解析高考英语解析高考英语阅读中的长难句阅读中的长难句 在阅读中，我们经常会遇到一在阅读中，我们经常会遇到一些长而难的句子。长难句通常含有些长而难的句子。长难句通常含有较多、较长的修饰成分、并列成分较多、较长的修饰成分、并列成分或从句。长难句的丰富内容和复杂或从句。长难句的丰富内容和复杂结构往往会导致理解的困难。理解结构往往会导致理解的困难。理解长难句的关键是了解长难句的类型，长难句的关键是了解长难句的类型，理清句子成分，抓住句子中的关键理清句子成分，抓住句子中的关键部分。部分。2、含有多个简单句的并列句。、含有多个简单句的并列句。 In the 1970s, he was a surgeon at Yale，and had a wonderful wife and five beautiful children，but he was terribly unhappy. I cant live in fear of the possibility that as the earths population grows and we use more and more of our nonrenewable(不能再生的不能再生的) resources，our children may have to lead poorer lives.3、含有多个从句的复合句。、含有多个从句的复合句。4、含有多个插入成分的句子。、含有多个插入成分的句子。 His journey to the e-mail hell began innocently（无知地）（无知地） enough when, as chairman of Computer Associates International，a software company，he first heard how quickly his employees had accepted their new electronic-mail system. 1、 复合从句复合从句 句子较长，一个从句套着另一个从句，环环句子较长，一个从句套着另一个从句，环环相扣。不管句子有多长有多复杂，它只由两部分相扣。不管句子有多长有多复杂，它只由两部分构成，即主干和修饰成分。构成，即主干和修饰成分。主干主干是整个句子的骨是整个句子的骨架，主要指架，主要指主谓宾结构或主系表结构主谓宾结构或主系表结构。而修饰成。而修饰成分在句中只起修饰或补充主干的作用，它既可以分在句中只起修饰或补充主干的作用，它既可以是单词，也可以是短语，更常见的则是从句，尤是单词，也可以是短语，更常见的则是从句，尤其是定语从句和状语从句。其是定语从句和状语从句。 我们应通过仔细分析，将每个修饰成分划我们应通过仔细分析，将每个修饰成分划出来，找出句子的主干，这样整个句子结构就清出来，找出句子的主干，这样整个句子结构就清晰了。晰了。二、长难句的归纳二、长难句的归纳2、 分隔结构分隔结构为了调整语气和增加补充信息，更主为了调整语气和增加补充信息，更主要的是为了平衡句子结构，避免头重脚轻，要的是为了平衡句子结构，避免头重脚轻，使语义严密，结构紧凑，可将语法关系密使语义严密，结构紧凑，可将语法关系密切的两个句子成分用其他语法成分分隔开切的两个句子成分用其他语法成分分隔开来，这就是所谓的分隔结构。考试中出现来，这就是所谓的分隔结构。考试中出现较多的是较多的是插入语插入语、用、用破折号破折号插入的新话题插入的新话题或补充信息。此外，还有一些句子成分或补充信息。此外，还有一些句子成分（一般是（一般是定语定语）过长而出现）过长而出现后置后置，也可以，也可以看作是插入现象。只不过它只是句子原有看作是插入现象。只不过它只是句子原有成分位置的调整，没有新增信息。成分位置的调整，没有新增信息。 3、 成分省略成分省略 在英语句子中，节约用词是一条在英语句子中，节约用词是一条重要的修辞原则。省略主要是为了重要的修辞原则。省略主要是为了避避免重复免重复，突出关键词并使上下文紧密，突出关键词并使上下文紧密连接。成分省略一般和从句相结合，连接。成分省略一般和从句相结合，一正一反，使句子富于变化，增强表一正一反，使句子富于变化，增强表现力。现力。4、 改变语序改变语序改变语序主要指改变语序主要指倒装句式倒装句式。这种。这种打破相对固定的常规语序的做法，或打破相对固定的常规语序的做法，或是为了强调句子的意义表达的重心，是为了强调句子的意义表达的重心，或是强调一种表达语气，如虚拟语气、或是强调一种表达语气，如虚拟语气、否定语气等。这些句子往往和一些否定语气等。这些句子往往和一些副副词、连词词、连词相关，有明显的标志。相关，有明显的标志。(1)(1) 结构分析法结构分析法 所谓结构分析法，就是通过语法分所谓结构分析法，就是通过语法分析，迅速弄清句子的结构，把握住句子析，迅速弄清句子的结构，把握住句子的基本框架。的基本框架。首先，判断该句是简单句、首先，判断该句是简单句、并列句还是复合句；然后，找出句子的并列句还是复合句；然后，找出句子的核心成分，分清主语和谓语，再分清句核心成分，分清主语和谓语，再分清句子附属成分。子附属成分。 三、分析长难句的方法策略三、分析长难句的方法策略句句 子子判判 断断简单句简单句并列句并列句复合句复合句主主 干干并列连词并列连词从属连词从属连词 However, who specialize in ageing the human body is just not designed to last past about 120 years.方法一：较复杂单句的处理方法方法一：较复杂单句的处理方法找主、找主、 谓语，即找主干成分谓语，即找主干成分many scientists are doubtful about it and say 方法二：并列句的处理方法方法二：并列句的处理方法 找并列连词找并列连词 Miss Germaines mother looked anxious through the wedding Mr. Cordells parents are reported to be less than delighted.and方法三：主从复合句的处理方法方法三：主从复合句的处理方法 找从属连词找从属连词 a womans closest female friend might be the first to tell her to leave a failing marriage，it wasnt unusual to hear a man say he didnt