Unit 1 Ways of LearningText ALearning, Chinese-styleA Survey Do you agree with the following statements?n nPlay is the best way to learn.n nChildren develop life skills best through formal programs.n nChildren are naturally curious, inspired, motivated learners, but sometimes the enjoyment of learning can get lost in the pressure to “succeed” in formal education.n nParents are the most important instructors to the children, so they should give as much guidance as possible.Warm-up Activity (I)Two children are given two hula hoops, a toy they are unfamiliar with.Mary is given a hula hoop with instructions on how to use it.Jack is given a hula hoop with no instructions.What kind of outcomes do you expect?Warm-up Activity (I)Possible outcomes:Mary learns to keep the hula hoop in motion by moving her body in certain ways.Jack explores the hoop and discovers its big enough to step through. He then balances the hoop between two objects and practices kicking a ball through the hoop.How do you comment on these two outcomes?Warm-up Activity (I)Both outcomes are good.Mary, because she followed the directions given, learnt a useful play skill.Jack, on the other hand, had the experience of exploring and discovering an item he was unfamiliar with, and used his hoop in a different, but equally playful way. Which one do you think is better in developing creativity?Warming-up (II) Suppose you were a parent, what would you do on the following occasion?When you saw a 2-year-old baby falling before you and crying. What an American parent would probably do on the above occasion?Questions to ConsiderAs far as you are concerned, what are the differences in child education between China and America? Give more examples.ChineseAmericansDifferent ways of teaching children between Chinese and AmericansGive Priority to SkillsGive Priority to creativityTeach by holding ones hand,shaping and modeling.Teach a child to rely on himself to solve problems. Topic: Cultural Differences between China and the U.S. VSLife styleIndividualism:Collectivism:Self-reliance/ Self-promotion/independence Two heads are better than one.Sacrifice for the greater good.Leadership American DreamHierarchyEquality, LibertyConfucianism Melting PotChinese: emphasize the family emphasize the order, discipline require the individuals fit into the group American: emphasize the individual ( I ) purse the individual rights maximal individual potentialHoward Gardnern nHoward Gardner (July 11, 1943 - ): American Psychologist and Educator, professor of education at Harvard UniversityPart1:beginningPart2:middlePart3:conclusion1.What does the text begin with?2.What are his thoughts mainly about?3.What kind of end winds up the text?Text Organization (P10)1. The text begins with an anecdote / incident.2. His thought are mainly about different approaches to learning in China and the West.3. The end winds up the text with a suggestion in the form of a question.Part 1 :Please read paragraph 1 to 5 carefully. (5 minutes)Jinling Hotel, Lobbyn nroom key attached to a large plastic block with a number on itA box with a slotQuestions about para. 1 - 5n nWhere and when did the incident take place? n nWho are the main characters in this incident?Part 1: Paras. 1-5n nTrue or falseBenjamin was worried that he couldnt put the key into the box. In the Chinese staffs opinion, the parents should guide Benjamin to insert the key. Paras. 1-5n n1. How does the author introduce the topic in Text A?The anecdote. key-slotWays of Introducing a Themen nStating the topic directlyn nPosing a questionn nQuoting a famous sayingn nRelating an anecdote or an incidentParas. 