PostgraduateEnglishIntensiveReading(1)vvv真诚vE-mail:lzhenchengqq.comTeachingProceduresvIntroductions&requirementsvNewwordslearningvTextDetailedstudyoftext(Expressions&Sentencepatterns)TextStructureAnalysisvExercises(selectsome)vSupplementaryreading(self-reading)vSchedule(twoweeksforoneunit,sowecanprobablyfinish8units)vExamination(mainlybasedonwhatistaughtinclass)RequirementsvPreviewvActiveparticipationvFeedbackUnitOneYouarewhatyouthinkuNewwordsuTextstudyuExercisevclich:Aclichisanideaorphrasewhichhasbeenusedsomuchthatitisnolongerinterestingoreffectiveornolongerhasmuchmeaning.ve.g.-aclich-riddennewspaperarticlevscrutinize: If you scrutinize something, youexamine it very carefully, often to find out someinformationfromitoraboutit.ve.g.-Hescrutinizedthemensfacescarefully,tryingtoworkoutwhowaslying.vscrutiny:criticalgaze;closeinvestigationOptimism/pessimismvOptimismn.optimistica.optimistn.vPessimismn.pessimistica.pessimistn.Inoculateagainst预防注射；接种疫苗ve.g.-Duringthewaralliedtroopswereinoculatedagainstdiseases,becauseoffearsthatbiologicalweaponsmightbeused.vAllchildrenareinoculatedagainstpolio.(小儿麻痹症)metropolitanvOf,relatingto,ordenotingametropolisve.g.-theBostonmetropolitanarea波士顿大都会区loopholevLoophole:anambiguityorinadequacyinthelaworasetofrulesvHewantstoavoidpayingsomeofhistaxesbytakingadvantageoftheloopholeofthelaw.vLoop:环，圈flukeIf you say that something good is a fluke, youmeanthatithappenedaccidentallyratherthanbybeingplannedorarranged.(INFORMAL)ve.g.v-Wewonthefootballgamebyafluke.v-Hissuccessinhistoryexaminationwasamerefluke.donatevv.: To present as a gift to a fund or cause;contributev-HedonatedallhissavingstotheProjectHope.vdonationn.v-Hemadeadonationof$1,000toProjectHope.vdonatorrecurv:comeorhappenagaine.g.-Thisisaproblemwhichrecursperiodically.vrecurto:gobackinwordsorthoughtve.g.-Myfirstmeetingwithheroftenrecurstomymemory.ve.g.-His words of encouragement recurred tomymindwheneverIwasinlowspirits.vrecurrenta./recurrencen.ve.g.-The patient complained of a recurrentheadache.immunea.:（against, from, to）v-He seems to be immune to (not affected by)flattery./（from,to）v-Thecriminalwastoldhewouldbeimmunefrompunishmentifhehelpedthepolice.(被豁免的)immunityn.:vThe child has received immunity to a variety ofinfections.immunizev.immunizationn.immunologyn.(studyofresistancetoinfection免疫学)dodgeIfyoudodgesomething,youavoiditbyquicklymovingasideoroutofreachsothatitcannothitorreachyou.ve.g.-HedodgedthebookthatIthrewathim.vIf you dodge something, you deliberately avoidthinkingaboutitordealingwithit,oftenbybeingdeceitful.ve.g.-The minister dodged almost all thequestionsthatwereputtoher.flounderflounder:To make clumsy attempts to move orregainonesbalance.v-flounderinthedeepsnowv-Theboyflounderedinthewatertillsomeonejumpedintosavehimcensorvv. examinebooks,periodicals,films,etc.tocutoutanythingregardedasimmoralorinotherwaysundesirablee.g.-Thegovernmentcensoredsomepartsofthenovel.vn.Hecamehereasacensor.v(officials with authority to examine letters,newspapers,periodicals,etc.审查员)DetailedstudyofthetextvPara.1:Peopleviewthesamethingsdifferently.Itplaysaroleinintroducing“positiveandnegative”thinking.vTheclichesmakethebeginningmoreamusingandthusappealsreaders.Para.2vbody: A number of persons, concepts, orthingsregardedasagroup视作一组的人、事、物v-Hehasalarge bodyoffactstoprovehisstatements.vill:whenusedasanoun,itmeans“anythingcausingharm,trouble,wrong,unhappiness,etc.,specifically:a)anevilormisfortune;b)adisease.vSynonyms:disease,ailment,illness,sicknessvInPara.2:vOptimismcanhelpyoutobevPessimismleadsyoutoTopic of the articleInPara.7WhentheyfailedonthefirstcallortwovParaphrase: When the first few people they phoned refused to donate bloodvInPara.8vNegativeorpositive,itwasaself-fulfillingprophecy.-Self-fulfillingprophecy:apredictionbroughttofulfillmentchieflyasaneffectofhavingbeenexpectedorpredicted-Paraphrase:Aprophecymaybecometruewhetheritisanegativeorapositiveone./Ifyouthinkpositively,itmaybringaboutapositiveresult;ifyouthinknegatively,itmayleadtoanegativeresult.InPara.9vA sense of control, according toAnderson,isthelitmustestforsuccess.- Paraphrase: Whether one feels in control of the situation will determine ones success in the end.InPara.10Optimists may think they are better thanthefactswouldjustify.vjustify:Todemonstrateorprovetobejust,right,orvalid-The course of events fully justifies ourviews.-Howcanyoujustifyyourrudeandfoolishbehavior? Paraphrase: Optimistsmayoverestimatethemselves;regardthemselvesasbetterthantheyreallyare.InPara.10v.there was a longer disease-free interval,thebestpredictorofsurvival.vParaphrase:Theperiodoftimewhentheywerefree from disease was longer and it could bestpredictthattheywouldsurvivelonger.vTranslation:(对那些通常持乐观态度的妇女来说)两次发病间隔的时间比较长，而这是生存下去的最好征兆。pilotvpilot:a.experimentalundertakingortest实验性的；试点的.vapilotproject试点项目InPara.13vinclined:adj.倾向的-Iaminclinedtobeillaftereatingfish.v2) inclinev.:Toinfluencetohaveacertaintendencyv-Recenteventsinclineustodistrustallpoliticians.v-Iinclinetotowardstirednessinwinter.v冬天我常会感到疲乏。vat your mothers knee:vwhenoneisasmallchildInPara.15vworkwithsb.:spendtimeandefforttryingtohelpsb.insomeway-Herhusbandhasapassiontoworkwithherinthekitchenafterahotquarrel.InPara.20vkeep/lose track of: learn; keep in/losetouchwith-YoudbetterreadthenewspaperstokeeptrackofcurrenteventsInPara.20vholdbackv(1)hindertheprogressof-Hispooreducationisholdinghimback.v(2)hesitate;showunwillingness-Whendangercame,nooneheldback.(3)keepsecretholdbackinformation隐藏着消息不宣布StructureAnalysisvPartI(1-7):Positiveandnegativethinkingbringdifferentresultsinourlife.vPartII(8-12):howdifferently(inwhatdifferentways)optimistsandpessimistsdealwiththesamesituations.vPartIII(13-14):Onespatternofthinkingisalearnedbehavior.vPartIV(15-20):Pessimismcanchangeandtheways(how)vPartV(21):ConclusionMainIdeavCitingtheresultsofnumerousresearchesandquotinganumberofpsychologists,thewritershowstheimportanceofpositivethinking.Wearemorelikelytosucceedinworkandenjoybetterhealthifweadoptanoptimisticattitudetowardslife,includingitschallengesandblows.Whetherinclinedtobepessimisticoroptimistic,weacquirethethinkingpatternaswegrowup.However,wecanconsciouslytrainourselvestoturnourthinkingintomorepositivechannels.Wewillturnouttobewhatweexpecttobe.WritingPatternvTopic-raisingvTopic-developingvConclusionWritingStrategiesvExemplification(forexample,forinstance,acaseinpoint,etc)-thefindingsofmanyexpertsvCitation-wordsofsomeresearchersvRestatement（重述）-optimism&pessimismUnitTwoCancer&ChemicalsvNewwordslearningvTextstudyvExercisesNewWordsvimplementv.(= carry out) If you implement something such as a plan, you ensure that what has been planned is done.vThegovernmentpromisedtoimplementanewsystemtocontrolfinancialinstitutions.implementacontract履行合同implementonesideas实施某人的设想limplementation n.v esoteric: If you describe something as esoteric, you mean it is known, understood, or appreciated by only a small number of people. (FORMAL)v-Some words are really too esoteric for this dictionary.v有些单词实在太生僻了有些单词实在太生僻了,未收入本词典内。未收入本词典内。v-Thailand is an esoteric country where many people want to visit.vCabaretShow人妖秀（歌舞表演）vPattaya芭堤雅vLadyman/Ladyboy/Girlman,etc.人妖vDenaturalPeople变性人jargonvJargon: (1)You use jargon to refer to words and expressions that are used in special or technical ways by particular groups of people, often making the language difficult to understand.v -the jargon of linguisticsv(2) language difficult to understand; meaningless talkv -Only a mother can understand her babys jargon.quintessentialvquintessential: representing the most typical example or most important part of something 最 典 型 的 ， 精 萃 的, 精 髓 的(FORMAL)v-Everybody thinks of him as the quintessential New Yorker.v-This is the quintessential English village. vquintessence: n. perfect examplev-the quintessence of virtue/politeness rimvrim: n. v-the rim of a cup/bowl v-the red-rimmed eyes (眼圈红红的眼圈红红的) rumplevrumple: v. If you rumple someones hair, you move your hand backwards and forwards through it as your way of showing affection to them；disarrangev- I leaned forward to rumple his hair, but he jerked out of the way.v-Dont play too violently, or youll rumple your new dress.v synonyms: ruffle; touslesallowvsallow: a. If a person has sallow skin, their skin, especially on their face, is a pale yellowish colour and looks unhealthy.v-a woman with sallow face v-She had sallow skin.vv.: make or become sallowv-Her face was sallowed by years of illness.interjectvv.If you interject something, you say it and interrupt someone else who is speaking. (FORMAL)v-Surely theres something we can do? interjected Peter.v-He listened thoughtfully, interjecting only the odd word.prestigiousvadj.A prestigious institution, job, or activity is respected and admired by people.v-Its one of the best equipped and most prestigious schools in the country.slaughtervV.(1)Iflargenumbersofpeopleoranimalsareslaughtered,theyarekilledinawaythatiscruelorunnecessary.v-Thirty four people were slaughtered while queuing up to cast their votes.vv(2)Toslaughteranimalssuchascowsandsheepmeanstokillthemfortheirmeat.v-Lack of chicken feed means that chicken farms are having to slaughter their stock.vSlaughterisalsoanoun.v-awarwheretheslaughterofcivilianswascommonplaceNanjingMassacremutatevv.If an animal or plant mutates, or something mutates it, it develops different characteristics as the result of a change in its genes.v-The virus mutates in the carriers body.vmutation: n.变化, 转变, (生物物种的)突变v-Are mutations in plants caused by cosmic rays(宇宙射线宇宙射线)?mustardvmustard gas 芥子气芥子气v（第一次世界大战中用的一种糜烂皮肤的毒（第一次世界大战中用的一种糜烂皮肤的毒气）气）Celery&parsleybenignvbenign : (of a disease) of no danger to health; not recurrent or progressive; not malignantv良性的对健康无害的；非复发性或渐进性的；非恶性的v -a benign (malignant) tumor 良（恶）性肿瘤良（恶）性肿瘤v(of person) kind and gentle v(of soil, climate) mild, favorablev -a benign climatetestimonyvtestimony: a declaration by a witness under oath, as that given before a court or deliberative body; evidence in support of a fact or an assertion; proof.v-The witnesss testimony is false.v-According to the testimony of the medical profession, the health of the nation is improving.stoogevn.: one who allows oneself to be used for anothers profit or advantage; a puppet. 