know his friends marriage was in serious trouble he appeared one night asking he could sleep on the sofa.Whereasthatthatuntilif方法四：并列和主从复合句并存的处理方法方法四：并列和主从复合句并存的处理方法 先读懂并列句，再看主从复合句先读懂并列句，再看主从复合句 you ask people to name one person had the greatest effect on the English language, you will get answers like “Shakespeare”, “Samuel Johnson”, and “Webster”, none of these men had any effect at all compared to a man didnt even speak EnglishWilliam, the Conqueror.butIfwhowho (2)(2) 意群阅读法意群阅读法 意群阅读法即把意义和意群阅读法即把意义和语法结构上有关联的几个词连语法结构上有关联的几个词连接成较完整的信息。此方法不接成较完整的信息。此方法不仅有利于提高阅读速度，而且仅有利于提高阅读速度，而且有利于对句子的整体理解。有利于对句子的整体理解。 分析：分析：是状语从句，是状语从句，是主句，是主句，是是withwith引导的介词短语作状语，修饰谓引导的介词短语作状语，修饰谓语。这样，把整个句子划为语。这样，把整个句子划为3 3个意群，可个意群，可以大大提高阅读速度。以大大提高阅读速度。 When two cars travelling at 30 mh hit each other， an unbelted driver would meet the windshieldwith a force equal to diving headfirst into the ground from a height of 10 meters.1. 1. 句子信息量大，结构复杂，附加成句子信息量大，结构复杂，附加成 分多（几种从句同时出现）分多（几种从句同时出现）2. 2. 分隔现象普遍（主谓分隔、同位语分隔现象普遍（主谓分隔、同位语 分隔、定语分隔等）分隔、定语分隔等）3. 3. 省略现象省略现象 四、长难句的几个特点四、长难句的几个特点 这些都增加了阅读的难度。因此在这些都增加了阅读的难度。因此在回归语篇复习时，要运用所学知识去回归语篇复习时，要运用所学知识去突破英语阅读中的长难句。突破英语阅读中的长难句。五、分析长难句的注意事项五、分析长难句的注意事项1 1、是否有同位语和插入语。、是否有同位语和插入语。2 2、是否有省略、倒装和分隔等现象。、是否有省略、倒装和分隔等现象。3 3、替代词的所指对象。、替代词的所指对象。4 4、判断并列成分的层次。、判断并列成分的层次。5 5、句首的并列连词、句首的并列连词andand、oror、butbut、forfor通常起承上启下的通常起承上启下的 作用，不要将他们归入后文的句法分析。作用，不要将他们归入后文的句法分析。6 6、在从句多的句子中，从句中又包含从句的现象。、在从句多的句子中，从句中又包含从句的现象。7 7、非限定动词短语在句中作次要成分（定语和状语）时、非限定动词短语在句中作次要成分（定语和状语）时 又带着自己较长的从属成分，尤其是状语从句或宾语又带着自己较长的从属成分，尤其是状语从句或宾语 从句时的结构分析。从句时的结构分析。8 8、在有多个从句的复合句和并列句中，状语（单个词、在有多个从句的复合句和并列句中，状语（单个词、 短语或从句）究竟是全句的修饰语还是某个从句或词短语或从句）究竟是全句的修饰语还是某个从句或词 语的修饰语。语的修饰语。六、长难句的分析实例六、长难句的分析实例 经典高考真题（经典高考真题（NMET2003.ANMET2003.A篇）篇）实例分析，分析下面这篇文章共有实例分析，分析下面这篇文章共有194194个单词，却只有个单词，却只有9 9个句子，平均个句子，平均每个句子大约有每个句子大约有2222个单词，是近几个单词，是近几年高考英语阅读理解中一篇比较典年高考英语阅读理解中一篇比较典型的集中含有长难句的文章。型的集中含有长难句的文章。 Tristan da Cunha, a 38-square-mile island, is the farthest inhabited island in the world, according to the Guinness Book of Records. It is 1,510 miles southwest of its nearest neighbor St. Helena, and 1,950 miles west of Africa. Discovered by the Portuguese admiral(葡萄牙海军上将葡萄牙海军上将) of the same name in 1506, and settled in 1810, the island belongs to Great Britain and has a population of a few hundred. Coming in a close secondand often wrongly mentioned as the most distant islandis Easter Island, which lies 1,260 miles east of its nearest neighbor, Pitcairn Island, and 2,300 miles west of South America. The mountainous 64-square-mile island was settled around the 5th century, supposedly by people who were lost at sea. They had no connection with the outside world for more than a thousand years, giving them plenty of time to build more than 1,000 huge stone figures, called moai, for which the