1-5n n2. Sum up the contrast between the attitude of the couple and that of the hotel staff toward Benjamins efforts in inserting the key into the slot.1) The couple: let him and_ himself.2) The hotel staff: held his_and _him how to insert the key correctly.exploreenjoyhandtaughtLanguage Points in Part 1n nattachn nfind ones wayn nphenomenonn ninitialn nassistn ninsertn nsomewhatn nawaitn non occasionn nneglectn nrelevantn nthrow light onattach vt n nfasten or join (one thing to another)n nattach A to B B be attached to AA price tag was attached to each article in the supermarket.Do you attach much importance to what he says?n nSyn: fasten Opp: detachn nn. attachment: Please see the attachment of my email.find ones wayn narrive or get somewheren n虽然他醉了，但还是找回了家。虽然他醉了，但还是找回了家。n nAlthough he was drunk, he still found his way home.phenomenon n. happening, occasion, event (pl. phenomena) natural phenomena Polar light is a beautiful natural phenomenon.initial adj. at the beginning; first The initial talks were the base of the later agreement.n.the initial letter of a word assist v. n n(formal) help, support n n(n. assistance, assistant)n nassist sb to do sth; assist sb with sth, assist sb in (doing) sth.n neg. assist sb to fill in the forms assist sb with assist sb inform-fillingfilling in the formsawait vt.n nwait for n ne.g. He was anxiously awaiting her reply.n nHe was anxiously her reply.waiting foron occasionn nnow and then, occasionally, once in a while, at times, from time to time 有时，间或有时，间或n nEg. You have on occasion surprised people.occasion n. a particular time when sth. happensn non the occasion of 在在之际之际 on the occasion of sbs weddingneglect vt Give too little attention or care to n n1.废寝忘食废寝忘食 neglect ones meals and sleepn n2.离开时别忘了锁门。离开时别忘了锁门。 n nDont neglect to lock the door when you leave.neglect, ignore & omitn nneglect 指对指对职责、义务或者应做的事职责、义务或者应做的事没有没有给予足够的注意。给予足够的注意。有意的或无意的有意的或无意的。 Those who neglect their duties should be punished.n nignore 指疏忽、不顾，强调指疏忽、不顾，强调对某人或者某物对某人或者某物故意不理会故意不理会 When I saw Tom, I stopped to greet him, but he ignored me and walked on.n nomit 指因为指因为专注或疏忽而忘记某事专注或疏忽而忘记某事,这种失这种失误可能是误可能是有意或无意有意或无意的的 She should not omit to visit the museum.relevant adj.n ndirectly connected with the subject, having to do with the matter at handn nn. relevancen nEg. His color is not relevant to whether hes a good lawyer.n nopp: irrelevant His color is whether hes a good lawyer.irrelevant tothrow /shed light on help understand, make clear These facts new light the matter.SentencesnBecause of his tender age and incomplete understanding of the need to position the key just so, he would usually fail.nParaphrase the sentence. Because he was so young and didnt quite know that he should position the key carefully to fit into the narrow key slot, he would usually fail. Benjamin was not bothered in the least.Paraphrase the sentence.Benjamin was not bothered at all.Translate the sentence into Chinese.本杰明一点也不在意。本杰明一点也不在意。 and to throw light on Chinese attitudes toward creativity. Paraphrase this part of the sentence.And to help explain Chinese attitudes toward creativity.Sentence Translation 1.But one of the most telling lessons Ellen and I got in the difference between Chinese and American ideas of education came not in the classroom but in the lobby of the Jinling Hotel where we stayed in Nanjing.然而，我和艾伦获得的有关中美教育观念差异然而，我和艾伦获得的有关中美教育观念差异的最难忘的体验并非来自课堂，而是来自我们的最难忘的体验并非来自课堂，而是来自我们在南京期间寓居的金陵饭店的大堂。在南京期间寓居的金陵饭店的大堂。2. He probably got as much pleasure out of the sounds the key made as he did those few times when the key actually found its way into the slot.他从钥匙声响中得到的乐趣大概跟他偶尔把钥匙成功他从钥匙声响中得到的乐趣大概跟他偶尔把钥匙成功地塞进槽口而获得的乐趣一样多。地塞进槽口而获得的乐趣一样多。3. I soon realized that this incident was directly relevant to our assigned tasks in China: to investigate the ways of early childhood education (especially in the arts), and to throw light on Chinese attitudes toward creativity.我很快意识到，这件小事与我们在中国要做的工作直我很快意识到，这件小事与我们在中国要做的工作直接相关：考察儿童早期教育（尤其是艺术教育）的方接相关：考察儿童早期教育（尤其是艺术教育）的方式，揭示中国人对创造性活动的态度。式，揭示中国人对创造性活动的态度。