陪衬甘愿被他人用来谋其利之人；傀儡v-He has rejected claims that he is a government stooge.vv. stooge for sb.: act as stooge 作替罪者，替身v-Hed like to stooge for the beautiful girl for the sake of love. obligatev obligate: v-He felt obligated to donate blood.vn.: promise, dutyv-to fulfill an obligate 履行义务履行义务 vthe obligates of a good citizenship 好好公公民的义务民的义务vobligation n.triviavtrivia: (used with a sing. or pl. verb) trivial and unimportant thingsv trivial a.v- I dont know why he gets so upset about something that is utterly trivial.v- She just dismissed my problem as too trivial to be worth discussingretardvv.: hinderv- retard process/developmentvretardation n.; retardant n.Somuchfornewwords.vThankyou!Textstudyv(1)Pleaselookatthepictureandreadthefollowingreportsbeforewelearnthetext.v(2)Pleasetelluswhatyouthinkaboutchemicals.v(3)Whatdoyouthinkatthefirstsightofthetopicoftheessay?v(4)Whatdoyouthinkwhenyoufinishreadingthewholeessay?pesticide/insecticide1100gallonsofchemicalpesticidesaresoakedintothesoilper1000squarefeetofhomeareapriortopouringofconcretefoundation.Researchnowshowsthesechemicalsenterintothehomeyearslaterandarebreathedcontinuouslybyhomeoccupants.vvWe are living in a chemical soup! vEverypersonalivetodaycarriesapproximately250chemicalswithinherorhisbody,chemicalsthatdidnotexistpriorto1945.Thisisreferredtoasthe“bodyburden”,andisourcommonlegacyfromtheprocessofdevelopmentandindustrialization.About100,000chemicalshaveenteredintothemarketsince1945,anditisestimatedthat75,000ofthemremainincommercialusetoday.Astartlingfactaboutthesechemicalsisthatmostremainuntestedfortheirsafetyinhumansandotherspecies.Onlyabout1.5%to3%(about1,200to500chemicals)havebeentestedforcarcinogenicity(致癌性).Para.1TheimplementationofProposition65vReport:TheOfficeofEnvironmentalHealthHazardAssessment(OEHHA)oftheCaliforniaEnvironmentalProtectionAgencyisadding“estrogens(雌激素),steroid（类固醇）”tothelistofchemicalsknowntothestatetocausecancerforpurposesoftheSafeDrinkingWaterandToxicEnforcementActof1986(HealthandSafetyCodesection25249.5,Proposition65).Thelistingof“estrogens,steroid”iseffectiveAugust19,2005mindmind n.:(person with) mental ability; intellectv- He was one of the great minds of the age.思想家思想家v- the medical mind; the public mind.v具有医学头脑的人；具有公众头脑的人具有医学头脑的人；具有公众头脑的人.toxicvtoxic a.: poisonousv - a toxic drug 毒药毒药v toxicity n.:quality or degree of being toxicv - to study the toxicity of insecticidesvtoxicology, toxicologistenforcement /actvenforcement:enforcing or being enforced 实施实施 - strict enforcement of a new lawvact n 立法机构立的法案立法机构立的法案Difficultsentence:Thisnewlawbansindustrieswatersupplies.vBanfromvDischargeintovSuspectofban ban v.: forbid/prevent, esp. officiallyv- The film has been banned for thirteen years.vban sb. from doing sth: order with authority that sb. may not do sth.v- He was banned from attending the meeting.vban n.: order that bans sth. or sb.禁令禁令v- This book is under a ban.dischargev discharge: send or give out 放出；流出；排出；冒出放出；流出；排出；冒出v-The stove chimney discharged dark smoke.火炉的烟囱冒出黑烟。火炉的烟囱冒出黑烟。v与与into连用连用（河流）流入，汇入（大海）（河流）流入，汇入（大海） v-The Yangtze discharges itself into the East China Sea.长江流入东海。长江流入东海。defectvdefect: v- I bought these shoes cheaply because they have slight defects in them.v-She suffers from a sight/speech defect.Para.2-4Detailsofthemeeting,esp.AmessdifferentopinionvPara. 2-Paraphrase: v It was predicted that the day (when the meeting was held) would be filled with mysterious science and difficult terminologies. But Bruce Ames, had some plans to make the meeting alive.v(1) liven (up)v liven: v. make or become lively 使有生气，使活跃使有生气，使活跃 /使高兴使高兴 -How can I liven my lecture up?v(2) proceeding: course of action进程 (pl) 事件；事项事件；事项 watchedtheproceedingsfromaringsideseat.在赛场外围的座位观看活动Para.3DescriptionofAmesv(1) bifocal: n(pl) /baifoukl/ glasses with lenses that are divided into two parts. The upper half is for looking at things faraway and the lower half is for reading or for looking at things that are near 双光眼镜，远近两用眼镜 (2) Carcinogenesis: 医癌发生,致癌作用Question1vAmessappearanceatlastyearsmeetingshowedthat_vA.helikedtoenjoytheCaliforniasunshinevB.hewastoobusytocareforhimselfvC.hewasparticularabouthisclothesvD.hepaidnoattentiontohimselfPara.4 Amess unique attitude towards chemicalsv(1) chock-full: filled to the limitv充满的,塞满的v-The room is chock-full of furniture.v(2) hazardous: dangerousv hazard n.: risk, dangerv-a life full of hazardsDS:Abeer,withinthewatervPartsperbillion:ppb十亿分之vA is N times more than B.v-Yourhouseisthreetimeslargerthanmine.Para.5-12BackgroundofAmesandhisviewsvPara. 5 presents Amess different message.v(1) headline: alineofwordsprintedinlargelettersasthetitleofastoryinanewspaper,orthemainpointsofthenewsthatarebroadcastontelevisionorradiov(2) scare n.: feeling of alarm; state ofwidespreadfear vv.：frighten;becomefrightened（常与of,to连用）v-The news caused a war scare.vscare sb. out of his wits: make himextremelyfrightenedvout of his wits (不知所措)vastock-marketpanic.v vQ2:AccordingtoAmes,inoureraman-madecarcinogensare_vA.lessdangerousthannaturalcarcinogensvB.asdangerousasnaturalcarcinogensvC.moredangerousthannaturalcarcinogensvD.thelatestcancerscarePara.6givesbriefintroductionofAmes.vTS:Amesisnotaquack.vA.HeisarespectedauthorityvB.Hisresumeispackedwithhonors.v(1)prize(2)membershipinNAS.vC.Hedeveloped“Amestest”.Para.7-12presentsthebackgroundinformationofhisstudyPara. 7：WhathasAmesdone?Thispara.isdevelopedbygivingexample.report:-listingthepotentialcancerrisks-provingnaturallyoccurringchemicalsaremoredangerousthatman-madeones-IntentionofAmesistoshowthefactthatmostman-madecancerrisksaretrivialcomparedwithdailynaturalrisksanditsnotclearhowmanyofthesearerealrisks.sacred cow /take onvsacred cow: one that is immune fromcriticism,oftenunreasonablyso;v神圣的人或事物vtake on: to begin to have, use or dosomething,undertake v-He had to take on extra responsibilities.RankvRank: v. toputorarrangeinarankorranks；putinaclassv-Would you rank him among the worlds great statesmen?Trace/moldvtrace (of): a very slight amountv-Traces of dangerous chemicals have been found in the river.v-She speaks English without the slightest trace of an accent.intakevintake n.: quantity,numberenteringortakingin引入之量v-an annual intake of 10,000 menv每年征招每年征招10000人人vintakeoffoodv食物摄取DS:Basedonwineorbeeris.vStructureoftheDS:vBasedon,thedatashowthatA,which,isntimesmorethanB,andthatAisntimeslessthanB.Question3v“Amesslaughterssacredcow”meansthat_vA.AmesoftenkillscowsvB.AmeslikestoeatbeefvC.AmesdoesntbelieveinanyreligionvD.AmesdefiesanythingregardedasabovecriticismQuestion4vWHATAmesreallywantstosayinhisreportinSciencemagazineisthat_vA.dailyconsumptionoftheaveragepeanut-buttersandwichis100timesmoredangerousthanourdailyintakeofDDTfromfood.vB.aglassofthemostpollutedwellwaterintheSiliconValleyis1000timeslessofcancerriskthanaglassofwineorbeerisvC.peopleshouldstopconsumingpeanut-butter,beer,andwine.vD.mostman-madecancerrisksaretrivialcomparedwithdailynaturalrisksanditsnotclearhowmanyofthesearerealrisks.Para.8presentsthereasonwhyhestartedhisstudyonchemicals.v(1) strike: to enter ones mind; occur to；impress;haveaneffectuponthemindv-What struck me was that he was not telling the truth.v- An idea suddenly struck me.v(2) It struck him that, and there wasPara.9presentshowAmesdeveloped“AmesTest”v(1) hail: tocallsomeoneinordertoattracttheirattention招呼；欢呼；欢迎v- Shall we hail a taxi?v- Shes being hailed as one of the best young dancers today.vDS:Armedwiththeknowledgethat,andthat,AmesdevelopedQuestion5vBeforeAmesdevelopedacarcinogentestusingbacteria,scientists_vA.madetheirexperimentsonbacteriavB.didnotknowthatbacteriaweresensitivetomutagensvC.hadknownthatbacteriaweresensitivetocarcinogensvD.hadspentmuchtimeandmoneymakingexperimentsonbacteria.Para10presentsthereasonwhyAmesbecameahero.vStructure:v(1)Onesuggestedthat(should)dov(2)asdoI/asIdov-Shetraveledagreatdeal,as didmostofherfriends.Question6vIn1974,Amessuddenlybecameaheroofenvironmentalistsas_vA.hesuggestedsomestudentstestvarioushouseholdproductsvB.manycommonhairdyestestedpositivevC.aflameretardantusedinchildrenspajamastestedpositivevD.hisfindingsresultedinnewregulationsandlawsoncertainchemicalsPara11presentsAmeschallengestocommonideas.vturn out: to be found to be, as afterexperienceortrialv-The rookie turned out to be the best hitter on the team.v新手证明是队里最出色的击球员新手证明是队里最出色的击球员Para.12presentsAmeserroronthispoint.vassume: takeasafactorastruewithoutproof;supposev-Scientists assume that there is no animal life on Marsvassumption n.: sth.thatistakenasafactorastruewithoutproofv-His assumption proved to be wrong.Question7v Peopletendtoassumenatureisbenignbecause_vA.theyconsideronlyman-madechemicalsdangerousvB.AmeshaderredwithhistestsvC.theyarenaveandignorantvD.mostnaturalsubstanceshavebeentestednegativeascarcinogensormutagensPara.13WhyAmesexplainthefacttothepublic.v(1) convince: makesb.feelcertain;causesb.torealizev- I am convinced that he is honest/of his honesty.v(2) play with: trifle with; consider lightlyv-to play with ones affections.Para.14presentsAmesstestimonywithexample.v(1) due to: that may be ascribed or attributed tov- The accident was due to careless driving.v(2) Average: v. to be or amount to an averagev- Some sparrows are six inches long, but they average smaller. v-Our expenses averaged out to 45 dollars per day.Para15-16presentsdifferentattitudestowardsAmessarguments.vConsult: vi To work or serve as a consultantv- a man who consults for several large companiesQuestion8vEnvironmentalistsargumentagainstAmesisthat_vA.AmesisastoogeforthechemicalindustryvB.Amesdoesconsultingforthechemicaldrugandfoodcompaniesorlawfirms.vC.Ameshaserredinsupposingthatwehavetomakeachoicebetweencancerrisks.vD.MoreattentionshouldbepaidtoTCEindrinkingwaterthatpubliceducationofcigarettesmokingPara17presentsAmesreplytotheenvironmentalists.vQ9.vAmessreplytotheenvironmentalistsisthat_vA.wehavetopayforlivinginamodernindustrialsocietyvB.weshouldnotwastetimeontrivialattheexpenseofrealrisksvC.WehavetogetridofharmfulchemicalsinthewateratanycostvD.everychemicalcompanyshoulddumpitsgarbageoutthebackdoorQuestion10vFromthetextwecaninferthatman-madecarcinogensare_vA.nomoreharmfultotheAmericanpublicthanapeanut-buttersandwichvB.notmoreharmfultotheAmericanpublicthanapeanut-buttersandwichvC.moreharmfultotheAmericanpublicthanapeanut-buttersandwichvD.harmfultotheAmericanpublicwhileapeanut-buttersandwichisnotQuestion11vAmeshasadopteda_attitudetowardsCaliforniasProposition65.vA.watch-and-waitvB.no-commentvC.criticalvD.respectfulSomuchforthetext,thankyou!Unit 3 Rats and Men“Insoluble” Problems NewWords neurosis: (pl. Neuroses) n.神经症神经症, 神经衰弱症神经衰弱症vacidosis n. vbacteriosis n. analysis - analysesbasis - basescrisis - crisesemphasis - emphaseshypothesis - hypotheses酸液过多症酸液过多症, 酸毒症酸毒症医医细菌病细菌病(害害)induce （1） vt. to lead or move, as to a course of action, by influence or persuasion;vinduce sb. to do sth/into doing sth.v- We couldnt induce the old lady to travel by air.induce(2)v(2)to bring about or stimulate the occurrence of; causev- This medicine will sleep.vinducement n. 诱导诱导, 诱因诱因, 动机动机, 刺激物刺激物v- He hasnt much inducement to study English.vdeducevintroducevproducevreducevseducevt.推论,演绎出vt.减少,缩小v.诱使Blast (1)vblast n.: a very strong gust of wind or airv vA blast of hot air came from the furnace.vWhen the window was opened, an icy blast came into the room.Blast(2)vv. (1) blow up with explosives 炸毁炸毁,炸开炸开v- Danger! Blasting in progress!v(2) shrivel, injure (使使)枯萎；毁灭枯萎；毁灭vAll his hopes were blasted by the war.vThe blossom is blasted by frost.insolublevsoluble ( solve, solution) 可以解决的，可可以解决的，可溶的溶的 vinsoluble: (1)difficult or impossible to solve or explainv - insoluble problemsv(2) that cannot be dissolved v- insoluble matter不溶物质不溶物质executevexecute v: (1) carry out, implementv- execute a plan /a piece of workv(2) give effect to（使生效；实施）（使生效；实施）v - execute a legal documentv(3) carry out punishment by death on(处死处死)v- execute a murderervexecutive a. ability the branch of the government 政府行政部门政府行政部门v n. 