四级专项训练四级专项训练作文应试技巧作文应试技巧作文应试技巧作文应试技巧l一、写作基本要求l二、引言段的写作l三、结尾段的写作l四、写作词语运用技巧l五、写作套路写作基本要求l一、确定文体一、确定文体l1）记叙文l 环境（where）、人物（who）、情节（what）、时间顺序往往是记叙手法的基本线索，用一些表示时间的词语（如：when，while，before，after，then，during，suddenly，at last等等）把一系列事件和动作连接起来，构成一个完整的叙述。 lE.g.: AnEarlyMorningWalk 写作基本要求l提纲：1、OnemorningIgotupveryearly,andeverythingaroundwasveryquiet.2、WhenIarrivedatthepark,Ifound,tomysurprise,thatthereweresomanypeoplethere3、Takingearlymorningwalksmakesamanhealthyandwise. 写作基本要求l2）描写文 空间顺序往往是描写手法的基本线索，用一些表示空间的词语（如here，there，outside，on the top of，in the middle，around，above，under，near等等）把一系列地点和物体连接起来，构成一个完整的叙述。 写作基本要求l AsIcameintomycousinsbedroom,Igotreallysurprised,forIhadneverseensuchamessanddisorderintheroomofayoungmanof16yearsoldalready.Ontherightwall,arowofhookswascoveredwithdirtysweet-shirtsandfilthyhats.Directlyinfrontofmewasadustydesk,onwhichscatteredlotsofbooks,someofwhichwereopenasifwaitingformylazybrothersattention;otherswerepiledupindisorderreadytoslidedownatanymoment.Nearthedesk,therewasatoppledpoorchaironthefloorwithonelegdamaged.Whatsworse,thebedwhichwasagainsttheleftwallwasamoreseriousmessandthepairsofsportsshoesandsocksunderthebedgaveoutaterriblesmell.Whataroomatsixesandsevens! 写作基本要求l3）说明文 写作目的着重客观陈述、解释说明，例如“HowIOvercomeDifficultiesinLearningEnglish”,“MyIdealJob”等。l4）议论文l 着重于发表自己看法，依靠推理和论证来阐述自己的观点，力图说服读者，使人相信某种道理或某种假设；或要影响别人，使人追随自己所指示的方向。 lE.g.: Examination写作基本要求l提纲：l1、Therearemanyargumentsabouttheadvantagesanddisadvantagesofexamination.2、Forbothexaminersandexaminees,theexaminationcanshowwhatandhowmuchtheexamineeshavemastered.3、Insum,examinationdoesmoregoodthanharmforbothexaminersandexaminees.写作基本要求l二、评价一篇文章好坏的标准二、评价一篇文章好坏的标准l一篇优秀作文的标准为：1内容切题，有较好的谋篇构段框架，文章结构完整；紧扣主题，转承衔接自然；2语法基本正确，句法基本准确，句子与句子、段落之间过渡连贯；3用词面广，遣词造句得当，句式、句型有变化，字数符合要求；4层次分明，说理清楚，语言流畅，内容充实。l一篇较差的作文表现为：1文章不通顺，无段落，无结构，无明显主题；2出现很多基本语法错误和拼写错误；3词汇量很小，词不达意，缺乏英语表达能力；4不像一篇文章，仅是把一些不连贯的词语凑到一起。 文章解析 1）l Inthepastfiveyears,therehavebeenchangesinpeoplesdiet.Grain,asthemainfoodofmostChinese,isnowplayingalessimportantroleinpeoplesdiet,whiletheproportionofsomehigh-energyfood,suchasmilk,meathasincreased.Whatcausedthesechanges?Ithinktherearetworeasons.First,peoplenowhavemoremoney.Thepriceofmeatandmilkismuchhigherthanthatofgrain.Intheolddays,peoplecouldntaffordthem.Nowtheyhaveenoughmoneytobuymeatandmilk.Second,peopleofnowadayspaymoreattentiontothestructureoftheirdiet.Theyareseekingthemostreasonabledietstructurewhichwilldogoodtotheirhealth.Inshort,therehavebeenchangesinpeoplesdietinthepastfiveyearsandtherewillbechangesinthefuture,too.