Part 2 : Para. 6-Para. 131. Read the first sentence of both Para 6 and Para 7, and decide what method of comparison and contrast is used here. Contrast vs. Comparisonn nContrast: to explain how two or more things are different n nComparison: to explain how two or more things are aliken nComparison and contrast: how two or more things are alike and differentContrast vs. Comparisonn nUseful expressions n nComparison: like, the same as, alike, similar, likewise, and, as well as, also, too, just as, as do, bothn nContrast: unlike, in contrast to, different from, however, whereas, but, as opposed to, on the other hand l lone-side-at-a-time method: examine one subject thoroughly and then start the other.l lPoint-by-point method: examine two objects at the same time, discussing them point by point.Methods of Comparison and Contrast Part 2 : Para. 6-Para 131. Read the first sentence of both Para 6 and Para 7, and decide what method of comparison and contrast is used here. one-side-at-a-time method2. Sum up the contrast between Chinese and Western ways to learn to fulfill a task.wThe Chinese show a child how to do something, or teaching by holding handwThe Westerners let a child explore, teaching him to rely on himself for solutions to problems.3. Read from Para 11 to Para 13. Which method of comparison and contrast is used here? Point-by-point methodn nPoint 1: Para. 11 attitudes to creativityn nPoint 2: Para. 12 fears we both harborn nPoint 3: Para. 13 grey area4. The contrast between the Chinese and the Western attitudes toward creativity and basic skills：The Chinese wgive priority to developing skills at an early age, believing that creativity can be promoted over time.The Westernersw put more emphasis on fostering creativity in young children, thinking that skills can be picked up later.Language Points in Part 2n nexceptionn ndesirablen naccomplishn nin due coursen ncriticaln nprincipaln nmake up forn nin retrospect n ncome to sbs rescuen nextremen nso much so thatn ncontinualLanguage Points in Part 2n napplyn nwork on/atn npriorityn nevolven nsummarizen ncontrastn non the other handn npromoten nemergen npick upn nenormousn nexaggerateexception n. 例外例外There is an exception to this grammatical rule.n nwith a few/few exceptions 除一些除一些/少数例外少数例外n nwith the exception of 将将除外除外We all laughed, Maggie.with the exception ofMaggie1. With a few exceptions my Chinese colleagues displayed the same attitude as the staff at the Jinling Hotel. Translate the sentence 我的中国同行，除了少数几个人外，对此事我的中国同行，除了少数几个人外，对此事的态度与金陵饭店工作人员一样。的态度与金陵饭店工作人员一样。approachn v. come nearer to 接近n v. (begin to) deal withn n. method of doing sth. desirable a.n nworth achieving; worth wantingThis street is a very location for a large department store.It is most desirable that he should attend the conference.n nopp: undesirablen ndesirable vs desireddesirableaccomplish vt.n nmanage to do (sth) She has accomplished a great deal in the last few years. accomplish ones object/goal/task/missionin due course at the proper timeBe patient. Youll get your promotion in due course.n ndue a. expectedThe final results of the experiment are due on December 9.n ndue to prep. because ofHe was absent from class due to illness.critical a.n n1) very important A second income is the familys well-being.n nSyn. crucial, important n na critical decision; a critical momentcritical ton n2) very serious or dangerous a critical shortage of food a critical condition a critical illness He is still in hospital.in a critical condition3. But the critical point was that, in the process, we were trying to teach Benjamin that one can solve a problem effectively by oneself.但关键在于，在这个过程中，我们试图让本但关键在于，在这个过程中，我们试图让本杰明懂得，一个人是能够很好地自行解决杰明懂得，一个人是能够很好地自行解决问题的。问题的。principalna. main; chief the principal food of Indians Our principal problem is lack of time. a principal value of child rearingn. someone who is in charge the school/ university principalPrincipal & Principlen nPrinciple 名词名词, 基本的东西或规则和标准基本的东西或规则和标准 He considered himself to be a man of principle.n nPrincipal 名词名词（居于（居于高位高位或者担任或者担任重要重要角角色的色的人物人物）、）、形容词形容词（主要的主要的）. a meeting among all the principals in the transaction Exercise P17make up forrepay with sth good; compensate forn nThe team will be anxious to make up for a disappointing start to the season.n nI didnt travel much when I was younger, but Im certainly making up for lost time now.Grammatical Structureswhether it(he) beor-whether it be placing a key in a key slot, drawing a hen or making up for a misdeed (line 52-53) be-型虚拟的一种，意为“不管（不论）是还是”，表示让步，其省略结构为be it, be he or等，必须倒装。