行政人员行政人员suspendvsuspend: v(1)hang up fromv- the picture from the ceiling. suspendv(2)v.If you suspend something, you delay it or stop it from happening for a while or until a decision is made about it.vAUNofficialsaidaidprogramswillbesuspended.v(3)V.If someone is suspended, they are prevented from holding a particular job or position for a fixed length of time or until a decision is made about them.vJuliewassuspendedfromherjobshortlyaftertheincident.Tips Tips When a student , he will be suspended from school.(break the rules, protest against the principles, fail to meet related requirements)compulsionvcompelv.(obligate)vcompulsivea.-Hewasacompulsivegamblerandoftenheavilyindebt.vcompulsorya.必修的v-acompulsorysubjectvoptional/compulsorycynicalvcynical: a. of or like a cynicv- a cynical laughter 冷笑冷笑v-acynicalremark风凉话vcynic n. 讽世者；愤世嫉俗的人讽世者；愤世嫉俗的人disillusionvdisillusion v.: to free or deprive of illusionv-They had thought the new colony would be a paradise, but soon they were disillusioned.vbedisillusionedwith对.大失所望n.: the state of being disillusioned.v= disillusionmentv- in a state of complete disillusion (ment)deplorevV. to feel or express strong disapproval of; to express sorrow or grief over-We all d his lack of good manners. -The citizens d the death of their king.v-“Somehow we had to master events, not simply deplore them ” (HenryA.Kissinger)v“无无论论如如何何，我我们们必必须须控控制制时时局局，而而不不能能只只简简单单地地谴谴责时局责时局”illiteracyvIlliteracy: the condition of being unable to read and writevliterate, illiterate:v- an illiterate letterv错字连篇、文字不通的信错字连篇、文字不通的信villiterate person（文盲）（文盲）nagvnag: to criticize or complain repeatedly and annoyingly, often as a way of trying to persuade someone to do somethingv-I will go if you dont stop nagging.v-An ideal wife is supposed to have good food, good look and no nagging.v-This headache has been nagging me all day. perpetuatevperpetuate: preserve from being forgotten or from going out of usevThey d the memory of a great statesman by erecting a statue of him.v- The moonlight perpetuates your tender affections for me.persecutionvpersecute v. punish or treat cruelly; worryvHe was persecuted because of his religious beliefs. vpersecution: political/religiousviciousvvicious: of vice; spiteful; having faults;vvicious habits恶习恶习v a vicious life堕落的生活堕落的生活v a vicious companionv一个坏朋友一个坏朋友va vicious textbookv错误百出的教科书错误百出的教科书taxvV. (1) to place a tax on (income, property, or goods); to make difficult or excessive demands uponv-to tax incomev- a boss who taxed everyones patience.v耗费每个人的忍耐力的老板耗费每个人的忍耐力的老板v(2) to make a charge against; accusev- He was taxed with failure to appear on the day appointed.v他被指责没有在约定的日期出现他被指责没有在约定的日期出现v- The leader taxed her with neglect of her duty.remedialremedial measures/ education (矫矫治治办办法法/教育教育)vremedy n.vv. - Your faults of pronunciation can be remedied.embarkvembark: go, put or take on or board a shipv- The soldiers embarked for Malta.v- The ship embarked passengers and cargo. vembark on (upon): start, take part in, go into； take on ; undertakev着手着手,从事从事v- embark on a new businessethicvethic: system of moral principles, rules of conductv ethnic a. of race or the race of mankind.vSo much for the new words!Thanks!TextUnderstandingvListeningandAnsweringvLanguagePointsvTextStructureListeningtothepassageandansweringsomequestionsv1.Accordingtothepassage,iftheratfailstofigureoutthenewsystem,whathappens?v2.Iftheratsettlesdowntoaspecificreaction,whatwoulditdo?v3.AccordingtoDr.Maierareratsandhumanbeingsarealikeintheiractionswhentheyhavenervousbreakdowns?vNext Page1. It refuses to jump at all.2. It would jump solely at one particular door.3. Yes.v4.Accordingtothearticle,whatcausestheratsneurosis?v5.Whathappensinthefinalstageoftheirneurosis?v6.Accordingtothepassage,thewifenagsherhusbandmoreandmorebecauseofafixatedreaction.Isthisstatementtrueorfalse?v7.Ifastudentwritespoorly,theteachershouldsethimmoregrammarexercisestodo.Trueorfalse?vNext Page4.Theinsolubilityoftheproblem.5. They go crazy and cease to care about anything.6. True.7. False.v8.Judgingfromthearticle,thewriterlikes“remedialEnglish”classes.Trueorfalse?v9.WhenWendellJohnsonsaid“Toamouse,cheeseischeese;thatswhymouse-trapswork”,whatdidhemean?8. False.9. He meant that a rats powers of abstraction are limited.Language Points bump v: tostrikeorcollidewith;tocausetoknockagainstanobstacle;toknocktoanewposition;shift.v- The room was very dark and I bumped my head against the door. vbumpy a. Markedbybumpsandjolts;roughv- a bumpy country roadv一条崎岖不平的乡村小路v-a bumpy flightv一次颠簸的飞行figure outvcometounderstandsth.orsb.bythinkingv-It took them about one month to figure out how to start the equipment.v我琢磨不透他为什么辞职。我琢磨不透他为什么辞职。v-I cant figure out why he quit his job.settle downv1)Tobeginlivingastableandorderlylife;tobecome established in a new way of life,newwork,etc.立身，安顿v- He settled down as a farmer with a family.v2)Tobecomelessnervousorrestless专心于v- Its terrible. I cant settle down to anything today.regardlessofvIfsomethinghappensregardless ofsomethingelse,itisnotaffectedorinfluencedatallbythatotherthing.v-It takes in anybody regardless of religion, colour, or creed.plainlyadv.vYouuseplainlytoindicatethatsomethingiseasilyseen,noticed,orrecognized.v-I could plainly see him turning his head to the right and left.v= clearlybreakdownvTheactorprocessoffailingtofunctionorcontinue;theconditionresultingfromthisv- a breakdown in communication.v通信故障通信故障disturbedadj.vShowingsignsorsymptomsofmentaloremotionalillnessv心理不正常的;出现心理或情绪疾病症状的vcrimesthatcouldonlybecommittedbyadisturbedperson.confrontvTocomefacetofacewith,especiallywithdefianceorhostilityv- I wish to confront my accuser in a court of law.v我希望和控告我的人当庭对质我希望和控告我的人当庭对质v-The difficulties which confront us seem insoluble.vconfront sb. with: bring face to facev- The prisoner was confronted with his accusers.v 犯人被传与起诉者对质。犯人被传与起诉者对质。 sullenv1）showinganillmoodorsilentresentmentv-a sullen face 愠怒的神情愠怒的神情v2)gloomyorsomberintone,color声调、颜色或征兆暗淡的或严肃的v-sullen skies 阴沉的天空阴沉的天空v2）sluggish;slowv- the sullen current of a canal.v 运河里缓缓流淌的水运河里缓缓流淌的水sulkvv. To be sullenly aloof or withdrawn, as insilentresentmentorprotestv n. Amoodordisplayofsullenaloofnessorwithdrawalv - be in a sulk(sulks)生闷气生闷气vsulky a. v- as sulky as a bear脾气很坏脾气很坏vbe/get sulky with sb/sth about a trifleexaggeratevTorepresentasgreaterthanisactuallythecase;overstatev -exaggerate the size of the enemy forcev- He always exaggerated his own role in the episode.v他总是夸大了他本人在这一事件中的作用他总是夸大了他本人在这一事件中的作用wreckvn. a person who is physically or mentallybrokendownorwornout：身体上或精神上崩溃或极度受损的人v- If these anxieties continue she will become a nervous wreck. v如果她继续为这些事焦虑下去，神经就会崩溃。如果她继续为这些事焦虑下去，神经就会崩溃。segregatevVt.Toseparateorisolatefromothersorfromamainbodyorgroup;Toimposetheseparationof(araceorclass)fromtherestofsociety.v-segregate the sexes将男女分开将男女分开v- segregate people with SARSvsegregationv-a policy of racial segregationv 种族隔离政策种族隔离政策denyvrefusetogivev- He denies his wife nothing.v他对妻子有求必应。他对妻子有求必应。vdenial n.fundamentalva.oforrelatingtothefoundationorbase;elementaryv- the fundamental laws of the universevn. something that is an essential ornecessarypartofasystemorobject.v-the fundamentals of mathematicsv数学的基本法则mechanicsvn. the functional and technical aspects of anactivityv-The mechanics of football are learned with practice.(技巧技巧)thereuponvadv. directly following that; in consequence of that; therefore.ranksvAbodyofpeopleclassedtogether;numbers归类在一起的人们；成员：vjoinedtheranksoftheunemployedv加入到失业大军中Matchv1) beequaltoorcorrespondingwithv- The color of the shirt does not match that of the coat.v2)putincompetitionv- Im ready to match my strength with against yours.我准备与你比力气。我准备与你比力气。v- These two are well matched in strength.这这两两个势均力敌。个势均力敌。underestimatevTomaketoolowanestimateofthequantity,degree,orworthofv- You cant underestimate your rivals ability.underabundantunderboiledunderchargeundercookedundercountunderemphasizea.不够丰富的a.未煮透的v.索价低于常价,充电不足a.煎(或烤、炸、煮)得火候不足的v.少计v.对.重视不够get atv1)discoverv- I could get at the truth of the incidents.v2)Totouchorreachsuccessfullyv-The cat hid where we couldnt get at it.v3) To try to make understandable; hint at orsuggest;implyv-I dont know what youre getting at.v我不知道你的意思是什么。我不知道你的意思是什么。ripev1)Sufficientlyadvancedv- The time is ripe for great social changes.v2) Thoroughly matured, as by study orexperiencev- ripe judgment 成熟老练的判断成熟老练的判断v3)Fullydeveloped;maturev -ripe peachesApt a.v1)exactlysuitable;appropriate恰当的，贴切的恰当的，贴切的v -an apt replyv2)quick-wittedv- He is very apt at picking up（学学习习）a new subject.v3)Havinganaturaltendency;likelytodosth有倾向；易于v- He is a clever boy but apt to get into mischief.(恶作剧，淘气恶作剧，淘气)StructureanalysisvPart I vPara.1-2 Maiers experiments prove that “neurosis” induced in rats is caused by their fixated reaction to their problems.PartII(3-8)vGoverned by a fixated reaction to their problems, human beings when disturbed, go through much the same stages as rats. This behavior pattern recurs throughout human life from the small tragedies at home to the world-shaking tragedies among nations.PartIIvPara.3 vIt presents that rats and human beings are similar in their actions when they have nervous breakdownvPara 4-7 vThey present that the similarity appears from the small tragedies of the home to the world-shaking tragedies among nations.vPara 8 vIt is a summary of the above examples, enforcing the similarity between rats and human beingsPartIII(9-10)vThe difference between a rats problems and those of mans as well as their similarity in their reaction to their problems reveals that man is functioning at less than full human capacity since a rats power of abstraction is limited while that of man is known as not.PartIIIvPara 9 vIt presents the important difference between the insolubility of the rats problems and the insolubility of human problems.vPara 10 vIt comments on rats and human beings reaction to the insoluble problems.TextsummaryvExperiments and studies performed by professor Maier have revealed a striking similarity between rats and men in their fixated reaction to the problems they meet. However, the difference in the nature of their problems and the difference in their power of abstraction make us wonder how these fixations occur in human beings.AssignmentsvReviewingthewordsandsentencepatternsinUnit3vPreviewingthefirstpassageinUnit4UnitFourEinsteinsPainfulRomanceNewwordsvanguish: n. severe suffering (esp of mind) -She was in great anguish until she knew that her husbands life had been saved.v anguished adj. expressing anguishv looksvehementva. (1) ( of feelings) strong, eager:v - desire/passionv- a man of vehement character热情的人热情的人v(2) violentv - a vehement storm intertwinev twine: To twist together (threads, for example); intertwine 使（如线）缠绕在一起使（如线）缠绕在一起- She twined her arms round my neck.vintertwine: vt./vi. to join or become joined by twining together; v- a lattice intertwined with vinesv攀附着藤蔓的格子窗攀附着藤蔓的格子窗confidev(1) vt. to tell (something) in confidence；to put into anothers keeping；v-confide the secret to sb向某人泄密向某人泄密v-He confided his trouble to his friends.v-The children were confided to the care of the relatives. confidev(2) vi. have trust or fain in; To disclose private matters in confidencev- confide in sbs honesty相信某人的诚实相信某人的诚实v-There is no one here I can confide in.v这里没有一个我可以相信的人。