文章解析 2）l Inthepastfiveyearspeoplesdiethadchangedquitealot.Thegrainwasnolongerthemainfoodofpeoplesdiet.Itdecreasedfrom49%to45%.Andthepossessionofthefruitandvegetableswasdeclined,either.But,however,thenecessaryofthemilkandmeatwasincreasedwithnodoubt.Suchcaseownedtotworeasons.Ontheonehand,thelevelofpeoplesliveshadgreatlyadvanced.Moreandmorepeoplecouldaffordtheexpensivefood.Ontheotherhand,modernsciencehadbeendevelopedwithhighspeed.Thenpeoplebegantobeawareofchoosingmoreusefulfood.Withthedevelopingofthesociety,peoplesdietwillchangemoregreatly.文章解析 3）l Dietisveryimportantinpeopleslife.Inpastfive,thereisabigchangeinallkindsoffood.Forexample,Grain.In1986ittakes40percentinDietinafterfouryears.Itdecrease4percentindiet;Milkincrease3percentinlastfiveyears.Itgrowsto13percentinDiet;Meatin1986-1989,itkepttogrowup.Anin1990,itdown2percent;Fruitandvegetablesisdecreaseinlastfiveyears.Whyitwillhavethesechanges.Itistwoside,thefirstispeoplebegantoseethatMilk.Meat.FruitandVegetableareveryimportanceinpeoplesbodies,theotherispeopleslifeisquitegood.TheyhaveenoughmoneytobuyMeat,Milk,Etc.Theyknowhowtobuildthembodies.Inlastfiveyears.BigchangesinpeoplesDiet.Itcallusmoreandmorepeopleknow.SharethemDietandbuildthembodies.写作基本要求l三、写作要领三、写作要领l 1、审题构思，在获取一个文章题目后，首先根据题目要求进行思维联想，分析题目表达的主要内容和主旨。l 2、谋篇构段，草拟提纲。通过分析题目的内容和主旨，将大脑中形成的信息、资料，分类整理，列出写作提纲、主题句，进行文章段落的筹划（三段作文法）l 3、组段成篇，初步成文。将以上的构思内容、提纲、相关主题句，通过句子扩展，初步整理形成一篇草稿文字。l 4、加工修改，润色定稿。对文章草稿修改润色，以加强文章的说明力及感染力。 引言段的写作l 一篇短文的引言非常重要，其作用犹如段落的主题句。引言段的写作取决于写作目的，读者和文章体裁。一个好的引言既可开宗明义地点明主题，又可吸引并暗示读者正文的内容及表达方法以引导读者进行有效阅读。请看下面介绍的引言段的写作方法。l1、演绎法 将主题句放在段首。开门见山推出文章主题，使读者对文章将要讨论的内容一目了然，然后列举文章所要讨论的细节。这些细节排列决定了文章的正文内容的安排，这符合人类从概念到具体的思维方式。 引言段：Englishisamongthemostdifficultsubjectstolearn.First,EnglishpronunciationisquitedifferentfromthatofChinese.Second,ithasalargevocabulary.Finally,idiomsarereallytroublesome.Theyareusuallynotgrammatical,andeveniftheyaregrammatical,wemayfailtoarriveattheirmeanings.引言段的写作l2、归纳法 由一般性的背景介绍逐步过渡到文章主题句。这种安排符合人们从具体到概念的思维习惯，也就是从感性到理性的认识规律。 l3、设问法 即提出问题来引出文章主题，以吸引读者注意力。引言段：Withallthewealth,power,healthstandard,luxuriesoflife,andtheabundanceoffoodintheUnitedStates,itmightbesurprisingtomostpeoplethatAmericanrankonlysixthintheworldinlongevityoflife.Therearemanyreasonsforthislowrecord,butthemainonehassomethingtodowithAmericanseatinghabit. 引言段：Areyouafraidofhighplacesorwater?Ifso,yousufferfromoneofthemostcommonphobias,whicharestrong,persistent,butunreasonablefears.Thefearofhighplaces(Acrophobia)andwater(Hydrophobia)areonlytwoofthemorethansevenhundredphobiasclassifiedbypsychologists. 引言段的写作l4、引用名言 即摘录或引用格言、名句或谚语作为文章开头。 l5、定义法 当所论述的主题的基本概念比较抽象或读者不太熟悉时，通常用定义法做必要的解释说明。 l6、数据 列举醒目的数据或资料来引起读者的注意，然后进入主题。在图表作文中常常引用数据作为文章的开头。 