不定式由不定式由“to + do (动词原形原形)构成构成, 其否其否认方式是方式是“not to do, 不定式可以不定式可以带宾语或状或状语构成不定式短构成不定式短语, 在句子中作在句子中作 _, _, _, _, _, _ 或或 _。不定式没有人称和。不定式没有人称和数的数的变化化, 但有但有 _ 和和 _ 的的变化。化。 独立构造独立构造 主主语表表语宾语宾补定定语状状语时态 语态不不定定式式有有时态和和语态的的变化化，时态共共四四种种，即即普普通通式式、完完成成式式、进展展式式和和完完成成进展展式式。语态分分为自自动语态和被和被动语态，如下表所示。，如下表所示。形形 式式 主主 动动 被被 动动一般式一般式进行式进行式完成式完成式完成进完成进行式行式to doto have doneto be doingto have been doingto be doneto have beendone当当动词不定式的不定式的逻辑主主语是是动词不定式不定式所表示的所表示的动作的作的执行者行者时用用 _ 语态；当；当动词不定式的不定式的逻辑主主语是是动词不不定式所表示的定式所表示的动作的接受者作的接受者时用用 _语态。进展式和完成展式和完成进展式没有被展式没有被动语态。自自动被被动不定式的被不定式的被动方式有以下用法方式有以下用法: :(1) 作主作主语语It is an honour for me to be asked to speak here.方式主方式主语(2) 作作宾语宾语She asked to be sent to work in Hong Kong.(3) 构成复合构成复合宾语宾语(宾补宾补) He wanted the letter to be typed at once. She didnt like herself to be praised like that.(4) 构成复合构成复合谓语谓语 The books are not allowed to be taken out of the room.(5) 作定作定语语Are you going to the meeting to be held next week?(6) 作状作状语语She was too young to be assigned such work.It is a good thing for him to have beencriticized. She preferred to have been given heavier work to do. 不定式有不定式有时还可以有完成式的被可以有完成式的被动式，在句中作主式，在句中作主语、宾语、定、定语，或者构成复合或者构成复合宾语、复合、复合谓语等。等。He thought it an honour to have beeninvited to the party. The book is said to have been translatedinto many languages. (complex predicate)She was the first woman to have been elected to such a post. 1. 在在 there be 构造中。构造中。 There is a lot of homework to do.There is no time to lose.2. 在在“ be + adj + to do构造中。常用构造中。常用的描画的描画词词有有easy, difficult, hard,impossible, nice, pleasant, light, heavy, interesting, important, expensive, cheap, fit, dangerous等。等。He is hard to convince.He is impossible to work with.3. 在在“too to ; enough to 构造中。构造中。The problem is too difficult to work out.The house is big enough to live in.4. 在在“with + n. + to do构造中。构造中。With nothing to do, he lay in bed.With so many exercises to do, I cant go to the cinema.5. 当不定式的当不定式的逻辑逻辑主主语语在句中出在句中出现时现时。 I have a letter to type today. Do you have anything to say?(I是是to type的的逻辑逻辑主主语语) (you是是to say的的逻辑主主语)6. 一些作表一些作表语语用的不定式的自用的不定式的自动动方式表方式表 被被动动。 I felt I was to blame.1. The dishes need _.to be washed wash 2. The mail is intended _.sendto be sent 4. The house is _.sellto be sold 3. The wall is expected _.to be paintedpaint 1. She hates _ (laugh at) by her classmates. 2. Tim refused _ (accompany) by his father to school. 3. She struggled _ (understand) by the French visitors. to be accompaniedto be understoodto be laughed at4. These are the issues _ (discuss) tomorrow.5. The new drug is _ (test) out on 500 patients next year.6. She was very beautiful but she didnt like _ (envy) by all the girls she met. to be testedto be enviedto be discussed1.我我们不知道或没有必要不知道或没有必要阐明明动作的作的执行行者是者是谁的的时候候, 或或强调动作的接受者作的接受者时。2. Printing was introduced to Europe from3. China. 4. Look! There is nothing here. Everything 5. has been taken away. 1. My hamburger was eaten by the dog.2. The toy is made by hand.3. He will be sent to Africa next week. 普通如今普通如今时：_English is spoken by many people. I am asked to get up early everyday.The books are written by LuXun.am / is / are done普普经过去去时：_These computers were made in our own country.普通未来普通未来时：_Shall we be asked to attend the opening ceremony?was / were donewill / shall be done过去未来去未来时：_The news would be sent to the soldiers mother as soon as it arrived.would be given过去去进展展时：_The feast was being prepared when the birds arrived in the sky.如今完成如今完成时：_Great progress has also been made in culture and education.如今如今进展展时：_The machine is being repaired in theworkshop. am / is / are beingdonewas / were beingdonehave / has beendone过去完成去完成时：_ The huge bridge had been damaged before the World War .未来完成未来完成时：_The book will have been published by the end of next month.had beendonewill / shall have beendone含有情含有情态动词的的动词变成被成被动语态：_情情态动词 + be + doneThis problem can be solved. Whats done cannot be undone. 1. 某些感官某些感官动词加描画加描画词及少数其他的及少数其他的动 词可以表示被可以表示被动意意义。 cook, smell, taste, wash, write, shut, prove, sell, read, write1) The dish tastes delicious. 2) The theory proved right at last.The book is so interesting that it sells well. sells此此处为处为不及物不及物动词动词“销销售起来售起来; 有有销销路的意思；作及物路的意思；作及物动词为动词为“卖卖; 出出卖卖。This kind of cloth washes well. (耐洗耐洗) 2.need + v. - ing 表示表示“主主语语接受接受动词发动词发出出的的动动作，表示被作，表示被动动意意义义。3. 我的我的车车需求修需求修缮缮。4. My car needs repairing.5. (= to be repaired). beg, equal, fail, hold, possess, fit, become, contain, cost, fit, have, lack, suit等。等。This new English-Chinese dictionarycost me ten dollars.cost me ten dollars.3. 某些表示形状或者特征的及物某些表示形状或者特征的及物动词没有没有被被动语态方式。方式。这类动词常常见的有：的有：如：如：战争迸争迸发了。了。The war broke out.The war was broke out.4. 通常只需及物通常只需及物动词组才有被才有被动语态，不及物，不及物动词没有。没有。 “be 过去分词这个构造并不都是被动语态，也能够是系表构造。被动语态与系表构造主要区别是：被动构造表示一个动作，而系表构造表示主语的特点或所处的形状，试比较下面的句子：The enemy was soon surrounded by us.The house is surrounded by trees.She was bitten by the dog in the darkness. I was excited by the news that my husband got promoted.1. My father will repair my bike for me.My bike will _ by my father for me.2. I have found my wallet.My wallet has _.3. She told me to wait here for her.I _ to wait here for her.be repairedbeen foundwas told4. The police will surely arrest the murderer. The murderer will surely _ by the police.5. They invited Mr. Green to make a speech. Mr. Green _ to make a speech.6. You mustnt take those books out of the reading-room. Those books mustnt _ out of the reading-room.be arrestedwas invitedbe taken