这里没有一个我可以相信的人。propagate (formal) (1) transmitv-vibrations propagated through rocks(2) spread more widelyv- propagate news / knowledgevpropagation n. 传播传播vpropaganda: 宣传宣传desperatev(1) filled with despair and ready to do anytingv-The prisoners became desperate in their attempts to escape.v(2) lawless; violentv- desperate criminals铤而走险的罪犯铤而走险的罪犯v(3) having lost all hope; despairingv- the desperate look v- a desperate cry for helpvdesperation n.vYoull drive me to desperation.meagerv meager: (1) having little flesh; very leanv-a meager face(清瘦的清瘦的)v (2) deficient in quantity, fullness, or extent; deficient in richness, fertilityv- the meager soil v- meager incomeinterspersev(1)To distribute among other things at intervals:散置，点缀散置，点缀vinterspersed red and blue tiles on the walls在墙在墙上点缀红色和蓝色的瓷砖上点缀红色和蓝色的瓷砖v(2)To supply or diversify with things distributed at intervals 配置配置va newspaper section that was interspersed with advertisements夹杂着广告的报纸栏目夹杂着广告的报纸栏目v a speech interspersed with witty remarks穿穿插插着妙语的一篇演说着妙语的一篇演说.transparentv easily seen through or detected; doubtless: a transparent lie明明显显的的谎谎言言v translate/transport/transmit/transform/transferv翻译、运输、传输、转换、转移ponder vt. to weigh in the mind with thoroughnessandcarev- He pondered his words thoroughly.vvi. toreflectorconsiderwiththoroughnessandcare;thinkoverv-She is pondering over the problem.DetailedStudyoftheTextvReadthepassageandanswerthequestionsonP.74(Key)vLanguagepointsandsentencepatternsKeystothequestionsonP.74v1.Tv2.Itlookeddownonherbackgroundandhaddisdainforher.Shewasshockedatfirst,thensheswitchedtoadesperateoffensive.v3.F4.F5.F6.T7.T8.F9.F10.Tv11.Adullwomanv12.F13.F14.F15.TDetailedexplanationvLanguagepointsvSentencepatternsimpendvV.tobeabouttotakeplacev-Herretirementisimpending.v-我带了把伞,因为就要下雨了。v-Icarriedanumbrellabecausetherainimpended.becomeof:vtobethefateof;happento成为的结果；发生vWhathasbecomeoftheoldgarden?morethanv与其说与其说不如说不如说. v-He is more an artist than a philosopher. (ratherthan)v与其说他是哲学家，不如说他是艺术家。与其说他是哲学家，不如说他是艺术家。vHe is more stupid than ignorant.soundingboard:vAthinboardformingtheupperportionoftheresonantchamberinaninstrument,suchasaviolinorpiano,andservingtoincreaseresonance共鸣板vApersonorgroupwhosereactionstoanidea,opinion,orpointofviewwillserveasameasureofitseffectivenessoracceptability被咨询的人：一个或一群人，其关于思想、看法或观点的反应将被作为它们是否有效或能否被接受的尺度disdainvt.toregardortreatwithcontempt;despisevIdisdainedtoanswerhisruderemarks.v我不屑回答他的粗话。n.afeelingorshowofcontemptandaloofness- No one likes to be treated with disdain. - She showed her disdain for manual labors.withrespecttovprep.concerning关于，涉及，提到v-ThisistruewithrespecttoEnglishbutnottoChinese.这一点在英语属实而在汉语则不同。v-Withrespecttoyourenquiry,Iencloseanexplanatoryleaflet.关於你的询问,兹附上有关说明资料。wrtAcronym for with respect to typically used in an E-mail message, or Newsgroup posting.关于vwithreferencetovinreferencetovinrelationtovinconnectionwithvinregardtovinpointofvasto/forvasconcernsvinrespectofvasregardsvregardingvrespectingvtouchingvconcerningruleout:vtoprevent;preclude:-Thesnowstormruledouttheirweeklymeeting.暴风雪使他们一周一次的会议无法举行vtoremovefromconsideration;exclude:-Theoptionofstartingoverhasbeenruledout.重新开始这种选择已被排除考虑contemplate:v(1)tolookatattentivelyandthoughtfully;toconsidercarefullyandatlength;ponderv-contemplatedtheproblemfromallsides;-contemplatedthemysteryofGod.v(2)tohaveinmindasanintentionorpossibility打算-contemplatemarriage打算结婚promisevtoaffordabasisforexpectingv-thundercloudsthatpromiserainv-anenterprisethatpromiseswell大有前途的事业capitala.vFirstandforemost;principal:第一位的和首要的；最主要的：vadecisionofcapitalimportancev一个头等重要的决定vFirst-rate;excellent一流的；优秀的vacapitalideav绝妙的想法confinevTokeepwithinbounds;restrict:v-Pleaseconfineyourremarkstotheissuesathand.vToshutorkeepin,especiallytoimprison;torestrictinmovementv-Thesickchildwasconfinedtobed.v这个生病的小孩不能离床vHecertainlycoulddothatifinhisyoungdays,whenhewaslearningtoperceive,thelittlefellowhadnotbeensocruellyconfinedtotheearth,oreventoanest,betweenfourwalls,butinsteadwasallowedtowalkoutalittleintotheuniverse._(He)wasallowedtowalkoutalittleintotheuniverse._thelittlefellowhadnotbeen_confinedtotheearth,_Hecertainlycoulddothatifwhenhewaslearningtoperceive,oreventoanest,betweenfourwalls,socruellyinhisyoungdays,butinsteaddominate:vtocontrol,govern,orrulebysuperiorauthorityorpower-Successfulleadersdominateeventsratherthanreacttothem.成功的领导者是事先控制事件而不是事后才做反应。vtoexertasupreme,guidinginfluenceonorover-Ambitiondominatedtheirlives.fallintoplacev(ofaseriesofeventsorfacts)begintomakesenseorcohere（一系列事件或事实）开始明晰或衔接起来-Onceheknewwhattolookfor,thetheoryfellquicklyintoplace.一旦他明白要找的东西，这理论很快就派上用场了。learn ofvvt.听到(获悉)vIwassorrytolearnofyourillness.v听说你病了，我感到不安。vItwasapleasantsurprisetolearnofhermarriage.v得知她结婚是件令人惊喜的事。beofgoodcheerv充满欢乐精神;振作起来vBeofgoodcheer!Thingsgetbetterandbetter.v振作起来！情况变得越来越好啦。vLetusbeofgoodcheer,rememberthatthemisfortuneshardesttobeararethosewhichnevercome.v让我们振作起来吧，要记得：最难忍受的不幸是决不会来临的。fret:v(causeto)sufferemotionalstrain折磨；烦躁vWhatareyoufrettingabout?vDontfret;everythingwillbeallrightword:vnews消息vAnywordonyourpromotion?有你升迁的消息吗?StructureanalysisvI.(1-4):theircorrespondencesrevealthelove,thepain,theirexcitement,andtheirthoughts.vII.(5-8):thelovebetweenthem,familysoppositionandtheirpersonaldifficultyvIII.(12-16):discussionofscientificquestionsvIV.(17-21):MaricsinterestsinphysicsvV.(22-26):theexcitementoverthebirthoftheirfirstchild.Main ideavThe text mainly presents the painful romance, as well as fragments of Einsteins thoughts on the concept of relativity, revealed in newly disclosed correspondence between Einstein and Maric, Einsteins first wife.SummaryThearticlepresentsthepainfulromancebetweenEinsteinandhisfirstwifewhichwasmainlyduetohisfamilysoppositionanddifficultlivingconditions.Thecorrespondencesbetweenthemalsorevealedthefragmentsoftheirthoughtsontheconceptofrelativitywhichfinallybecameaworldknowntheoryofrelativity.Inspiteoftheirpersonaldifficulties,theirlettersbetweenthemweretoalargeextentabouttheirsharedinterestsinphysics,whichisparticularlyremarkable.UnitFiveTheEndIsnotatHandNewWordsrhetoric 1.(artof)usingwordsimpressivelyinspeechandwriting修辞；修辞学2.languagewithmuchdisplayandornament华丽虚饰的语言v- Rhetoricwasnoguarantee.v花言巧语不能当保证。v-Hisoffersofcompromiseweremererhetoric.v他提出的妥协只是废话catastrophev1.disasterv2.acompletefailurev彻底的失败；惨败v-Thefoodwascold,theguestsquarreledthewholedinnerwasacatastrophe.v食物是冷的，客人们又吵了起来整个晚宴是一次彻底的失败vaccident/disaster/misfortune/tragedyauravatmosphere surrounding a person or objectandthoughttocomefromhimoritv-Shealwaysseemstohaveanauraofhappinessabouther.v她好像总是喜气洋洋的.vAnauraofdefeatpervadedthecandidatesheadquarters.v失败的氛围笼罩着候选者总部crusadevn.OftenCrusade【史】十字军东侵;(宗教性的)圣战;喻讨伐;改革运动vcrus=cruc=cross-ade名词后缀表示集体vcrucial十字形的；紧要关头的vcruise（在海上“纵横来往而行”）巡游；巡航spectervAhauntingordisturbingimageorprospect幻影，幻象缠绕心头或忧虑的景象或预感vtheterriblespecterofnuclearwar萦绕心头的对核战争的恐惧scourgev1.n.harmorsufferingv- After scourge of war came thescourgeofdisease.v战乱之后瘟疫接踵而至。v2.v. causesufferingto;useascourgeonv-Hewasscourgedbythememoryofhismisdeeds.v回忆起以往的胡作非为，他精神上倍受惩罚。vilifyvtomakeviciousanddefamatorystatementsaboutvHewasvilifiedinnewspapers.v他在报纸上受到了诽谤。overblownv-overblownoratoryv华而不实的演说v-anoverblownstyleofwritingv华而不实的文体v-anoverblownreputationv(用宣传等)夸大的名声disaster,calamity,catastrophev这些词均指带来致命的或毁灭的结果的事件。这些词均指带来致命的或毁灭的结果的事件。vDisaster 一般暗示巨大的破坏、困难或丧失生一般暗示巨大的破坏、困难或丧失生命：命： v“A nuclear disaster, spread by winds and waters and fear, could well engulf the great and the small, the rich and the poor, the committed and the uncommitted alike” (John F. Kennedy).v“核灾难，由风、水和恐惧而传播出去，可完全核灾难，由风、水和恐惧而传播出去，可完全吞噬大国、小国、富国、穷国，以及结盟的和不吞噬大国、小国、富国、穷国，以及结盟的和不结盟的国家结盟的国家” （约翰（约翰F肯尼迪）。肯尼迪）。vCalamity 强调痛苦、悲伤或失落感：强调痛苦、悲伤或失落感： v“the heaviest calamity in English history, the breach with America” (James George Frazer).v “英国历史上最沉重的灾难，是和美国关系的破裂英国历史上最沉重的灾难，是和美国关系的破裂“ （詹姆斯（詹姆斯乔治乔治弗雷泽）。弗雷泽）。v Catastrophe 特别强调最后的悲剧结果：特别强调最后的悲剧结果： v“The unleashed power of the atom has changed everything save our modes of thinking, and we thus drift toward unparalleled catastrophes” (Albert Einstein). v“无需再思考，原子发出的能量已改变了一切，因此无需再思考，原子发出的能量已改变了一切，因此我们还走向史无前例的灾难我们还走向史无前例的灾难” （爱伯特（爱伯特爱因斯坦）。爱因斯坦）。v hampervto prevent the free movement, action, or progress ofv-Their work is hampered by lack of funds.v我们的行动受到了恶劣天气的阻碍。我们的行动受到了恶劣天气的阻碍。vOur movements were hampered by the bad weather.ineptv 1. not apt or fitting; inappropriate；displaying a lack of judgment, sense, or reason; foolishv- an inept remark一个不适当的一个不适当的/愚蠢的评价愚蠢的评价v2. clumsy; incompetentv- inept handling of the account笨拙地处理帐目笨拙地处理帐目v- Hes quite inept at tennis.v他打网球太笨。他打网球太笨。represent,depict,picture,portrayv这些动词共有的中心意思是这些动词共有的中心意思是“提供或呈现提供或呈现逼逼真的肖像或画像真的肖像或画像”： va statue representing a king;v描绘国王的雕像；描绘国王的雕像；va cartoon depicting a sea monster;v描绘海中怪物的卡通画；描绘海中怪物的卡通画；va country landscape pictured in soft colors;v由暖色调画成的乡村风景；由暖色调画成的乡村风景；va book portraying life in the Middle Ages. v描述中世纪生活的一本书描述中世纪生活的一本书 testifyv1. 证明，作证证明，作证v-He testified that he had not seen the accident.v他作证说他没有看见那次事故。他作证说他没有看见那次事故。v-He agreed to testify on behalf of the accused man.v他同意为被告作证。他同意为被告作证。v2. testify against 作不利于作不利于.的证明的证明v-I would not testify against a friend.v我不会作不利于朋友的证明。我不会作不利于朋友的证明。v3. testify to 证明证明, 证实证实v-I can testify to his honesty.v我可以为他的诚实作证。我可以为他的诚实作证。fosterv1. to bring up; nurture:v- bear and foster offspring 生育抚养后代生育抚养后代v2. to promote the growth and development of; cultivate; v- detect and foster artistic talent 发展并培养艺术发展并培养艺术才能才能v培养对音乐的兴趣。培养对音乐的兴趣。v- foster ones interest in music.v经常的文化交流肯定有助于发展我们两校之间的友好经常的文化交流肯定有助于发展我们两校之间的友好关系。关系。v-Frequent cultural exchange will certainly help foster friendly relations between our two universities.Somuchfornewwords!TextUnderstandingvGlobalunderstandingofthetextvDetailedunderstandingofthetextvvSummaryIntroductoryremarksvEnvironmentalissueissuchahotissueinrecentyearsthatitseemsalmosteveryoneintheworldhavedeveloped,moreorless,somedegreeofenvironmentalawareness.Everywherearoundus,TV,Newspaper,reports,evenmovies,informedusthatourworldisbecomingmoreandmorepollutedandwehavetheresponsibilitytoprotectourenvironmentsince“wehaveonlyoneearth”.Wetalkaboutpollutedwater,airandwastedisposal.Peoplearelookingforabetterandcleanerplanet.Howtopreventenvironmentalpollutionandprotectoursurroundinghasbecomeabigconcern,evenafashion.LikeinuniversitiesinChina,environmentalscienceorsomerelatedsubjectshavebecomesomehotandprevailingarea.However,somepeopleseemtobemorecalmandoptimistictothecurrentenvironmentalsituation.Totheirpointofview,thingsarenotasbadasweareinformedbytheenvironmentalists.Theauthorisoneofthem.Today,wearegoingtoreadhisarticleinwhichhearguedagainsttheenvironmentalismandinsistedthereshouldbenoworries.GlobalunderstandingofthetextvQuestionsansweringvStructureanalysisQuestionsansweringvReadthetextandanswerthequestionsonpage90.StructureanalysisvPartI.