跨文化交际实训跨文化交际实训ISBNISBN：978-7-81134-892-7978-7-81134-892-720102010年年年年1111月月月月 第第第第1 1版版版版1 Chapter 1 Culture, Communication & Intercultural CommunicationLearning ObjectivesLearning ObjectivesIn this chapter, you should be able toIn this chapter, you should be able todefine culture, communication and intercultural define culture, communication and intercultural communicationcommunicationdescribe the characteristics of culture, elements and describe the characteristics of culture, elements and types of Communicationtypes of Communicationunderstand the importance of intercultural understand the importance of intercultural communication and intercultural business communication and intercultural business communication communication 2What What are are the the major major differences differences between between Chinese Chinese and western culture?and western culture?Use Use some some examples examples to to explain explain intercultural intercultural communication. communication. Warm-up3I. Culture 文化 Definitions of Culture文化的定义accordingtotheConciseOxfordDictionary,cultureis“thearts and other manifestations of human intellectualachievementregardedcollectively”.from anthropologic perspective, culture is “the customs,civilizations, and achievements of a particular time orpeople.”cultureisreallydifficulttodefinebecauseitisalargeandinclusive concept. But the only requirement for beingcultured is to be human. Culture is what distinguisheshumanbeingsfromanimals.4I. Culture 文化 Metaphors in Culture 文化中的隐喻TheCultureIceberg文化冰山TheCultureOnion文化洋葱 5I. Culture 文化 Characteristics of Culture 文化的特点CultureissharedCultureislearnedCultureisbasedonsymbolsCultureisdynamic6Key TermsGuatemalanweaving危地马拉的编织危地马拉是古代玛雅文化中心之一。1523年沦为西班牙的殖民地，1821年摆脱殖民统治，宣布独立。1823年加入中美洲联邦，1839年成立共和国。危地马拉人主要从事农业，种植玉米、咖啡、香蕉、豆类、辣椒、西红柿、棉花等。在太平洋沿岸的种植园里资本主义农业有了发展。棉纺、丝纺、编织、制陶、皮革等手工业较发达。农民的住房一般系用土坯或树枝搭盖的窝棚。食物以玉米面饼为主。白人和印欧混血种人穿欧式服装，印第安人穿传统服装。条纹花布长裙和带鲜艳刺绣的短上衣是印第安妇女的主要服装。印第安人的文化具有古代玛雅文化的一系列特征。7Glossaryanthropologistn. 人类学家 interpret v. 解释，翻译 derive v. 得自，起源，引申于 interventionn. 插入，介入，调停 manifestation n. 显示，证明intellectual adj. 智力的，聪明的 linguist n. 语言学家 assemblage n. 集合，装配 aesthetic adj. 美学的，审美的 identifiableadj. 可辨认的 8Glossaryinclusive adj.包含 . 在内的metaphor n. 隐喻，暗喻 cruise n. 巡航 territory n. 领土，版图，领域，范围 submerge vi. 浸没 explicit adj. 明确的，详述的，明晰的 tangible adj. 有形的，可触摸的conformity n. 一致，符合，遵守 assumption n. 假定，设想 embody vt. 代表，使具体化，包含 9Glossaryritual adj. 仪式的，老规矩的nebulous adj. 星云的，星云状的whereby conj. 凭借 enculturationn. 对某种文化的适应 familial adj. 家族的，家庭的 pervasive adj. 普遍的，蔓延的，渗透的 integrate v. 整合，使 . 成整体 infrastructure n. 下部构造，下部组织 superstructure n. 上层建筑 上层结构alterationn. 改变，变更 101.Use examples to explain the metaphor “CultureIceberg”and“CultureOnion”.2.2. It is said that grammatical mistakes can beaccepted, but cultural mistakes will cause trouble.Can you use examples to explain why culturalmistakescouldbetroublesome?Comprehension Questions11II. Communication 交际 Definitions of Communication 交际的定义交际的定义Generally speaking, communication can bedefinedasadynamic,symbolic,transactionaland contextual process in which peoplecreatesharedmeaningsormessages.12II. Communication 交际 Types of Communication 交际的类型交际的类型VerbalCommunication语言交流13II. Communication 交际 Types of Communication 交际的类型交际的类型NonVerbalCommunication非语言交流14II. Communication 交际 Types of Communication 交际的类型交际的类型WrittenCommunication书面交流15II. Communication 交际 Types of Communication 交际的类型交际的类型Visualcommunication视觉交流16II. Communication 交际 Communication and Culture 交际与文化交际与文化culturesarecreatedthroughcommunicationcultureiscreated,shaped,transmitted,andlearnedthroughcommunicationcommunicationpracticesarelargelycreated,shaped,andtransmittedbyculture17Key TermsSMS短消息服务ShortMessagingService短消息服务，这个术语最早出现在80年代初期，但一直到了90年代早期才开始进入商用市场，并且一直到99年，该业务才在世界各国迅速蔓延，并持续爆炸性的增长趋势，它可以通过手机等移动设备发送文本型消息。