引言段：Intelligencereferstoamansabilitytounderstandandlearn.Itmayvaryfrompersontoperson.Somepeoplemaybecomemoreintelligentwhileothersmaybeless. 引言段：Thetwographsshowthedailywaterintakeandoutputwhicheachtotalsabout2500CC.引言段的写作lExercises:按要求写出下列作文题的引言段：l1、题目：Teenagesmokingsoars（归纳法）l提纲：A、近年来青少年吸烟人数剧增。l B、造成这种情况的主要原因是l C、结论。l2、题目：TheImportanceofTelephone（演绎法）lOutline：A、Telephoneisoneofthemostcommonmeansofcommunication.B、Therearemanyadvantagesoftelephone. C、However,telephonehassomedisadvantages.l3、题目：It Pays to Be Honest Although honesty is believed to be a virtue, there are still dishonest people in our society. For example, some businessmen sell fake product to their consumers; some students cheat in the exams.结尾段的写作l 文章的结尾段与引言段同样重要。引言段是文章主题的提要，结尾段则是对文章的归纳和总结。它可再次吸引读者并给读者留下深刻印象。结尾段的写作方式也取决于文章的类型，常见的结尾段的写作方法有以下几种： l1、重申主题 重申主题，即再次强调和肯定文章引言段中阐述的中心思想，是一种极为普遍的结尾方式。结尾段：In a word, honesty wins trust, respect and honor. So it is important that we should be honest.结尾段的写作l2、归纳文章要点，加深读者印象 即将前面各段中所讨论的内容缩写、归纳和整理，进一步肯定文章的中心思想或作者的观点。 l3、提出建议，提出解决方法 这种方法特别适合用于讨论问题的文章，比如对某事的原因或结果的分析，提出建议或解决方法。结尾段：Inmyopinion,abalanceofthesetwokindsofactivitiesmightbemoreusefultothosewholiveinretirement.Inotherwords,physicalactivitiesarenecessaryforgoodhealthbutintellectualrecreationprovidesthemostpleasure. 结尾段：Onthewhole,asapernicioushobby,smokingwilldoyoumoreharmthangood.Foryourownhealth,pleasekeepawayfromsmoking.结尾段的写作l4、展望未来 即在文章结尾处表示对未来的期望或号召读者采取行动。l5、引用格言、谚语或习语总结全文l6、提出问题，无须回答 即形式为问句，而意义是肯定的，具有很明显的强调作用，发人深思。结尾段：However,itmaybethatwestillhavealongwaytogobeforewehaveaclearworld.Nearlyallofthecountriesaretryinghardtopreventandcontrolairpollution.Thereindeedseemstobenoendtotasksthatenvironmentalistswillberequiredtodo.Peoplewillcontinuallyfindnewwaystocontrolpollution.结尾段的写作lExercises:l用指定的方式完成下列结尾段：l1、提出建议：Since we can get so much from making our cities greener, we should _.l2、提出问题：Therefore, listening and spoken English abilities must be consciously improved. Since the twoabilitiesaresuchimportantmeansoflearningandcommunication,why _.l3、引语：Laterrisersmayfinditveryhardtogetintothehabitofearlyrising.Theyoughttomakespecialefforttodoso.AstheEnglishproverbsays, “_.”写作词语运用技巧l 段落清楚、句子结构准确和用词得当是高分作文的关键。而写好段落和文章的重要标志就是能否有效地应用词汇来扩展句子。因此词汇是写作的技巧。一般来说词语层次上应掌握以下技巧:l一、用词要凝练简洁一、用词要凝练简洁 凝练简洁不是说要避免写长句子，而是要在清楚表达意思的同时砍掉那些不必要的词。即凝练简洁不在于句子的长短而取决于是否高效地应用文字来清楚说明问题，使文章通俗易懂。因此，写作时要避免华而不实的词。 l比较下列句子：写作词语运用技巧l（1）、（a）、Thesecongressesareanidealopportunityforthepresentationofthelatestdevelopmentandthepromotionofthenewproductsandservicesonthemarket.（b）、Thesecongressesareanidealopportunityforpresentingthelatestdevelopmentandpromotingthenewproductsandservicesonthemarket.l（2）、（a）、Thereductionofmembershipfeesforallpartnerswillbecomearealitynextyear.