(1-4):environmentalrhetoricisoverblownv1.“savetheplanet”-introductionv2.Environmentalawarenessdoesdosomegoodtoeconomicgrowth,butitgoestoofarv3-4.Examples:greenhouseeffects(3)andhumantragedy(4)vPartII.(5-6)We(Iandthepeoplewhodontbelieveenvironmentalproblem)alsocareaboutenvironmentvPartIII.(7-11):theharmbroughtbyenvironmentalistsv7.theimpulseofmanyenvironmentalistsistovilifyandsimplify.v8.itcloudsourunderstanding.v9.anotherlost:theawkwardnecessityforchoices(betweenenvironmentandeconomicgrowth)v10-11.examples-economyismoreimportantthanenvironment(balance)-support“somegainsaresmallcomparedwiththecosts”in9.vPartIV.(12):thecauseoftheenvironmentalproblemsistheineptgovernmentvPartV.(13):authorsappeal:stophype,givemoreinformationonenvironmentinsteadofexaggerating.DetailedunderstandingofthetextvLanguagepointsvSentencepatternsathandv1. close by; near; soon in time; imminentv-He always kept the picture of his girlfriends close at hand.v他总是把女朋友的相片放在身边。他总是把女朋友的相片放在身边。v-Election day is at hand.v2. in hand vunder control在控制之中在控制之中v-The project is well in hand.v这项计划控制得很好这项计划控制得很好vin preparation在准备中在准备中v-The printing of the book is now in hand.v这本书正在付印中。这本书正在付印中。coinv1. to make (pieces of money) from metalv- coin gold铸造金币铸造金币v2. to devise (a new word or phrase).v-coin a new word造新字造新字conveyv1. to serve as a medium of transmission for; transmitv-wires that convey electricity传电的金属传电的金属线线v2. to communicate or make known; impart交流或使知道；告知交流或使知道；告知v- a look intended to convey sympathetic comprehensionv想要传达同情与谅解的神情想要传达同情与谅解的神情typifyvtoserveasatypicalexampleof;embodytheessentialcharacteristicsofv-apaintingthattypifiestheartistsworkv- Thenamestypifyregion.v这些名称反映了当地的特色。uptoapointvIf you believe or accept something up to a point, you believe or accept it to a limited degreev- Of course there is some truth in all this, but only up to a point. v- I agree up to a point, but things are not so easy .v在一定程度上我同意，但事情并不那么容易。在一定程度上我同意，但事情并不那么容易。checkvtoholdinrestraint;curb抑制；遏制v-checkanimpulsetolaughv抑止住想要笑的冲动vtoarrestthemotionofabruptly;halt使突然停止；中断v-checkedtheflowbyshuttingavalve.v关上阀门阻止水流resemblevtoexhibitsimilarityorlikenesstov-Hestronglyresembleshisfather.v他酷似他的父亲。beaddictedtovbe addicted to: be given to, habitually orcompulsively.-Heisaddictedtosmoking/drug/lying/study.vaddictn.:personwhoisaddicted,esp.tosth.harmfulvadrugaddict有毒瘾的人；有药瘾的人vaddictionn;addictivea.ignorantofvignorant of: knowing little or nothing; notaware无知的；不知道的v-You are not ignorant of the reasons forherbehavior.v你不是不知道她的行为的原因。v-Iamquiteignorantofwhathisplansare.vignorev.ignorancenonrushvonrushn.:strong,onwardrushorflow激流；猛冲v-Hefeltanonrushofshame.v他感到一阵羞耻袭上心头。vonrushingadj.:movingforwardinasurgingrushv-Thepeopletookflightbeforetheonrushingfire.v大火卷来，人们纷纷逃窜。withervwither:becomedry,fadedordeadv-Thehotsummerwithered(up)thegrass.v-Herhopeswitheredaway.on a par withvbeequalto,insomeparticularaspectvAsawritershewasonaparwiththegreatnovelists.v她是与伟大小说家齐名的作家.v这两件东西是同等的。vThese2thingsareonapar(witheachother).crushingv压倒的,决定性的vacrushingburden千钧重负vacrushingdefeat大溃败vacrushingsorrow极度的悲哀enhancevtomakegreater,asinvalue,beauty,orreputationv-PassingtheEnglishexaminationshouldenhanceyourchancesofgettingthepost.v通过了英语考试该会增加你获得这个职位的机会。strongcasev强有力的理由vYouhaveaverystrongcase.v你的论据很有力.vThereportmakeoutastrongcaseforincreasespendonhospitalv这份报告提出了对增加医疗开支的有力论据itdoesnotfollowthatvHeiswrong,butitdoesnotfollowthatyouareright.v他错了,但并不能由此推断你是对的。v这不是说新的工厂都建在沿海。vItdoesnotfollowthatallnewfactoriesshouldbebuiltinthecoastalregions.akintovHenrysopinionisquiteakintoBettys.v亨利的意见类似于贝蒂的。v我那位朋友的感受和我相近。vMyfriendsfeelingsareakintomine.CloudvTocoverwithorasifwithcloudsv-Mistcloudedthehills.v雾遮住了山丘vToobscurev-cloudtheissuesforstartersvtobeginwith;initiallyvForstarters,doyourphysicalexerciseseachmorning.Keepactiveallday,andhaveagoodwalkafteryoureveningmeal.v首先，每天早晨做运动，整天都保持活动，晚饭后再好好散步。vForstarters,dobepolitetoyourcustomers,v首先对客人一定要有礼貌，liewithvtobedecidedby,dependenton,orupto:v由决定，取决于，视而定：vThechoicelieswithyou.v你来做出选择posev形成,造成;提出;使摆好某种姿势vposeanobstacleto成为.障碍vAllowmetoposeaquestion.请允许我提一个问题。vTheartistposedthemodelcarefully.v让模特儿摆好姿势atoddsvIndisagreement;inconflict:v争执：不同意；意见冲突：v“Theartistandtheself-critic.are,withafewfelicitousexceptions,foreveratodds”(JoyceCarolOates)v“艺术家和自我批评，除了一些幸运的例外，永远争执不下”(乔伊丝卡罗尔奥茨)Sustainedv持续的;不变的;不间断的vmakesustainedefforts再接再励vsustainedflight稳定持久飞行SummaryvWhile environmental protection is prevailing and has become a big concern in recent years, the author put forward his different point of view: environmentalists are exaggerating and the problems are small compared with our gains. First os all, he illustrated the fact of the environmental rhetoric. Environmental distress is a featherweight compared to human tragedy. Then he analyzed the harms environmentalists brought: vilify and simplify the truth, clouds our understanding and lose our necessity to make a choice. He concluded some environmental problems are due to the inept government and he appealed finally that we should be optimistic to the environmental situation and the environmentalist should give us more information instead of exaggerating the fact. UnitSixTwoTruthstoLivebyHoldfast,andletgo:Understandthisparadox,andyoustandattheverygateofwisdomStructureanalysisv1.Introduction:theartoflivingisknowwhentoholdfastandwhentoletgo.v2.(2-9)onepoleoflifesparadoxicaldemands:holdfast.vWeshouldholdfasttolife,forlifeisfullofbeauty,butpeoplearetoooftenheedlessofit(2-3),vthentheauthorusedoneofhisexperiencestosupportthis(4-8),vandconcludedthatweshouldseizeeverygoldenminute,hourandday,cherishallthewondersarounduswhiletheyarestillthere.v3.(10-12)anotherpole:learntoletgo.Noteasytolearnandwhy(12),butwehavetobecauselifeisaprocessoflosing.v4.(13-17).Everythingisgoingtolose,thenwhyholdfast?(13-15)-livesarefinite,butourdeedsstay.Thenhowtomakeameaningfullife(16-17)DetailedstudyvLanguagepointsvSentencepatternsLivebyvAsmendonotlivebybreadalone,theydonotfightbyarmmentsalone.v如同人们并不单靠着面包生活，他们也不单靠着武器来作战。vWell,Isupposethatwethatlivebytheswordshallperishbythesword.v依我看，操刀为生者必死在刀下。clingtov1. 紧握不放紧握不放vThe small child clung to its mother.v那小孩紧紧抓住母亲不放。那小孩紧紧抓住母亲不放。v2. 忠实于忠实于vOne should cling to ones friends.v对朋友应该忠实。对朋友应该忠实。v3. 坚持坚持vAfter so many years, she was still clinging to the hope that he could return.v许多年过去了许多年过去了,她仍抱着他会回来的希望。她仍抱着他会回来的希望。breakthroughvbreakthrough:makeawaythroughv突破，透过v-Thesunbrokethroughtheclouds.v太阳钻出云层来了。v-Theenemysdefenceswerestrongbutoursoldiersbrokeitthrough.all too often时常vStudents make the mistake like this all too often.v学生多次犯像这样的错误。学生多次犯像这样的错误。vHis driving licence was withdrawn, but he practically asked for it.Hed violated traffic rules all too often.v他的驾驶执照被吊销了，但实际上是他自找他的驾驶执照被吊销了，但实际上是他自找的，他违反交通规则的次数实在太多了。的，他违反交通规则的次数实在太多了。fadevfade(away): v1. lose color, freshness or vigorv- Flowers faded away soon when cut.v2. go slowly out of view, hearing or memoryv- His hopes faded.他的希望逐渐消失了。他的希望逐渐消失了。flowervvi.v1.开花vThisbushflowersinthespring.v这种灌木春天开花。v2.【书】发育,成熟;繁荣vMozartsgeniusfloweredataveryearlyage.v莫扎特的才华在年幼时就焕发了出来。tenderv1. vt.v(正式正式)提出提出,提供提供(+to)vShe tendered her resignation to the President.v她向总统提交辞呈。她向总统提交辞呈。v2. adj. 温柔的温柔的,体贴的体贴的(+towards)vThe nurse was very tender toward the sick children.v护士对生病的孩子很温柔。护士对生病的孩子很温柔。 followingvprep. subsequent to; coming after or as a result of v- Following dinner, brandy was served.va.v- The following day there was a meeting in the hall.intensivevintensive care: medical treatment with constant observation of the patient 重症治疗；加意护理重症治疗；加意护理v- Intensive care in hospitals is given to the seriously ill. vintensive care unit 重症病房重症病房Thats allvThere is no alternative: that is all that can be donev-It s a matter of a few more miles, that s all. v最多再有几英里最多再有几英里, 也不过如此也不过如此.v-I have wanted to try it, thats all.v-If Im touched, Im touchedand thats all there is to it.backwards and forwardsv-She was moving to and fro about her work. v她跑来跑去地干着活。她跑来跑去地干着活。v-The girls pigtails swing to and fro as she runs.v小女孩一跑小女孩一跑, 辫子就来回甩动。辫子就来回甩动。ponytailto and froQuestion vWhy didnt the author appreciate the beauty of the sunlight until one day he was in hospital? either of two antithetical ideas, forces, or positions 对对立立的的双双方方、两两种种互互相相对对立立的的思思想想、倾倾向向、力力量或位置中的任一种量或位置中的任一种v-the moral poles of modern medicinev现代医学道德上互相对立的两极现代医学道德上互相对立的两极v-Our opinions on this subject are at opposite poles. v我们对这个问题的意见截然相反我们对这个问题的意见截然相反vNorth /south polepolethe other side of the coinvOne of two differing or opposing views or sides喻喻事情的另一方面事情的另一方面 vThe new houses are fine but the slums that still exist are the other side of the coin.v那些新房子很漂亮，但仍然存在贫民窟则是那些新房子很漂亮，但仍然存在贫民窟则是问题的另一方面。问题的另一方面。nayvad.否,不,不但如是vItisdifficult,nay,impossible.v这是困难的，甚至是不可能的。vIsuspect,nay,Iamcertain,thatheiswrong.v我怀疑，不，我肯定他错了。dawn uponv渐被理解渐被理解(或感知或感知)vIt has slowly dawned upon us that he will not help.v我们慢慢认识到他是不会帮助我们的。我们慢慢认识到他是不会帮助我们的。vA grey day dawned upon the sleeping city.v阴沉沉的黎明降临在这座还在沉睡的城市。阴沉沉的黎明降临在这座还在沉睡的城市。as it were宛如宛如; 好像好像vHe is, as it were, an eternal boy.v他好像是个永远年轻的小伙子。他好像是个永远年轻的小伙子。vShe is, as it were, the most beautiful girl Ive ever seen.v她可说是我见过的最漂亮的姑娘。她可说是我见过的最漂亮的姑娘。vHe is my best friend, my second self, as it were.v他是我最好的朋友，或者说，是第二个我。他是我最好的朋友，或者说，是第二个我。fashionvfashion: mould; form or shape to; make; create; v-fashion the clay into bricks v把泥土制成砖头把泥土制成砖头v-fashion sb. into a fine sportsman (train)whenconsidering that; if考虑到，如果，既然考虑到，如果，既然vHow can he get good grades when he wont study?v他不用功的话怎么拿高分呢他不用功的话怎么拿高分呢?vHow can he get the promotion when his boss dislikes him?v既然上司不喜欢他既然上司不喜欢他,那他怎么会获得提升呢那他怎么会获得提升呢?onvused to indicate actual motion toward, against, or onto向向，朝，朝（用于表示实际（用于表示实际的动作朝向）的动作朝向）vjumped on the table跳到桌子上跳到桌子上vthe march on Washington向华盛顿的进军向华盛顿的进军beingthe state or quality of having existencev-the aim of our being 我们生存的目的我们生存的目的v-mans social being 人们的社会存在人们的社会存在endurevto continue in existence; lastv-buildings that have endured for centuriesv- His fame will endure for ever.v 他的名望永存。他的名望永存。