Chapter 3Morphology(形态学)3.1 introductionShe went to bookshop yesterday.（a sentence）She ,went , to, Bookshop, yesterday (words)Unfriendly (a word)- un-, friend, - ly ( word-like elements)morphology: the study of the internal structure morphology: the study of the internal structure ,forms and classes of words.,forms and classes of words.3.2 morphemes(语素)A morpheme is a minimal unit of meaning or grammatical function. (It is the smallest meaningful linguistic unit of language, not divisible and analyzable into smaller forms.) e. g: blackboard (two morphemes :black and board) friendly (two morphemes :friend and -ly) likes (two morphemes: like and -s) morphemeFree morphemeBound morpheme3.2.1 free morphemes自由语素A word must contain an element that can stand by itself called a free morpheme. Such an element called a root.e. g , talk book computer on ifLexical morphemes词汇语素Functional morphemes功能语素The set of ordinary nouns, verbs, and adjectives (bag hate cute )Functional words are like conjunctions, articles, prepositions and pronouns (and the in he )free morphemesStem词干When free morphemes are used with bound morphemes ,the basic word-form involved is technically known as the stem.wordsFree morphemesrootstemworksworkworkworkworkersworkworkworkerworkshopsWork, shopWork, shopworkshop3.2.2 bound morphemes粘着语素Some morphemes cant normally stand alone,but function only as parts of words are called bound are actually affixes.(-ment,-er.in-,-ing)affixesPrefixes(they are joined in the beginning of the root or . im-, un-,Suffixes(they are joined in the end of the root or stem)e.g.-ment,-ly,-less词缀前缀后缀bound morphemesbound morphemesDerivational Derivational morphemesmorphemes :they are used to make words grammatical category from the stem.(-ness, -ment, Im-)派生语素Inflectional Inflectional morphemesmorphemes: they are to show aspects of the grammatical function of a word. all has only 8 Inflectional morphemes. 屈折语素1n+s(possessive)2n+s(plural)3v+s(3rd person present singular)4v+ing(present participle)5v+ed(past tense and past participle)6v+en (past participle)7adj+er(comparative)8adj+est(superlative)morphemesFree morphemesbound morphemesLexical morphemesFunctional morphemesDerivational morphemesInflectional morphemesMeaningfulnessMeaningfulnessUnderstatementUnderstatementSupernaturalSupernaturalMoonscapeMoonscapewhenwhen