（b）、Membershipfeeswillbereducedforallpartnersnextyear.写作词语运用技巧l（3）、（a）、Theintensificationofoureffortsduringtheyearisfortheimprovementofouroverallcommunication.（b）、Weintensifiedoureffortsduringtheyeartoimproveouroverallcommunication.l（4）、（a）、Thereisoften15or30minutestobesavedbytakingonerouteratherthananothertoreachthesamedestination.（b）、Often15or30minutescanbesavedbytakingonerouteratherthananothertoreachthesamedestination.写作词语运用技巧l二、恰当运用介词二、恰当运用介词英语中的介词远比中文介词数量多，用途广，而且能和动词构成多种多样的词组。下面看几个句子：AletterwassenttoBob.AletterwassentfromBob.AletterwassentforBob.AletterwassentbyBob. 变了一个介词就变了整个句子的意思。所以介词及其短语一向是英语学习的重点。 l三、巧用短语和词组三、巧用短语和词组 除了用词不准确之外，有的同学由于词组欠缺，使其文章句子呆板。相反，要想提高写作质量，就必须扩大词组量。 写作词语运用技巧l四、熟练运用逻辑连接词语四、熟练运用逻辑连接词语l先后次序关系：lFirst,Second,atlast, Tostartwith, Next, Eventually, Afterwards, Atlastbutnottheleast, Toendwith, Finally, Seeing., Sincethen, Tobeginwith, Firstofall. l原因、结果关系：lAsaresult, Hence, Becauseofthis, Onaccountof, So, Beingthat, Dueto, Asaresultof, Because, Since, Inthat, Sothat, Forthisreason , andso, As, Consequently, Owingto, Thereareabout, For Thus, Inviewof, Therefore, Asaconsequence, Inconsequence, Anotherimportantfactorof, Forthereasonthat. 写作词语运用技巧l转折关系：lIndependentof, Eventhough, Evenso, But, Inspiteofthat, Despitethat, Though, But, unless, Regardlessof, However, Recklessof, Andyet, Yet.l并列关系：lAnd, Also, Too, Aswellas, Either,or , Bothand.l递进关系：lMoreover, Atthesametime, Inotherwords, Notonly,butalso, Inaddition, Inordertodo, Inthisway, Further, Still, Meanwhile, Inthefirstspace, Ontheotherhand, Furthermore, Even, Moreover, Inthesecondplace, Ontheonehand, Accordingly, Besides, Not,but, Alongthislineofconsideration, Asapopularsayinggoes,. 写作词语运用技巧l比较关系：lLikewise, Bydoingso, Wheninfact, Whencomparedwith, Similarly, Inthesamevein, Apartfrom, Similarlyimportant, ratherthan, Incomparisonwith, Comparedwith, Bythesametoken.l对比关系：lOnthecontrary, Differentfromthis, However, Contraryto, Incontrast, Asopposedto, Butontheotherhand, Conversely, While, Nevertheless, Opposedto, Asopposedtothis, Bywayof , Whereas. l举例关系：lForinstance, Asregards, Suchas, Asto, Forexample, Asheexplains, Iwillsay, Like, Asfor, Notably, Inparticular, Accordingto, Namely, Statedroughly, Including, Putitsimply, Asyouknow, Consider, Youmayask/say. 写作词语运用技巧l强调关系：lParticularly, Whatismoreimportant, Inparticular, Moreover, Bydefinition, Itiscertain/surethat, Nottomention, Tobetrue, Tobestrict, Otherthingbeingequal, Believeitornot, Inreality, Especially, Infact, Indeed. l条件关系：lUnless, Ifnecessary, Inthissense ,If, Ifso, Ifpossible, Ifitisthecase , Providedthat, Ifnotall, Lest.l归纳总结关系：lInsummary, Hence, Therefore, Toconclude, Inotherwords, Tosumup, Inbrief, Inshort, Theconclusioncanbedrawnthat. 