如： Whether she be right or wrong, she will have my unswerving support. Ex. Every day he takes a walk in the park in the evening, _（不论阴天还是晴天）. whether it be fine or rainingin retrospect upon reflectionn nThere are some things that you only become totally conscious of .n nIn retrospect, what I have done is clearly absurd.in retrospectn4. In retrospect, it became clear to me that this incident was indeed key and key in more than one sense.n回想起来，当时我就清楚地意识到，这件回想起来，当时我就清楚地意识到，这件事正是体现了问题的关键之所在事正是体现了问题的关键之所在而且而且不仅仅是一种意义上的关键之所在不仅仅是一种意义上的关键之所在.come to the/somebodys rescuen na) A lifeboat came to the yachtsmans rescue.n nb) Carols brother came to the rescue and sent her $1000.救援解围extremen nn. either end of anything 走极端走极端n nadj. most remote; very great, severe, drastic, extending far beyond the norm 极刑极刑 处在极度痛苦中处在极度痛苦中go to extremesextreme penaltyin extreme painfacility n.n n1) ability to do 1) ability to do sthsth. easily and well. easily and well have great have great learning languageslearning languagesn n2) (pl) equipment, aids, etc. which make easy 2) (pl) equipment, aids, etc. which make easy to do thingsto do things sports sports facilitiesfacilities entertainment entertainment facilitiesfacilitiesn nfacilitate v.facilitate v. make easymake easy Modern inventions have Modern inventions have facilitated facilitated housework. housework.facility inso much so that: to such an extent 一些父母宠爱他们的孩子，以至于从未要一些父母宠爱他们的孩子，以至于从未要求他们做过家务活。求他们做过家务活。 Some parents spoil their children, so much so that they never ask them to do any housework.n nI came to realize that these Chinese were not just molding and shaping Benjamins performance in any old manner: In the best Chinese tradition, they were ba zhe shou jiao- “teaching by holding his hand”- so much so that he would happily come back for more.n nTranslate this sentence.n n我逐渐认识到，这些中国人不是简单地以一种陈旧的方式塑造、引导本杰明的行为：他们是在恪守中国传统，把着手教，教得本杰明自己会愉快地要求再来一次。Continual & Continuousn n不断的不断的n ncontinual: separate actions which are repeated over a period of time n ncontinuous: an action carries on without stopping or interrupting1. She has endured house arrest (软禁软禁)and harassment by the police. 2. 2. economic growthcontinualcontinuousapply vin n1) be pertinent or relevant The advice given by the professor only some of the college students.n n2) write a letter or fill in a form in order to ask formally for sth. He decided to_ join the Students Union. He decided to_ the Students Union.applies toapply toapply forpriority n. sth that one must do before anything else, sth that holds a high place among competing claimsn nKeeping economy strong is . prior (to): earlier in time, order or importance All the arrangements should be completed prior to your departure.the first priorityParaphrase young Westerners making their boldest departures first and then gradually mastering the tradition What does making their boldest departures mean?Doing sth. different from an established rule or tradition.Translate this part into Chinese.西方的年轻人先是大胆创新，然后逐渐深西方的年轻人先是大胆创新，然后逐渐深谙传统。谙传统。evolve vi develop graduallyn nevole into 进化成进化成,发展成发展成n nevolve from/out of 由由演化而成演化而成; 从从发展而来发展而来n nSome people believe that we evolved _ the apes.fromsummarize v.n n-ize 动词后缀. n n1) 与名词名词结合,构成动词,表示与原名词词义有关的动作 apologize characterize criticize memorize emphasize revolutionizen n2) 或者与表示状况或者情况的名词名词/形容词形容词结合构成动词,描述使原词提及的状态或情况得以实现而采用的方式 modernize sterilize standardizecontrastn nv. compare (two people or things) so that compare (two people or things) so that differences are made cleardifferences are made clear contrast A contrast A with/andwith/and B B In her speech she In her speech she contrastedcontrasted the the governments optimistic promises governments optimistic promises withwith its its disappointing achievements.disappointing achievements.n nn. difference between things compareddifference between things compared sharp/striking/startling/strong contrast sharp/striking/startling/strong contrastharbornn. place of shelter for ships All the ships stayed in the harbor during the storm.nvt. keep (sth) secretly in ones mind 怀有怀有 He might be harboring thoughts of revenge.n5. The contrast between our two cultures can also be seen in terms of the fears we both harbor.n我们两种文化的差异也可以从我们各自所我们两种文化的差异也可以从我们各自所怀的忧虑中显示出来。