not so much A as Bvrather than与其说与其说A不如说不如说Bv- He was not so much angry as disappointed.v( He was disappointed rather than angry.)v invest with: clothe; decorate( with qualities) vThe old ruins were invested with romance.v那古废墟富有传奇色彩那古废墟富有传奇色彩. summaryvThe art of living is, according to the author, to know when to hold fast and when to let go. Life is compared to a coin with two sides. On one side, life is full of beauty and grandeour, but people are just too often heedless of them, and only be painful to find them at their backward glance when they have already faded away, therefore, never too busy for the wonder of life, hold fast to it and cherish each minute, hour and day. vOn the other side, life is a process of losing. From our birth to the inevitable death, we will ultimately lose everything. Therefore, we must accept our losses, and learn how to let go. Then, how to resolve this paradox? Since everything is going to disappear from our grasp, why should we hold fast to life? In the last part, the author pointed out that life is never just being, but a becoming or a flowing on. vOurfleshmayperish,butwhatwecreatewillremain.Atthesametime,lifeismoreaprocessthanaresult.Therefore,cherisheachmoment,andmakeeverydaymeaningful.Atthesametime,createwarmth,justice,truth,civilizationandlove,pursueidealsratherthanmaterials,andyourlifeisworthwhile.vSomuchforthetext!vThankyou!UnitSevenGoodTaste,BadTastevNewwordsstudyvTextstudyvExercisesvVideowatchingelitev elite: /eili:t/ A group or class of persons or a member of such a group or class, enjoying superior intellectual, social, or economic statusv- an educated elite有教养的优秀人才有教养的优秀人才v- elite educationv- mass educationvElitism： The belief that certain persons or members of certain classes or groups deserve favored treatment by virtue of their perceived superiority, as in intellect, social status, or financial resources.v精英优越论精英优越论velitist salonvSalon: A periodic gathering of people of social or intellectual distinction; A large room, such as a drawing room, used for receiving and entertaining guests; A hall or gallery for the exhibition of works of artv- literary salons文艺沙龙文艺沙龙v- a beauty salon美容厅美容厅v- hairdressing salon美发厅v-French Salon法国沙龙法国沙龙(17世纪下半叶世纪下半叶起法国官方每年在巴黎举行的造型艺术起法国官方每年在巴黎举行的造型艺术展览会展览会)objectivevobjective: a.v(1) -an objective criticv -an objective descriptionv(2) of object 宾语的宾语的 (subjective)v-the objective case 宾格宾格vn. object aimed at v- All our objectives were won.vobjectivity n. 客观客观 objection 反对反对orchestratevorchestrate: To compose or arrange (music) for performance by an orchestra; To arrange or control the elements of, as to achieve a desired overall effect v- He orchestrated a successful political campaign when he was a young man.v组织了一次成功的政治运动组织了一次成功的政治运动vorchestra n.管弦乐队管弦乐队vorchestral a. dupevn. An easily deceived person; A person who functions as the tool of another person or powervmake a dupe of a personv欺骗欺骗 愚弄愚弄 人人vI won t be his dupe any longer.v我再也不受他的骗了我再也不受他的骗了.vv. cheat; make a fool of; deceivevHe was duped into signing the contract.v他受骗签订了合同。他受骗签订了合同。manipulatevoperate or handle with skill; control skillfullyv- manipulate a new machinev- manipulate stocks public opinionv操纵股市操纵股市 舆论舆论v-A clever politician knows how to manipulate public opinions.vmanipulationvmanipulatorseducevv. To lead away from duty, accepted principles, or proper conductv- seduce him from his duty 诱诱使使他他放放弃弃职职责责v-Hes trying to seduce his secretary.v他竭力勾引他的秘书他竭力勾引他的秘书.vseducer诱惑者诱惑者, 骗子骗子vseduction n. vseductive: attractivev-seductive smile 诱人的微笑诱人的微笑 flashyvadj. giving a momentary or superficial impression of brilliance; given to displayv- He drove around the town in a flashy sports-car.v他驾驶一辆外表华丽的赛车在镇上兜风。他驾驶一辆外表华丽的赛车在镇上兜风。v-She told Philip that his friend had no talent really; it was just flashy and superficial.v她对菲利浦说，他的朋友其实并没有什么她对菲利浦说，他的朋友其实并没有什么才华，他只是虚有其表和浅薄无知而已。才华，他只是虚有其表和浅薄无知而已。endowv (1)To provide with property, income, or a source of incomev- endow a schoolv(2)To equip or supply with a talent or quality (usu. passive)v be endowed withv- She was endowed with a beautiful singing voice by nature.vendowment n. reignvn. Exercise of sovereign power, as by a monarch; the period during which a monarch rules; Dominance or widespread influencev- during five successive reignsv在接连五个朝代的期间在接连五个朝代的期间v- the reign of law/reasonv法治法治/以理性治理以理性治理reignvv.v1. hold office as a monarchv - The king reigned but he did not rule and govern.v那国王当朝，但并不治理国事。那国王当朝，但并不治理国事。v2.be influential; prevail 有势力；占优势；盛行有势力；占优势；盛行v- Silence reigned everywhere.到处寂静无声。到处寂静无声。 slickv1. Superficially attractive or plausible but lacking depth or soundness; flashyv- a slick writing style华而不实的文体华而不实的文体v2. Smooth, glossy, and slipperyv- Sidewalks are slick with ice.v3. deftly executed熟练地执行的；灵巧的熟练地执行的；灵巧的v-He is a slick barber.v他是一位技术熟练的理发师。他是一位技术熟练的理发师。householdva. v1. of, relating to, or used in a householdv- household appliancesv- household duties 家务家务v2. commonly known; familiarv- Einstein has become a household name.convictvv.v1. 证明证明.有罪有罪;判判.有罪有罪,判决判决(+of)vThe judge convicted him of robbery.v法官判他犯有抢劫罪。法官判他犯有抢劫罪。vShe was convicted of murder.v她被判犯有谋杀罪。她被判犯有谋杀罪。v2. 使认罪使认罪;使深感有错使深感有错,使悔悟使悔悟vHe was convicted of his errors.v他认识到自己所犯的过失。他认识到自己所犯的过失。convictionvn.定罪定罪,信服信服,坚信坚信vI speak in the full conviction that I will win.v我深信我会赢。我深信我会赢。vThey have no previous convictions.v他们没有前科。他们没有前科。vI have the conviction that he is right.v我深信他是对的。我深信他是对的。vconvince: make sb. feel certain vconvince sb. of sth/thatsketchvn. A hasty or not detailed drawing or painting often made as a preliminary study; A brief, general account or presentationv- make a sketch of a face脸部速写脸部速写v-He gave me a sketch of his plans for the project.vv. sketch sth. out: give a rough plan ofv- sketch out proposalrococovrococo: A style of art, especiallyarchitecture and decorative art, whichoriginated in France in the early 18thcentury and is marked by elaborateornamentation, as with a profusion ofscrolls,foliage,andanimalforms.GothicvGothic: Of or relating to an architecturalstyleprevalentinwesternEuropefromthe12ththroughthe15thcenturyandcharacterizedbypointedarches,ribvaulting,andflyingbuttresses.哥特式的流行于西欧的12世纪到15世纪的一种建筑风格的，特征是有尖角的拱门，肋形拱顶和飞拱reversalv reversal n. v-the reversal of the seasons in two hemispheres vreverse: v. To turn around to the opposite direction; To cause to adopt a contrary viewpointv- reverse a procedurev-reverse ons car倒车倒车v-reverse ones policy完全改变政策完全改变政策v-reverse an order 颠倒次序颠倒次序va.- This is the reverse direction to the city.v- the reverse side of the coinacquiescevv. agree; accept silently or without protestvacquiesce in: accept without protestv- Her parents will never acquiesce in such an unsuitable marriage.vacquiescence n.vacquiescent a.PygmyvPygmy:Amemberofaraceofdwarfs;A member of any of various peoples,especiallyofequatorialAfricaandpartsof southeast Asia, having an averageheightlessthan5feet(127centimeters); An individual consideredtobeoflittleornoimportance.EnchantvEnchant:1.Tocastaspellover;bewitch.v施魔力于；使心醉;v-theenchantedpalace(神话中)魔宫v2.Toattractanddelight;charmvbeenchantedwithbyv-She was enchanted with /by the flowers yousenther.vEnchanterenchantressenchantmentn.enchantinga.enchantvv使陶醉使陶醉;使喜悦使喜悦;使入迷使入迷(+by/with)v-The family was enchanted with the cute little girl.v这一家子非常喜欢这个漂亮的小姑娘。这一家子非常喜欢这个漂亮的小姑娘。v-She enchanted all her friends.v她把她所有的朋友都迷住了。她把她所有的朋友都迷住了。discriminatev1.To make a clear distinction; distinguishv- discriminate good books from bad/between good and bad booksv2. To make distinctions on the basis of class or category without regard to individual merit; show preference or prejudicev- He was accused of discriminating against womenvdiscrimination n.v-Is there racial discrimination in your country?underpinv underpin: To support from below; To give support or substance tov-underpin a buildingv-underpin the thesis with evidencealternativevn. The choice between two mutually exclusive possibilities; A situation presenting such a choicev- There was no other alternative but to fight till the victory.v- You have the alternative of working hard and being successful or of not working hard and being unsuccessful.alternatevv.Todoorexecutebyturnsvalternatewith:comeoneafteranother;byturns轮流；交替v-Wetdaysalternatedwithfinedays.vulgarvadj. v1.deficient in taste, or refinement; Marked by a lack of good breeding; ill manneredv- vulgar language/behaviour/personv2. Of or associated with the great masses of people; common; Spoken by or expressed in language spoken by the common peoplev-vulgar errors/superstitions 一般的错误一般的错误/迷信迷信 reproductionvnv- expanded reproduction扩大再生产扩大再生产v-a reproduction of a famous picture v一幅名画的复制一幅名画的复制vThis is a reproduction, not the original.这是复制品这是复制品,不是原作。不是原作。pseudovpseudo: a. insincere; false; shamv- Ive always found him very pseudo.v我一直觉得他很虚伪。我一直觉得他很虚伪。vn. sham person 虚伪之人虚伪之人vpseudo- (pref.) false v- pseudo-scientific假科学的假科学的understatedvTo state with less completeness or truth than seems warranted by the facts; To express with restraint or lack of emphasis, especially ironically or for rhetorical effect; To state (a quantity, for example) that is too low.v-They exaggerated the enemys losses and understated their own.vunderstatement n. 保守的说法保守的说法, 掩饰掩饰, 轻描淡写轻描淡写; 压低估计压低估计; 少报少报voverstateelegantvshowing,havinggoodtaste;graceful;donewithcare,skillandtaste.v-anelegantyoungmanv-elegantmannersv-leadingalifeofelegantease.v过着风雅的生活velegancen.meretriciousv1.attractingattentioninavulgarmannerv-meretriciousornamentationv2.plausiblebutfalseorinsincere;v-ameretriciousargumentv似是而非的论点v-meretriciouspraisev言不由衷的恭维pretentiousvpretentious: claiming great merit or importance 自命不凡的；自负的；骄傲的自命不凡的；自负的；骄傲的v- a pretentious author v- a pretentious mannerv 妄自尊大妄自尊大, 盛气凌人盛气凌人v- a pretentious speechv 夸夸其谈的演说夸夸其谈的演说vpretentiously ad. pretentiousness n.exudevTo discharge or emit (a liquid or gas, for example) gradually; To exhibit in abundancev-She exude great confidence.v她流露出了极大的自信。她流露出了极大的自信。v- Sweat exudes through the pores.v汗从毛孔中渗出。汗从毛孔中渗出。Somuchfornewwords.Thankyouverymuch!TextStudyvPara.1tellsuswhatoneownsandpurchasessurelyrevealonestaste.StoryvStory:Anincident,experience,orsubjectthatfurnishesorwouldbeinterestingmaterialforanarrative;hererefersthetaste.v-Hewascolorful,hewascharismatic,hewascontroversial,hewasagoodstory.v“他多姿多彩、富有魅力，善于争辩，本身就是一个好素材”v-Butthatisanotherstory.v但那是另外一个问题。(那是题外的话。)keepupwiththeJonesesvkeepupwiththeJoneses:tocompetewithotherpeopleforabettersocialposition,e.g.tobuymoreorbettermaterialthingsthanonesneighborsorfriends.和他人比排场、比阔气；和左邻右舍攀比。v-Iseethattheyhaveboughtahouseinthecountry.IsupposetheyretryingtokeepupwiththeJoneses.v(makereferencetotheNOTE)exercisevexercise:1.Toputintoplayoroperation;employv-Proceed,butexercisecaution.v前进，但要小心v2.Exert对施加；发挥v-Adoctorshouldlearnhowtoexercisepatiencetohisclients.v医生应该学会对他的病人运用忍耐力v3.Tosubjecttopracticeorexertioninordertotrain,strengthen,ordevelopv-exercisethebackmuscles;exercisethememory.