happening as a result of natural feelings or cause, without outside force or influence, or without being planned 自然产生的，自发的自然产生的，自发的spontaneity: naturalnessParagraph 9positive: sure; having no doubt about something2021/3/971Paragraph 16genre: a class of works of art, literature, or music marked by a particular style, form, or subject 类型，流派，风格类型，流派，风格Paragraph 23mutter: speak (usually angry or complaining words) in a low voice, not easily heard 咕哝，嘀咕咕哝，嘀咕in short runs: in short periods of time. Compare in long runs.2021/3/972at a stretch: without stopping, continuouslyParagraph 25connotation: (any of) the feeling or ideas that are suggested by a word, rather than the actual meaning of the word 含义，言外之意含义，言外之意denotation: the thing that is actually named or described by a word, rather than the feelings or ideas that are suggested by the word 直接意义，特定意直接意义，特定意义义2021/3/973rub against: slide something with pressure against; compare withE.g.: Dont rub your coat against the wet paint.Paragraph 26peer into: look with effort into somethingE.g.: She stood on the shore for some time, peering into the distance, long after the ship had gone.2021/3/974III. SA to Questions for Discussion, P. 14, Students Book1. The completion of the first draft is regarded as the end of the job by an amateur writer but as the beginning by a professional. Writers must learn to be fastidious and exacting, i.e., severely critical with their own writing.2. They are information, meaning, audience, form, structure, development, dimension and voice. You can refer to Paragraphs 13 20 for the explanations of them.2021/3/975III. SA to Questions for Discussion, P. 14, Students Book3. Line-by-line editing. Study individually all the clauses, phrases, words, and even the punctuation marks.4. Our ears are very good judges of language, being sensitive to the flow of words. He thinks that what is right should sound right, and what sounds right should be right.5. This question is open to discussion.2021/3/976IV. SA to Ex. 1, P. 4, Workbook1. Peter F. DruckerInstead of calling his first draft the first draft, Drucker calls it “the zero draft,” meaning that it is only the starting point of his writing, and that only after some revisions have been made can the draft be called the first, the second draft.2021/3/977IV. SA to Ex. 1, P. 4, Workbook2. Ray BradburyHe does not revise his writing immediately after it is done. It is put away for a whole year on purpose. Then Bradbury rereads his manuscript as if he were a stranger. This way he can be more critical about his own writing.2021/3/978IV. SA to Ex. 1, P. 4, Workbook3. Nancy Hale“What seems delightful in his own writing should be read by the author with a critical eye. What is most admirable to him must be cut out as he is likely to protect it from others criticism.”4. John Ciardi“The last thing to do with ones own writing is to become the reader of the writing. It is a confusing process. The writer begins reading enthusiastically but becomes fault-finding when he comes to the end. What is more important is2021/3/979IV. SA to Ex. 1, P. 4, Workbookthat he must be hot with enthusiasm and cold with criticism at the same time / simultaneously.”5. Eleanor EstesShe advises the writer to go over his own writing with good judgment and calmness as if he were not the author. He must be ready to cut out the unnecessary parts skillfully and mercilessly. When he finishes revising his writing each time, the manuscripts must seem to be in a state of disorder - with some parts torn out and some added to, and with words changed time and 2021/3/980IV. SA to Ex. 1, P. 4, Workbookagain. In spite of all the changes, the book must keep its originality and naturalness at its first appearance.6. Anthony BrugessHe concedes that he might go over one single page many many times.2021/3/981IV. SA to Ex. 1, P. 4, Workbook7. Roald Dahl“When I am coming to the last part of a story, I will have read and reread and corrected the first part no less than 150 times. Good writing is first and foremost rewriting. I have no doubt about this / Im very certain about this.” What the authors express in common is this: Of the first and foremost importance to a writer is the effort he makes at criticizing, revising, and correcting his own drafts time and again until it satisfies the makers eye.2021/3/982V. SA to Ex. 1, P. 6, Workbook1. Traditional dictionaries are said to be prescriptive because they prescribe correct patterns of usage only. They also attempt to preserve the linguistic features of the past.2. More recent dictionaries are said to be descriptive because they have become less concerned with laying down rules, but more concerned with describing a language. There are also a wide range of descriptive labels such as “informal,” “slang,” or “technical.”2021/3/983V. SA to Ex. 1, P. 6, Workbook3. Dictionaries reflect the evolution of the language in that they keep pace with the changes that occur in language usage and the frequent introduction of words.2021/3/984VI. SA to Ex. 3, P. 7, Workbook1. In an ordinary dictionary, a lexicographer is defined simply as “a writer or compiler of a dictionary.” But Johnson defines him as a harmless drudge or a person doing dull work 2. In an ordinary dictionary, oats is defined as a grain that provides food for people and animals. But Johnson seemed to be biased against the Scottish people, because they eat oats whereas in England, it is generally given to horses.2021/3/985放映结束 感谢各位的批评指导！ 谢谢 谢！谢！让我们共同进步2021/3/986