写作词语运用技巧l五、词汇量不足的应急措施五、词汇量不足的应急措施词汇量不足是影响写作的一个重要因素。一个意思往往会因为一个单词不会而表达不清，一个好的句子也会因为一个词汇想不起来而不能完成。如何应付这种情况使作文顺利进行下去？下面三种简便的应急措施可能对你有所帮助。l1、试用笼统词、试用笼统词英语中笼统词有have，take等，笼统词的重要特点在于意义广泛、搭配性强、构成词组后可替代众多具体动词。虽然不能精确表达一个动作，却能大致表达意思。举例如下：写作词语运用技巧l1、Iexperiencedaterribletime.l=Ihadaterribletime.l2、Iwillpresideoverthemeeting.l=Iwilltakethemeeting.l3、Doyouunderstandmymeaning?l=Doyoutakemymeaning?l4、Theyoccupiedthecity.l=Theytookthecity.l5、Theboyresembleshisfather.l=Theboytakesafterhisfather.写作词语运用技巧l2、联想有关词汇、联想有关词汇当遗忘产生时，或遇到未学过的词时，应采取放射性思维，发挥想象力，想出一切与之有关的单词，利用语言的内在联系，多层次多角度的运用语言。一般联想可按照下列思路进行：l、联想同义词。 举例如下：l1、Ihadanightmarelastnight.l=Ihadabaddreamlastnight.l2、Heisstupid.l=Heisfoolish. =Heisafool.=Heissilly.l3、Thefoodisdelicious.l=Thefoodistasty.=Thefoodtastesgood.l4、Histemperisnasty.l=Histemperisterrible.=Hehasabadtemper. 写作词语运用技巧l、联想反义词。举例如下：l1、Heisstubborn.l=Heisnottame.l2、Theknifeisblunt.l=Theknifeisnotsharp.l3、Thisisexpensive.l=Thisisnotcheap.l4、Sheistalkative.l=Sheisneverquiet.写作词语运用技巧l3、使用解释性语句、使用解释性语句语言的功能在于表达，而表达的方式是多种多样的。当一个词影响到某个意思的完整表达时，我们可以用迂回的方式加以沟通。举例如下：lHeisadumb.l=Heisapersonwhocannotspeak.lHerefused.l=Hesaid“No.”lIveneverseensuchastubbornperson.l=Iveneverseensuchapersonwhoneverlistenstoothersadvice.写作词语运用技巧l课后练习完成下列作文题目，注意措词优美。1、IsPressureaBadThing?2、IfIwereaTeacher3、FightingagainstSmoking4、MyFavoriteCourse5、HowtoSpendtheTwo-dayWeekend写作套路l 我们知道，文章的结构掌控着文章的全局。作文的内容固然重要，但它离不开结构的衬托。没有结构的内容就犹如一盘散沙，令人无所适从。l 以下的套路可以帮助初写者理清思路，使文章不至于离题万里。恰当使用这些套路的关键在于灵活运用而不是生搬硬套。l（一）、（一）、MyViewON题型题型公说公有理，婆说婆有理，许多话题永远争论不休。写作常考的就是这种题型。l例如：“1、失败是常有的事。2、人们对失败有各种不同的态度。3、我对失败的态度。”“1、有人认为金钱是幸福之本（source of happiness)。2、也有人认为金钱是万恶之源(root of evil)。3、我的看法。”等等。下面三种套路可任选一个。 写作套路l套路一： Peoplesviews/ideas/opinionsonvaryfrompersontoperson.SomepeoplethinkthatTheyholdthisopinionbecauseHowever,othersholdthat Astome,Iaminfavorofthefirst/secondidea.Thefollowingarethereasonsof/formychoice/personalinclination. First,whileitistruethat,itdoesntmeanthatBesides/Ontheotherhand,Admittedly,butthisisnottosaythat Therefore/Inaword/Fromthingsmentionedabove,写作套路l套路二： DifferentpeoplemayhavedifferentviewsonItisheldthatButitisalsoheldthat ThosewhoholdthefirstopinionIncontrast,thosewhoholdthesecondview Asforme,Iagreewiththelatteropinion.Admittedly,.Butthisisnottosaythat写作套路l套路三： Whenaskedaboutatheme,differentpeoplewillofferdifferentopinionsisnoexception.Somepeopletakeitforgranted/say/think/believethatHowever,othersholdthat AsfarasIamconcerned,Iaminfavorofthefirst/secondview.Thereasonsareasfollows. First,thereisanelementoftruththatbutitdoesntfollowthatAcaseinpointisthatTherefore,thefirstviewdoesntholdwater/cannotbearmuchanalysis/cantstanduptocloseexamination. Inconclusion写作套路l（二）、（二）、AdvantageandDisadvantageof题型题型 事物总是一分为二的。