锻炼背部肌肉；训练记忆力vN.exercise-book1.Wetellsomethingaboutacolleaguespersonaltaste_vA.ifheorsheisarelativeofours.vB.becauseeveryonehasapersonaltaste.vC.ifweobservewhatkindofthingsheorshebuysandowns.vD.ifweknowwhatkindofneighborsheorshehas.lCPara.2presentseveryonehadtheopportunitytoexercisehistaste.vProvince:Areasofacountrysituatedawayfromthecapitalorpopulationcenter;Acomprehensiveareaofknowledge,activity,orinterest;Therangeof ones proper duties and functions; scope; abranchofthought,knowledge,orstudyconsideredashavingfixedlimitsv- a topic falling within the province of ancienthistory一个属于古代历史领域的题目.v-intheprovinceofliterarycriticismv在文艺批评领域（范畴）2.Massproductionhadagreatimpactontaste,whichshowedthat_vA.allproductswereinbetterstatethanbeforebecauseofadvancedtechnologyandimprovedmethodsofproductionvB.themass-producedproductslookedallalikethatnotastecouldbespokenofaboutthem.vC.tastewasmuchchangedbecauseuneducatedpeople,ascustomers,begantoexertabadinfluenceonit.vD.productsbecameabundant,somorepeoplewereabletobuywhattheyliked,exercisingtheirtasteslDPara.3OneshouldhavethetastePara.4tellshowtoexerttaste.vget on: 1.To be or continue onharmonioustermsv-Shegetsonwellwiththeneighbors.v2.Tomanagewithreasonablesuccess;Tomakeprogress;continuev-getonwithaperformance.v继续保持这样的表现v-HowisJimgettingonatschool.May/mightaswellvMay/mightaswell表示非强烈意愿的一种方式，其含义相当于hadbetter，但比后者弱，常表示勉强、迁就、无奈的意思。一般译为“最好”、“还是的好”、“不妨”等。v-Wemay/mightaswellstaywhereweare.v我们留在现在的地方倒也不错。v-Thereisnothingtodo,soImayaswellgotobed.v没什么事可做，我还是上床睡觉好了。v-Youmightaswelltellthetruth.v你还是把实情说出来的好。May/mightwellvMay指表示可能性，well起加强作用，表示有更大的可能性或充分的理由。v-Wemaywellencountertinyrobotscookinghamburgersinfastfoodrestaurants.v-Hemaybethere.v他可能在那儿。v-Hemaywellbethere.v他很有可能在那儿。handsthdownvhandsthdown:passbytradition,inheritance,etc.v-Wecannotalwaysobservethetraditionshandeddowntousfromthepast.v我们不能永远遵守过去传下来的传统。openupvopenup:1.Tospreadout;unfoldv-Agreenvalleyopenedupbeforeus.v2.Tobeginoperationv-Thenewstoreopensupnextmonth.v3.Tospeakfreelyandcandidlyorfranklyv-Atlastthefrightened witnessopened upandtoldthetruth.v4.Tomakeanopeninginbycuttingv- The surgeon opened up the patientschest.v5.Tomakeavailableoraccessiblev-openupnewmarkets3.AccordingtoPara.5,whichofthefollowingstatementsisuntrue?vA.Ancientpeoplewerenotnecessarilydevoidoftaste.vB.Inthepast,ordinarypeoplelookedtotheeliteformodelstofollowinmattersoftaste.vC.BureaucratsoftheVictorianagebelongedtotheelite.vD.Now,theelitenolongerplaysanyroleinswayingpopulartaste.lDHintvHint:Aslightindicationv-Doyouwantedtoavoidanyhintofscandal.v你想要避免任何丑闻的迹象吗？vA brief or indirect suggestion; A statementconveyinginformationinanindirectfashion;acluev-Givemeahintaboutthebignews.vv.-Ihintedthatheoughttoworkharder.v-Hehinted at(间接提到)myextravagance.LauraAshley/inturnv1.LauraAshley:aBritishdressdesigner,well-knownforherclotheswhichweremodeledonarustic（质朴）styleoffloweryprintsandpastel（清淡的）colorsv2.inturn:intheproperorderorsequence;inthecorrectorexpectedorder;insuccessionv依次；轮流v-Theboysweresummonedinturntoseetheteacher.be(well)inwithsbvbe(well)inwithsb.:beongoodtermswithsb.与某人相处甚好v-Heiswellinwithhisassociates.v-Heisillinwithhisstudents.4.ItcanbeinferredfromPara.7that_vA.itiseasyforanyonetoknowhowtastewilldevelopbecausetheprinciplesaresimplevB.therococostylehasbeenpopularfortwocenturiesinhistoryvC.Inthehistoryofcivilization,goodtasteandbadtastetookplacealternatelyvD.thetastemakersdonotalwaysagreewitheachotherDPara.8presentstherulesofgoodtasteandnotaste.vQuestion:vWhatisnotaste?vWhatisgoodtaste?Para.9QuestionvWhatisunderpinningthegoodtaste?5.Theauthorhintsthatthepersonwhobuysagoldwatchmaybestbedescribedasbeing_vA.pretentiousvB.flashyvC.patricianvD.cynicallAConstablevConstable: British landscape painterwhose use of broken color influencedlater French painters. The Hay Wain(1821)ishisbest-knownwork.康斯太伯，约翰1776-1837英国风景画家，他对分裂色彩的使用影响了后来的法国画家们。干草车（1821年）是他最著名的作品.Heineken/discriminatingv1.Heineken:abrandofDutchbeerwhichusessomeveryattractivepostersasadvertisementv2.discriminatingv-discriminatingbuyers识货的购物者v-adiscriminatingeye有鉴别力,有眼力v-adiscriminatingmark辨别的标志v-adiscriminatingcollectorofrarebooksWouldhavedonev当动词不定时表达与过去既成事实相反的虚拟条件时，句子的谓语动词要采用would(should)havedone.v-Hewould havereachedNewYork.6.TheauthorthinksthattheownerofaConstablereproductionknowsnothingaboutartbecause_vA.ConstablewasnotagoodartistandhispaintingslackedartisticvaluevB.theownerdidntknowthatHeinekenpostersweresuperiortoConstablesworks.vC.theownerwasunabletodiscriminatebetweenthevalueofanoriginalworkdonebyConstableandthatofareproduction.vD.thepicturewasnotsetingoodframelCdisguisevdisguise:Tomodifythemannerorappearanceinordertopreventrecognition;Toconcealorobscurebydissemblanceorfalseshow;misrepresentv-disguiseonestrueintentionsv-Hedisguisedhimselfasawoman.v-Itisimpossibletodisguisethefactthatfinanceisbad.betteroffvbebetteroff:inabettercondition;bewisetochoose(doingsomething);beingincomfortableeconomiccircumstances;beinginamoreadvantageousposition;v-Youdbebetteroffleavingthecountry.vBewell/badlyoff:have(not)alotofmoneyorsuppliesofsomethingv-Itdoesntmatterifyourhusbandisntwelloff,ifhecanmakeyouhappy.genuinevgenuinev- a genuine diamond真钻石/a genuinesignature亲笔签字/agenuineperson诚恳的人/agenuinebreed纯种7.Theauthorcitesexamplesofproductswhicharedescribedasbeingdishonestbecause_vA.theproductsaresoldatmuchhigherpricesthantheirrealvalues.vB.theproductsaretechnicallyinferioroneswhichareeasytobreakdownorwearouttooquicklyvC.theproductsaredesignednottobestservethepurposestheyshouldservebuttoticklethecustomersvanityortoexploittheirignorance.vD.theproductsareadvertisedbydisguisedlies.lCButsoondoes.vButsoonpeoplewillfindthatatatimewhenanythingcanbeproducedforyourchoice,notmuchofthechoiceistoyourtaste.proportionvproportion:relationofonethingtoanotherinquantity,size,etc;relationofparttothewhole比例；比率；部分与整体的关系v- The proportion of imports to exports(theexcess of imports over exports入 超 ) isworryingthegovernment.进出口的比率令政府担忧。vInproportionto:relativeto按着的比率vpart;sharev-Youhavenotdoneyourproportionofthework.proportionv:(pl)thecorrectrelationofpartsorofthesizesofseveralparts均衡；相称v-aroomofgoodproportionsv各方面很相称的房间vv. proportion to: put into proportion or rightrelationshipv- Do you proportion your expenditure to yourincome?你量入而出吗？v-Whatawell-proportionedroom!v多么相称协调的房间!8.Allthefollowingqualitiesbelongto“goodtaste”except_vA.restraintvB.socialpretentiousnessvC.understatedelegancevD.refinementlB9.Thefollowingstatementssupportingtheauthorsoptimismaboutthefutureexceptthat_vA.therewillbeagreaterprofusionofchoicesforcustomersthaneverbefore.vB.stylewillchangemorerapidlyvC.everythinggoesinthemarketfromtimetotime.vD.manufacturesmustmeetthecustomersrequests.lCbynomeans/Cheddarvby no means: not at all; in no sense;certainlynotv-Thesegoodsarebynomeanssatisfactory.vCheddar: Any of several types of smooth,hard cheese varying in flavor from mild toextrasharp.切德奶酪几种平滑、质硬的有从温和至极刺激的不同口味的干酪manya:manyvmanya:manyvmany侧重将“许多”综合化；manya侧重将许多“个别化”(即一个一个地)。v-Manyashiphasbeenwreckedonthoserocks.v-Manyamancomesandgoes.v主要的区别在语体上，manya只用于正式语体，谓语动词用单数。10.Whatdoestheauthorwanttotellhisreadersinthisessay?vA.Thenecessityandimportanceofhavinggoodtaste.vB.Thechiefelementsthatconstitutebadtaste.vC.Thereasonswhycertainpeoplehadgoodtasteinthepast.vD.Thechangespopulartastewillundergointhenearfuture.lAUnitEightComputer IlliteracyDetailedstudyofnewwordsvilliteracyn.:beingunabletoreadandwritev-computerilliteracyvilliteratea.n.v-anilliterateletterv-Heisanilliterate(illiterateperson).wagvwag n.: a merry person, full of amusingsayingandfondofpracticaljokesv-acomputerwagvwaggeryn.:behaviourortalkofwag诙谐；恶作剧vwaggisha.-waggishtricks/remarksvWaggishlyad.Waggishnessn.morewagvwag v.: (-gg-)move from side to side or up anddownv-Thedogwaswaggingitstail.v-wagonesfingerat向.摇指头(表示责难,轻视)/wagoneshead摇头/wagonestongue多言;饶舌v-Thenewssettongues/chins/beardswagging.(causedpeopletotalkabout)那则新闻引起人们议论纷纷。v-Thetailwagsthedog.上下颠倒;小人物掌权。chunkvchunk:1.Athickmassorpiecev-achunkoficev2.asubstantialamountv-winquiteachunkofmoneyvchunkya.:shortandthickbinaryvbinary:characterizedbyorconsistingoftwopartsorcomponents;twofold;oforrelatingtoasystemofnumerationhaving2asitsbase.二进制的;二进制的或与之有关的v-Thebinarysystemofnumbersisusedindigitalcomputers.数字计算机都使用二进制数字系统。crystallinevcrystalline:being,relatingto,orcomposedofcrystalorcrystals;resemblingcrystal,asintransparencyordistinctnessofstructureoroutline.vcrystal n.- a necklace of crystals/crystalornamentsv-sugarandsaltcrystals糖和盐的结晶体vCrystallizev.crystallizationn.Colloidal/versatilev1.colloidal:ofcolloid胶质的，胶态的v2. versatile: capable of doing many thingscompetently;havingvariedusesorservingmanyfunctions;variableorinconstant;changeablev-Nylonisaversatilematerial.v-aversatileengineer多才多艺的工程师v-aversatileinventor/mind(多才多艺的人)vversatilityn.visionvVisionv-thevisionofapoet诗人的想象力v-amanofvision有眼光的人v-Haveyoueverhadvisionsofgreatwealthandsuccess?vVisionary n.: One who is given to impractical orspeculative ideas; a dreamer; one who hasvisions;aseer(预言家；先知)va.-visionaryplans/scenesubiquitousvubiquitous:beingorseemingtobeeverywhereatthesametime;omnipresentv-anubiquitoustrend普遍存在的倾向v- The struggle between opposites isubiquitous.对立面的斗争无所不在。vUbiquityn.statisticvstatisticstatistics(withpl.v.)v-Statisticssuggestthatthepopulationofthiscountrywillbedoubledintenyearstime.v:统计学(withsingv.)vstatisticala.statisticallyad.vStatistician统计专家，统计学家retailvretail:n.thesaleofgoodsorcommoditiesinsmallquantitiesdirectlytoconsumers.v-sellgoodsbyretailv-retaildealers/prices-theretaildepartmentv-Hebuyswholesaleandsellsretail.他整买零卖。vadj.Of,relatingto,orengagedinthesaleofgoodsorcommoditiesatretailvadv.Inretailquantities;ataretailpricev-Doyoubuywholesaleorretail?v你是整批买还是零买？moreretailvvsellbyretail零售;v-anarticlethatisretailedatseventypencev一件零售价格七十便士的物品。vrepeatbitbybitv-retailaslander转述诽谤之言vretailer零售商bodevbodev.:indicatebysignsv-Thiscontroversybodesillforbothofus.v-bodewell有好的预兆bodeill有坏的预兆;v-Thisbodeshimnogood.v这对他是不祥之兆。vBodingn.feelingofcomingevil.pell-mellvpell-mell:n.thestateofgreatdisorderv-thepell-mellofsaggingbuildingva.-steering the pell-mell development ofEurope on to a new and more gradualcourse.vAdv. -The contents of the sacks werethrownpell-melltotheground.interfacevinterface:surfacecommontotwoareas;(fig)area common to two or moresystems,processes,etc.共同范围v- at the interface of creative art andexperimentalscience创作艺术与实验科学之共同范围cruxvcrux:Thebasic,central,orcriticalpointorfeaturev-thecruxofthematterv-thecruxofanargumentsaturatevsaturatev.:tosoak,fill,orloadtocapacity;tocause(asubstance)tounitewiththegreatestpossibleamountofanothersubstancev-Wewerecaughtintherainandcamehomesaturated.我们挨了雨淋,回家时已浑身湿透。v-Theairwassaturatedwiththeperfumeoftheflowers.空气中充满着花的芬芳。v-Heissaturatedwithknowledge.他知识渊博。v-Themarketforusedcarsissaturated.v旧汽车市场已经饱和。v-asaturatedsolutionofsalt饱和的食盐溶液vsaturationn.saturationpoint饱和点cetacean/clanv1.cetacean:adj.鲸类的,鲸的n.鲸类动物,鲸v2. clan: a traditional social unit in the ScottishHighlands, consisting of a number of familiesclaimingacommonancestor(同一祖宗的苏格兰高地人);adivisionofatribetracingdescentfromacommon ancestor; a large group of relatives,friends,orassociates.ingrainv1.ingrain:Tofixdeeplyorindelibly,asinthemindv- The system that had been ingrained forgenerationscouldnotbeeasilyundonebychangefromthetop?v-ingrainedhabits积习v-ingrainedprejudice根深蒂固的偏见v2. Psychiatry: n.