怀的忧虑中显示出来。on the one handon the other hand to introduce two contrasting circumstancesn nId like to eat out, but I should be trying to save money.on the other handpromote vt.n nhelp to grow or develop make new efforts to promote the world peace promote economic growthemerge vi. come out (from water etc) Eventually the truth of the matter emerged. 我的脑海里浮现出一个极妙的想法。我的脑海里浮现出一个极妙的想法。 A wonderful idea emerged in my mind. emergence & emergencyn nemergence: emergingn nemergency: a serious, unexpected situation or occurrence that demands immediate actionn nIn case of , press the alarm button.n nthe companys from bankruptcyemergencyemergencepick upn n1) to 1) to lift lift (some one or something), as from the floor (some one or something), as from the floor or furnitureor furnituren n2) to 2) to collect collect (someone or something); (someone or something); arrangearrange to to meet (someone) esp. for a journeymeet (someone) esp. for a journeyn n3) to be able to 3) to be able to receivereceive (something such as (something such as electricity, sound waves, etc.) with a machineelectricity, sound waves, etc.) with a machinen n4) (not 4) (not fmlfml) to ) to learnlearn ( (sthsth such as information), often such as information), often informally or by chanceinformally or by chancen n5) 5) improveimprovepick upn nTrade has been picking up again since the wintern nI will pick you up at your place at 8.n nThe searchers at last picked up a signal from the crashed plane.n nHe can only have picked up such excellent English by living in the country for some years.Part 3: Para 14nThere are many ways to conclude an essay. How does the author end this text? ( )A) Restating the main points previously mentioned.B) Proposing a solution.C) Quoting from some books or people.D) Predicting future developments.E) Making a suggestion in the form of a question.ELanguage Points in Part 3n nassuming (that)n nvalidn nworthwhilen nsuperiorAssuming (that): if, 假设假设 假设我们都以这种速度工作，这个假设我们都以这种速度工作，这个项目下月就能完成了。项目下月就能完成了。 Assuming that we all work at this rate, this project should be finished next month.assuming (that )By assuming that the contrast I have developed is valid, and that (line 98-102)表假定（表示真实条件，其从句谓语动词用陈述语气），有时表让步 。如：Assuming it rains tomorrow, what shall we do?Cf. suppose/supposing that 表“如果，假如”。可用于虚拟语气和陈述语气。Suppose (that) you had one million dollars, what would you do? （虚拟语气）Ex. _ _ (就算这是真的), youre still wrong.Assuming that it is truevalid adj n n1) 有充分证据的有充分证据的, 正当的正当的 They have valid reasons for refusing to do it.n n2) (法律法律)有效的有效的 The license is valid for three months.worthwhile adj. worth doing; worth the trouble taken Here is some worthwhile advice to any young businessman.worthwhile adj. worth doing, worth the trouble taken值得（花时间和精力）的: Its worthwhile reading the novel. Or: Reading the novel is worthwhile. It is worthwhile to consider the plan. Or: To consider the plan is worthwhile. 护理工作是很值得干的职业. Nursing is a very worthwhile career. Cf. worth, worthyworth: giving or likely to give a satisfactory or rewarding return for (doing sth)The book is worth reading. Its worthwhile reading the book.Its not worth the trouble. worthy: 作表语 deserving sth or to do sth 应得某事物; 值得某事 【 of sth/being done】【to do sth/ to be done】: The book is worthy of careful study/being studied carefully. 作定语 a worthy cause 崇高的事业Ex. 填空Her achievements are _ of the highest praise. It is a _ job.It isnt _ waiting for him. 