写作题目中有许多是涉及某一事物的正反两方面。比如“运动的积极因素和消极因素”，“双休日的好处与负作用”，“新的科技给社会带来的好处与问题”等等。凡涉及到利弊的题目时都可以用下面这个套路。l套路: Nowadays,playsanimportantpart/roleinLikeeverythingelse,has/havebothfavorableandunfavorableaspects.Generally,theadvantagecanbelistedasfollows. First,Besides,Mostimportantofall,Buteverycoinhastwosides.Thenegativeaspectsarealsoapparent.Tobeginwith,Tomakemattersworse/worstofall, Throughaboveanalysis,Ibelievethattheadvantages/positiveaspectsoutweighthedisadvantage/negativeones.Therefore,写作套路l（三）、（三）、Howto题型题型办法人人都有。你能把你想出的办法一个一个地罗列清楚吗？比如“怎样才能实现绿化”，“我是如何克服英语学习中的困难的”，“我怎么为我理想的职业做准备”等等，就可以用到下面这个套路。l套路: Manywayscancontributetosolvingthisseriousproblem,butthefollowingonesmaybemosteffective.Firstofall,Besides,/AnotherwaytosolvetheproblemofisFinally, Therearenotthebestandtheonlytwo/threemeasureswecantake.Butitshouldbenotedthatweshouldtakestrongactionsto写作套路l四）、四）、AorB题型题型人生面临着许多抉择。这在考试写作中也反映了出来。例如“始终从事一种工作还是经常更换工作”，“有选择的读书还是博览群书”等。碰到这种“两者选一”的题目，便可运用下列两种套路中的一种:l套路一: Whenwe/you,we/youwillbefacedwiththechoicebetweenAandB.Beforemakingtherightchoice,we/youhadbettermakeaclosecomparisonandcontrastofthem. Firstofall,AAlso,BSecond,ALikewise,BDespitetheirsimilarities,AandBarealsodifferentinthefollowingaspects.First,AHowever,BBesides,AOnthecontrary,B Therefore,itdependswhichwe/youshouldchoose.Ifwe/you,we/youshouldchooseA;butifwe/you,we/youshouldturntoB.写作套路l套路二: Whenwe,itisinevitabletomeetthechoicebetweenAandB.Weshouldberegardedasinconsiderateifwerushedourdecisionwithoutcomparingorcontrastingthem. First/Firstofall/Tobeginwith,bothAandBAHowever,BBesides/Moreover/Inaddition/Whatsmore,AHowever/Incontrast/Onthecontrary/Ontheotherhand,Finally,themoststrikingdifferenceisthatAwhileBTherefore,itisnotdifficulttomakearightchoicenow.IfwewewillchooseA;butifwewewillturntoB. Inaword,thekeyliesin 写作套路l（五）、（五）、Why题型题型有因必有果，有果必有因。考试考原因的也很多。比如“为什么自行车在中国这么普及”，“我为什么参加这份工作”等等。要说明原因或理由，可用如下两种套路的任何一种。l套路一:Therearemanyreasons/causesfor,Butingeneral,theycomedowntothreemajorones.Foronething,Foranother,Perhapstheprimereason/causeisthatFromtheforegoing,.l套路二: Therearemanyfactorsthatmayaccountfor/contributeto/responsibleforthereasonwhy,butthefollowingarethemosttypicalones.First,Besides/Furthermore/Moreover/Inaddition/Whatsmore,Mostimportantofall/Aboveall, Allinall/Inconclusion,写作套路l课后练习恰当运用文中所述套路完成下列作文1、EQandIQ2、OpportunityandSuccess3、MyviewonWars4、CanwealthbringHappiness5、MyviewonStudentstakingpart-timejobs