精 神 病 学 , 精 神 病 治 疗 法psychiatrist:n.精神病医师,精神病学家hallucinationvhallucination: false or distorted perception ofobjectsoreventswithacompellingsenseoftheirreality,usuallyresultingfromamentaldisorderoras a response to a drug; the objects or eventsperceived;afalseormistakenidea;adelusionv错觉,幻觉v-Drunkenmenaresometimessubjecttohallucination.v酒醉者有时易生幻觉。vHallucinatorya.mediumvmedium:1.-Airisthemediumofsound.v2.thatbywhichsthisexpressedv媒介；方法；手段v- Commercial television is a medium foradvertising.商业电视是一种广告媒介。v-massmediav3.middlequalityordegree中庸；适度v-thehappymedium中庸之道va.:cominghalfwaybetween;notextremev中等的；中庸的；普通的v-amanofmediumheight/amedium-sizedfirmv-mediumwave中波dominatevdominate(over)1.v-Agreatmancandominate(over)othersbyforceofcharacter.v伟人能以人格的力量支配他人。v2.overlook俯视v- The whole valley is dominated by thismountain.这座山俯视着整个山谷。vdominationn.vdominant a. - the dominant partner in abusinessv企业中最有势力的股东v-adominantcliff耸立的绝壁viablevviable:capableofliving,developingunderfavorableconditions;capableofsuccessorcontinuingeffectiveness;practicablev-aviableplan;aviablenationaleconomy.v-Isthenewlycreatedstateviable?v这个新国家能生存下去吗？vViabilityn.vocalvvocala.of,for,withorusing,thevoicev-thevocalorgans发声器官v-vocalmusic声乐vvocalist:singer声乐家；歌唱家vvocalize v.: To produce with the voice; togivevoiceto;articulatehomophonevhomophone:oneoftwoormorewords,suchasnightandknight;someandsum;newandknew,etc.thatarepronouncedthesamebutdifferentinmeaning,origin,andsometimesspelling同音词vhomonym同形异义词；同音异义词vhomograph(bow; bow)同形异义词algorithmvalgorithm: mathematics A step-by-stepproblem-solving procedure, especially anestablished,recursivecomputationalprocedureforsolvingaproblemin afinitenumberofsteps.算法，规则系统一种循序渐进解决问题的过程，尤指一种为在有限步骤内解决问题而建立的可重复应用的计算过程implementvimplement:n.Atooloraninstrumentusedindoingworkv-agardeningimplementvv: to put into practical effect; carry out; tosupplywithimplementsv-implementacontract履行合同v-implementonesideas实施某人的设想vimplementationn.Somuchforthenewwords!vsub-:under-subway/subsoilv:secondary,lowerinrank次等；次要；附属v-sub-committee/sub-speciesv:notquite低于；次于；亚于vsubtropical（亚热带的）/subnormal（低于正常的）v:secondaryrepetition第二次重复；再vsublet（转租；分租）/subdivisionvcollection:collecting;groupofobjectsthathavebeencollectedv- a fine collection of paintings/postagestampsv: heap of materials or objects that havecometogetherv-acollectionofdust/rubbishv:moneycollectedatameeting募捐vimpure:notpure-theimpureairofthecityv-impuremotivesvimpurityn.:stateofbeingimpure杂质v-impuritiesinfoodvconduct: to direct the course of; manage orcontrol; lead or guide; behave; to serve as amediumforconveying;transmitv-Somemetalsconductheat.v-conductbothdomesticandforeignaffairsv-conductanexperiment/conductasurveyv-Whoisconductingtheorchestrathisevening?v-conductoneselfinamostgraciousmannervconductor领导者；指挥；售票员；导体vsome用于单数普通名词前，表示不详或不欲指名。v-HeslivingatsomeplaceinEastAfrica.v-Someman at the dooris asking to seeyou.vorganic:ofanorgan-organicdisease器官性病v:havingbodilyorgans(opp.inorganic)v-organiclife有机生物-organicchemistryv:madeofrelatedparts有组织的；有系统的v-anorganic(organized)whole有组织的整体vanorganicwhole有机的整体/organicunity组织上的统一/anorganicpart一个有机的组成部分vnothingmorethan具有与nomorethan相同的语气，意为“仅仅；只不过”v-Hewassopoorthathehadnomorethanonehundreddollars.他穷的只有只有100元钱了。v-Theelectrical“fluid”thatearlyscientiststalkedaboutisnothingmorethanelectronsflowingalongawire.早期科学家们所说的电“流体”，只只不不过过是沿着导线流动的电子。vNothinglessthan意为“一模一样；完全相同；不外是；简直；一点也不差”。所表达的口气与nolessthan完全相同，与nomorethan/nothingmorethan完全相反。v-Thatsnothinglessthanamiracle.v那完全是完全是一个奇迹。v-Itwasnothinglessthancriminal.v那简直简直就是犯罪。vsequence:Afollowingofonethingafteranother;succession.;Anorderofsuccession;anarrangement;Arelatedorcontinuousseriesv-inalphabeticalsequence按字母顺序v-sequencesoftenses时态的一致vsequenta.(formal)继续的；连续的；结果的vsequentiala.按时间或顺序而来的；连续的；结果的vutilize: make use of; to put to use, especially tofindaprofitableorpracticalusefor.v-Theyutilizethewastes.vUtilizablea.utilizationn.vUtilityn.:qualityofbeinguseful有用；实用vUtilitariana.以实用为主的；功利的n.功利主义者vUtilitarianism功利主义vlocation:Theactorprocessoflocating;Aplacewheresomethingisorcouldbelocated;asitev-Shedevotedallhertimetothelocationofthemissingmoney.她花掉所有时间去寻找失款。v-Havetheydecidedonthelocationofthenewbuildingyet?这座新建筑的位置他们定下来了吗？vdiffer:-JapanesediffersgreatlyfromFrenchinpronunciation.v-Customsdifferindifferentcountries.v-Hisopiniondiffersentirelyfrommine.v-Wedifferaboutonthematterquestion.v对这件事(这个问题)我们意见不同。vparallel: being an equal distance aparteverywherev-parallellines平行线parallelbars双杠v-parallelcousin堂兄弟姊妹或姨表兄弟姊妹v-aparallelinstancecase同样的例子v-Therailwaylinerunsparallelwith / tothehighway.铁路线和那条公路平行。vdeliberate:donewithormarkedbyfullconsciousnessofthenatureandeffects;intentionalv-mistaketheoversightforadeliberateinsult.v把疏忽错当成蓄意的侮辱v:arisingfromormarkedbycarefulconsiderationv-adeliberatedecision.深思熟虑的决定v:unhurriedinaction,movement,ormanner,asiftryingtoavoiderrorv-movedatadeliberatepace.以小心谨慎的步伐移动deliberatelyad.:carefullyvbe concerned about/for sb./stha(that): worry;trouble;botherv-Pleasedontbeconcernedabout/forme.v-Weareallconcernedthathecouldntovercomethedifficulties.vSo/asfarasImconcernedvAsconcerns:regarding关于vConcern onself with /in/about: be busy with;interestoneselfinvup-front:Straightforward;frankv-Heisveryup-front.v:paidordueinadvance-up-frontcash.预付现金v2.inthehopeofdoingsth.:hopingtodosth希望做v-Icalledinthehopeoffindingherathome.v我希望她会在家而去看她。vdown the line/all down the line/right downtheline:alltheway;throughout;completely从头至尾；自始至终v-Errorsaretobefounddowntheline.错误处处可见- I agree with your statementdowntheline.v1. convert: to change (something) intoanother form, substance, state, or product;transformv-convertwaterintoicev: to change (something) from one use,function, or purpose to another; adapt to anewordifferentpurposev-convertaforestintofarmland.v:topersuadeorinducetoadoptaparticularreligion,faith,orbelief改变信仰v-convertpaganstoChristianity使异教徒皈依基督教(convertn.改教者)v:toexchangeforsomethingofequalvaluev-convertassetsintocash把资产转化成现金vvia:prep.Bywayofv-HewenttoPittsburghviaPhiladelphia.v:bymeansof-Hesenttheletterviaairmail.v2.touch-tone:adj.按键式的vpunch:strikehardwiththefistv-punchsb.onthenose/chinv-HehasafaceIdliketopunch.v他有一张我很想饱以老拳的脸。v-punchthekeysofatypewriter按打字机(的字键)vmanual:oforrelatingtothehandsv-manualskillv: done by, used by, or operated with thehands;employinghumanratherthanmechanicalenergyv-manuallaborvn.handbookortextbook-ashorthand速记手册vQWERTY:Of,relatingto,ordesignatingthetraditionalconfiguration（形状；构形）oftypewriterorcomputerkeyboardkeys.vlaborious:markedbyorrequiringlong,hardwork - We have spent many laborioushoursontheproject.v:hard-working;industriousv-laboriousbees勤劳的蜜蜂vfillout:tocomplete(aform,forexample)byprovidingrequiredinformationv- Youd better fill out the job applicationcarefullyv:tobecomeormakemorefleshyv-Hercheeksbegantofillout.她的脸开始发胖vslip:Along,narrowpiece;astripv- a slip of paper一张纸条cut paper intoslips把纸剪成长条salesslip售货单vcolumn: A vertical arrangement of characters orotherexpressions.一行数字v-Canyouaddupthiscolumnoffigures?v你能把这行数字加起来吗?v: A feature article that appears regularly in apublication,suchasanewspaper.专栏文章在一出版物，比如报纸上连续出现的特写文章vcolumnistvgrasp: n. firm hold or grip; power ofgrasping(领悟) - I kept her hand in mygrasp.v-Successiswithinhisgrasp.v-tohaveathoroughgraspofaproblemv彻底理解一问题v1. ball park: a park where ball games(baseball)areplayed;arangewithinwhichcomparisonispossiblev-intheballpark:approximatelycorrectv1.comeupwith:producev:drawlevelwith;catchupwithv-Wecameupwithapartyofhikers.v(Get)onthestick(ball):tobesmart,dexterous,competentv-Ifyouaregoingwithus,youdbettergetonthestick.v-FBIagentswereverymuchontheball.vtransfer: To convey or cause to pass from oneplace,person,orthingtoanother;tomakeoverthepossessionorlegaltitleof;convey;toconvey(a design, for example) from one surface toanother,asbyimpressionv-betransferredtoanotherpost被调职v-transferpropertytoaperson转让财产给某人v- He has been transferred from Beijing toShanghai.他已从北京被调到上海。vverbal:of,relatingto,orassociatedwithwordsv-averbalpicture.文字描述v: concerned with words only rather than withcontentorideasv-merelyverbaldistinction.只是措辞上的差异v:consistingofwordsalonewithoutactionv-averbalconfrontation.言辞冲突v:expressedinspokenratherthanwrittenwords;oral:v-averbalcontract.口头约定v:correspondingwordforword;literalv-averbaltranslation.逐字的直译vcatch on: To understand; perceive; tobecomepopularv- The new folk song caught on reallyquickly.v这首新民歌流行得真快。v- Jacks always the last to catch on myjoke.v杰克总是最后一个弄明白我的笑话。vdistinct: readily distinguishable from all others;discrete-ontwodistinctoccasionsv:easilyperceivedbythesensesorintellect;clearv-adistinctflavorv:clearlydefined;unquestionablev-atadistinctdisadvantagev:verylikely;probablev- There is a distinct possibility that she wontcome.v:notable-adistincthonorandhighprivilegev显赫的名声和崇高的殊荣vdistinctlyvattribute:Aqualityorcharacteristicinherentinorascribed to someone or something; an objectassociatedwithandservingtoidentifyacharacter,apersonage,oranofficev-Politenessisanattributeofagentleman.v彬彬有礼是绅士的本色。v-Thecrownisanattributeofkingship.v王冠是王位的象征。v1.commonplace:havingnoremarkablefeatures,characteristics,ortraits;ordinaryv-Somescientistsbelievethatsoonitwillbecommonplaceforpeopletotraveltothemoon.vovercomev-overcome difficulties战胜困难overcomeones shortcomings克服缺点be overcomewithliquor喝醉-Wewereovercomewithjoy.我们喜出望外。vactuate:Toputintomotionoraction;tomovetoaction使活动；使行动v-Ireallyfailtounderstandwhatactuatedyoutogiveupsuchapromisingpostsohastily.v我真不明白,什么原因使你这么匆匆忙忙地放弃了这样一个很有前途的职位。v-Shewasactuatedbyloveforhermother.她为爱母之情所激动。vdictate:Tosayorreadaloudtoberecordedor written by another; to prescribe withauthority;impose;tocontrolorcommandv-dictatealettertosb.向某人口授信稿v-refusetobedictated不任人摆布v- The union leaders are trying to dictatetheirdemandstotheemployer.工会领导人正设法迫使雇主接受他们的要求。vprocessor: One that processes, especiallyan apparatus for preparing, treating, orconvertingmaterialvdeduce: To reach (a conclusion) byreasoning;toinferfromageneralprinciple;reason deductively; to trace the origin orderivationofv-deduceaconclusionfromthesefactsv-Ifyouseeadoctorleavingahouse,youmaydeducethatsomeoneinthehouseisill.vartificial: made byhuman beings; producedratherthannatural;broughtaboutorcausedby sociopolitical or other human-generatedforcesorinfluencesv-setupartificialbarriersagainstwomenandminoritiesv-anartificialeconomicboomv:madeinimitationofsomethingnatural;notgenuineornaturalv-anartificialsmile/artificialperson法人v-artificialrain人工降雨artificialrespiration人工 呼 吸 artificial satellite人 造 卫 星 artificialintelligence人工智能vpassover:Toleaveout;disregard.Letuspassoverhisruderemarksinsilence.对他那些无礼的话，我们置之不理。v2. on the shelf: In a state of disuse./Unemployed./Out of circulation.不流通的/Retired.退休的vutility: The quality or condition of beinguseful; usefulness/adj: Used, serving, orworking in several capacities as needed:utilityfurniture实用家具autilityknife万能刀utility aircraft运输机utility pole电线杆utilityservice公用事业v