18Glossaryequivalent n. 相等物 transactional adj. 相互作用的 contextual adj. 上下文的，前后关系的 ongoing adj. 前进的，进行的 encoder n. 编码器 decoder n. 解码器 inseparableadj. 不能分的 19Glossaryclub vt. 用棍棒打，集合 aesthetic adj. 美学的，审美的，有美感的 intimacy n. 亲密，隐私 intend vt. 想要，计划 ambiguity n. 含糊不清，模棱两可 reciprocal adj. 相互的，互惠的，互补的 20Comprehension Questions1.Whatisthemajorchallengefacingeffectivecommunicationininterpersonalencounter?2.Doyouthinkthatunderstandingisameasureofcommunicativesuccess?21III. Intercultural Communication 跨文化交际 Definitions of Intercultural Communication跨文化交际的定义跨文化交际的定义Edward T.Hall simply defines interculturalcommunicationascommunicationbetweenpersonsofdifferentcultures.HuWenzhong,awellknownprofessorofintercultural communication in China, definesintercultural communication as communicationbetweenpeopleofdifferentculturalbackgrounds.22III. Intercultural Communication 跨文化交际 Forms of Intercultural communication 跨文化交际的形式跨文化交际的形式IntraculturalCommunication同文化交际23III. Intercultural Communication 跨文化交际 Forms of Intercultural communication 跨文化交际的形式跨文化交际的形式InterethnicCommunication跨种族交际24III. Intercultural Communication 跨文化交际 Forms of Intercultural communication 跨文化交际的形式跨文化交际的形式InterracialCommunication跨人种交际25III. Intercultural Communication 跨文化交际 Barriers to Intercultural Communication 跨文化交际的障碍跨文化交际的障碍Language语言*Slang*Dialects*Accents26III. Intercultural Communication 跨文化交际 Barriers to Intercultural Communication 跨文化交际的障碍跨文化交际的障碍ModernTechnology现代技术*Email*SMSTextMessaging*VideoConferencing/Teleconferencing27III. Intercultural Communication 跨文化交际 Barriers to Intercultural Communication 跨文化交际的障碍跨文化交际的障碍BehaviorandMindset行为和精神*Anxiety*Discomfort*FearoftheUnknown*PrejudiceandStereotyping*PerceivedCulturalSuperiorityorEthnocentrism*Discrimination=Racial,Sexual,Educational28Key Termsthewanderingnomads游牧民族游牧是指终年随水草转移进行游动放牧的一种粗放的草原畜牧业经营方式。牧民长期无固定住所，过着逐水草而居的生活，生产设备相当简陋，经营非常粗放，基本处于靠天养草和靠天养畜的落后状态。游牧民族指的是以游牧为主要生活方式的民族。广义上的游牧民族指的是居无定所的流浪民族，包括草原民族和海洋民族。29Key Termsreligiousmissionaries传教士传教士，亦叫作宣教師或宣教士，是坚定地信仰宗教，并且远行向不信仰宗教的人们传播宗教的修道者。虽然有些宗教，如日本神道教，很少到处传播自己的信仰，但大部分宗教使用传教士来扩散它的影响。虽然任何宗教都可能送出传教士，一般传教士这个词是指基督教的宣教師。实际上佛教是最早大规模传教的宗教，沿着丝绸之路送出它的信仰。30Glossarynevertheless conj. 然而，不过 persuasion n. 说服 heritage n. 遗产 alliance n. 联盟 mishap n. 灾祸 uphold vt. 赞成, 支撑 amongst prep. 在 之中 overwhelm vt. 压倒 remedy vt. 纠正 unintentional adj. 非故意的；无意识的 31Comprehension Questions1.Whatisinterculturalcommunication?2.Whataretheformsofinterculturalcommunication?32IV. Intercultural Business Communication 跨文化商务交际The Research of intercultural Business Communication 对跨文化商务交际的研究对跨文化商务交际的研究mostoftheinterculturalcommunicationrelevanttobusiness.international/interculturalbusinessliteraturedoesnotfocusoncommunication.anotherfocalpointofinterculturalcommunicationresearchisindividualismvs.collectivismandtheimpactoftherelationshiponthefunctioningofsociety33IV. Intercultural Business Communication 跨文化商务交际The Importance of Learning Intercultural Business Communication 学习跨文化交际的重要性学习跨文化交际的重要性Interculturalcommunicationskillsareessentialforbusinesspersonsintodaysmarkettheincreaseinglobalizationinthelastfewdecadeseconomicglobalization34Key Termsindividualism个人主义中国幸福学认为，人的本性是不满足，不满足就是指人们都希望我或者我们的事物更好。爱国主义其实就是人们不满足本性的一种表现形式，所以，个人主义就是每个人都希望我的事物更好的信仰或理念。collectivism集体主义指一切言行以合乎无产阶级及其广大人民群众集体利益为根本出发点的思想。集体主义是共产主义道德的核心，是社会主义精神文明的重要标志。它同资产阶级个人主义是根本对立的，是共产主义道德区别于一切旧道德的本质特征。35Glossarypaucity n. 少数，少量 focal adj. 焦点的 incorporate adj. 合并的，公司组织的 sociolinguistic adj. 社会语言学的 interact vi. 相互作用，相互影响 frequency n. 频繁，频率 intensity n. 强烈，强度 36Comprehension Questions1.Howwasthestudyofintercultural2.businesscommunication？