island is most famous. On Easter Sunday, 1722, however, settlers from Holland moved in and gave the island its name. Today, 2,000 people live on the Chilean territory(智利领土智利领土). They share one street, a small airport and a few hours of television per day. 1. Whats the name of the Portuguese admiral?2. Whats the Easter Island well-known for?A. Easter B. St. HelenaB.C. Tristan da Cunha D. PitcairnA. the most distant island B. MoaiB.C. one street D. Easter Sunday a 38-square-mile island, is the farthest inhabited island in the world, according to the Guinness Book of Records. It is 1,510 miles southwest of its nearest neighbor St. Helena, and 1,950 miles west of Africa. and settled in 1810, the island belongs to Great Britain and has a population of a few hundred. Coming in a close secondand often wrongly mentioned as the most distant islandis Easter Island, which lies 1,260 miles east of its nearest neighbor, Pitcairn Island, and 2,300 miles west of South America. The mountainous 64-square-mile island was settled around the 5th century, supposedly by people who were lost at sea. They had no connection with the outside world for more than a thousand years, giving them plenty of time On Easter Sunday, 1722, however, settlers from Holland moved in and gave the island its name. Today, 2,000 people live on the Chilean territory(智利领土智利领土). They share one street, a small airport and a few hours of television per day. Discovered by the Portuguese admiral(葡萄牙海军上将葡萄牙海军上将) of the same name in 1506, Tristan da Cunha, to build more than 1,000 huge stone figures, called Moai, for which the island is most famous. Tristan da Cunha, is the farthest inhabited island in the world, a 38-square-mile island, according to the Guinness Book of Records. It is 1,510 miles southwest of its nearest neighbor St. Helena, 1,950 miles west of Africa.and Discovered by the Portuguese admiral(葡萄牙海军上将葡萄牙海军上将) of the same name in 1506, and settled in 1810, Great Britain a population of a few hundred.the island belongs toand has and often wrongly mentioned as the most distant island , which lies 1,260 miles east of its nearest neighbor, Pitcairn Island, and 2,300 miles west of South America.Easter IslandisComing in a close secondThe mountainous 64-square-mile around the 5th century, supposedly who were lost at sea.island was settledby peopleThey had no connection with the outside world for more than a thousand years, , called moai, giving them plenty of time to build more than 1,000 huge stone figures for which the island is most famous.On Easter Sunday, 1722, however, settlers from Holland moved in and gave the island its name. Today, 2,000 people live on the Chilean territory(智利领土智利领土). They share one street, a small airport and a few hours of television per day.