改错：F: The place is not worth visiting it. T: The place is not worth visiting.F: The place is worthwhile visiting. T：Visiting the place is worthwhile.worthyworthwhileworthwhile superior adj. be better than average or than others of the same typen nbe superior to n nbe superior inn nThe enemies were numbers.n nThis carpet is far that one in quality.n nopp: inferiorsuperior insuperior toCan we gather, from the Chinese and American extremes, a superior way to approach education, perhaps striking a better balance between the poles of creativity and basic skills?Translate the sentence into Chinese.n我们能否从中美两个极端中寻求一种更好的教我们能否从中美两个极端中寻求一种更好的教育方式，它或许能在创造力与基本技能这两极育方式，它或许能在创造力与基本技能这两极之间获得某种较好的平衡之间获得某种较好的平衡?Do you think that we can find a better way to approach education, which strikes a better balance between the poles of creativity and basic skills?Summaryn nMain idea It would be ideal if we can strike a balance between the Chinese and the Western learning styles. n nStructure of the textIntroduction of the topic by a key-slot anecdoteelaboration by comparison and contrastconclusion by a suggestionComparison and Contrastn nMethodsMethodsTo examine one subject thoroughly and then start the otherTo examine one subject thoroughly and then start the other Part 1: Subject 1 (points 1, 2, 3)Part 1: Subject 1 (points 1, 2, 3) Part 2: Subject 2 (points 1, 2, 3) Part 2: Subject 2 (points 1, 2, 3) One-side-at-a-time One-side-at-a-time method methodTo examine two subjects at the same time, discussing them point To examine two subjects at the same time, discussing them point by pointby point Contrast of Subject 1 and Subject 2 in terms of Point 1 Contrast of Subject 1 and Subject 2 in terms of Point 1 Contrast of Subject 1 and Subject 2 in terms of Point 2 Contrast of Subject 1 and Subject 2 in terms of Point 2 Point-by-point Point-by-point methodmethodRequirementsnHave a general idea of different approaches to learning in China and the WestnPick up ways to begin, develop and end an essaynAppreciate different ways to compare and contrastnMaster the key language points and grammatical structures in the textAssignmentnWrite an essay entitled A Teacher-centered Class or a Student-centered Class? . nReview what youve learnt in Unit 1. n nhttp:/bbs.wwenglish.org/dispbbs.asp?boardid=132&Id=408729n n学校扼杀创造力学校扼杀创造力- 肯肯-罗宾逊罗宾逊Translationn n1. It takes an enormous amount of courage to make a departure from the tradition. n n2. Tom used to be very shy, but this time he was bold enough to give a performance in front of a large audience. n n3. Many educators think it desirable to foster the creative spirit in the child at an early age. n n4. Assuming (that) this painting is really a masterpiece, do you think its worthwhile to buy/purchase it? n n5. If the data is statistically valid, it will throw light on the problem we are investigating.Translationn nTo improve our English, it is critical to do more reading, To improve our English, it is critical to do more reading, writing, listening and speaking. writing, listening and speaking. n nBesides, reciting / learning by heart as many well-written Besides, reciting / learning by heart as many well-written essays as possible is also very important. essays as possible is also very important. n nWithout an enormous store of good English writing in Without an enormous store of good English writing in your head, you cannot express yourself freely in English.your head, you cannot express yourself freely in English.n n It is also helpful to summarize our experience as we go It is also helpful to summarize our experience as we go along, for doing so, we can figure out which way of along, for doing so, we can figure out which way of learning is more effective and will produce the most learning is more effective and will produce the most desirable result / outcome. desirable result / outcome. n nAs long as we keep working hard on it, we will in due As long as we keep working hard on it, we will in due course accomplish the task of mastering English. course accomplish the task of mastering English.