2.Whydoweshouldlearninterculturalbusinesscommunication?37Case AnalysisCase 1Phil is my foreign teacher. He is very nice and friendly to me and heoftenasksustohavefreetalkinhisapartment.Oneday,IdecidedtogivePhilagifttoexpressmyappreciationofhishelpinmyoralEnglish.Icalledhimbutthelinewasbusy.SoIwenttoPhilsapartmentdirectly.Heopenedthedoorlookingsurprised,butdidntletmein.Istoodinthecorridorandsaidafewwordsofthanks,andgavemygifttohimandleftquietlywithgreatdisappointmentandpuzzlement.Questions for Discussion1.Howcouldhebesocoldtome?AllmygratitudeandfondnessofPhilseemedtohavegone.38Case AnalysisCase 2Mr. Wang, the Chairman of Board of Directors of a Chinesefirm,toldastoryonCCTVprogramDialogueofhowheoncealmostlostavaluableCanadianemployeeworkingforhiminVancouver. HeemailedeverydaytotheCanadian,inquiringforthe index numberhewasmostconcernedabout.Tohisgreat astonishment, his Canadian employee turned in hisresignationafteraweek.Mr. Wangwaspuzzledhowhecoulddothattohimashegavesuchgreatattentiontohisjob.AChineseemployeewouldhavebeenmorethanhappyifhisorherbosshadshowedsuchgreatconcernforhimorher. Hethenfoundoutthat,unlikeChineseemployees,theCanadiantookwhatmeantgreatconcerntoChineseasdistrust.ButMr.Wang assumed unconsciously that the Canadian was moresimilar to his Chinese employees than he actually was andtreatedhimjustashetreatedanyChineseemployee.39Case AnalysisCase 2Questions for Discussion1.WhydoestheCanadianemployeeturninhisresignation?2.WhatkindofresponsewillaChineseemployeehaveifabossshowedgreatconcernforhimorher?3.Whatarethereasonsofthiscommunicationbarrier? 40Case AnalysisCase 3InexchangeforsomeU.S.controlledlandinWestGermany,theGermangovernmentagreedtoconstructanewfacilityatanothermilitaryinstallationcontrolledbytheU.S.Army.Afterthepreliminarydrawingswerecompleted,ameetingwasheldwiththeGermanandAmericanengineersandonetranslatorrepeatedthequestioninEnglish;theAmericansquestionwasthentranslatedbackintoGerman.A German asked a question about the maximum distanceallowed between two points that he had indicated in thedrawing. The question was translated, and an Americanengineerquicklyraisedhishandwithhisindexfingerpointingupwardandanswered“onemeter.” 41Case AnalysisCase 3Thetranslator,thinkingnotranslationwasnecessary,remainedsilent.TheGermanengineerswrotetwometersintheirnotes;the American wrote one meter. (The Germans, when usingfingerstoshowanumber,begincountingwiththethumbasnumber one; therefore, the index finger, being the secondfingerfromthethumb,representsthenumbertwo.)(Source:Chery1Hamilton,Communicationforresults:AGuideforBusinessandtheProfessions,4thed,California,WadsworthPublishingCompany,1993,p9)Questions for Discussion1.WhydidthetranslatorthinknotranslationwasnecessarywhenanAmericanengineeranswered“onemeter”?2. Does the index finger represent the same number inAmericaandGermany?3. Can you use this example to explain that encoding anddecodingistheareawheremiscommunicationtakesplace?42PracticeTask 1Insertthephrase“intercultural/crossculturalcommunication”intoasearchengineontheinternetandreporttoyourgroupwhatyoucanfindoutaboutthestudiesofinterculturalcommunicationbothathomeandabroad.Task 2Clipastoryfromthelocalnewspaperthatisrelatedtosomeaspectofinterculturalcommunicationsuchasproblemsencounteredbypersonsofotherculturesintheacculturationprocessorproblemsbetweensubgroups;giveashortreporttotheclass.Task 3WriteaonepageproposalforimprovingrelationshipsbetweenU.S.studentsandstudentsfromotherculturesinyourschool.43PracticeTask 4In small groups, play a wordassociation game. You instructor willcomposealistofpotentiallycultureboundwordssuchasmotherland,freedom,etc,andthensaythewordsoneatatime.Writedownthefirstthingthatcomesintoyourmindasyouheareachword.Compareyour reactions. Are there any major differences within the group?Discuss them.Thencompareyouranswers withtheentireclass anddiscuss.44对外经济贸易大学出版社市场营销部对外经济贸易大学出版社市场营销部地址：北京市朝阳区惠新东街地址：北京市朝阳区惠新东街10号号 电话：电话：010-64492342http:/www.uibep.comE-mail: uibep126.com45