现代英语词汇学概论Lexicology1Chapter2MorphologicalStructureofEnglishWords英语词汇的形态结构n2.1Morphemes词素/语素/形位n2.2ClassificationofMorphemes词素分类2HowisanEnglishwordformed?nE.g.disagreeabledisagreeable(byletter)disagreeable(bysyllable)dis+agree+able(bymorpheme)nWhatisthedifferencebetween“morpheme”and“syllable”?nSyllable:hasnothingtodowithmeaningMorpheme:two-facetbothsoundandmeaning32.1Morphemes词素/语素/形位1.TheDefinitionof“Morphemes”词素的概念2.Allomorphs词素变体back42.1.1TheDefinitionof“Morphemes”词素的概念Questions:n1.Whatis“Morpheme”?Whatistherelationbetween“morpheme”and“word”?*n2.Whatare“Allomorphs”*5nMorpheme=morph+emeform+thesmallestunitnMorpheme:thesmallestmeaningfullinguisticunitoflanguagesmallest:notdivisibleintosmallerformsmeaningful:carrymeaning(lexicalandgrammatical)e.g.denationalizationdenationalization=de+nation+al+iz+ationnAmorphemeisatwo-facetlanguageunit:soundandmeaningback6Allomorphs:nvariousshapesorformsofamorphemendonotdifferinmeaningorfunctionnconditionedbypositionoradjoiningsoundsback7nE.g.bookbooks/-s/pigpigs/-z/horsehorses/-iz/nE.g.perfect,responsible,logical,flexibleperfectimperfectresponsibleirresponsiblelogicalillogicalflexibleinflexiblenE.g.inventinventiondescribedescriptionjustifyjustificationmodernizemodernizationexpandexpansiondecidedecisionomitomissionback82.2ClassificationofMorphemes词素分类1.FreeMorphemesandBoundMorphemes自由词素与粘着词素2.RootsandAffixes词根与词缀92.2.1FreeMorphemesandBoundMorphemes自由词素与粘着词素Questions:n1.Whatis“freemorpheme”?n2.Whatis“boundmorpheme”?n3.Howdoesafreemorphemeoraboundmorphemeformaword?10Whatis“freemorpheme”?Freemorpheme:nonethatcanbeutteredalonewithmeaningnAfreemorphemeisaword.E.g.green,red,write,faith11Whatis“boundmorpheme”?Boundmorpheme:ncannotstandbyitselfasacompleteutterancenappearwithatleastoneothermorpheme,freeorboundE.g.receivere-ceiveback12Howdoesafreemorphemeoraboundmorphemeformaword?E.g.green,greenhouse,greenness,disagreeable,receive,encyclopediangreen(free)ngreen-house(free+free)ngreen-ness(free+bound)ndis-agree-able(bound+free+bound)nre-ceive(bound+bound)nen-cyclo-pedia(bound+bound+bound)Note:Afreemorphemeisaword.back132.2.2RootsandAffixes词根与词缀Questions:n1.Whatis“root”?Theclassificationof“root”?n2.Whatis“affix”?Theclassificationof“affix”?Whatarethedifferencesbetween“inflectionalaffixes”and“derivationalaffixes”?n3.Inwhattwowaysarederivationalaffixesclassified?back14Whatis“root”?Root:nthebasicunchangeablepartofaword,nconveyingthemainlexicalmeaningoftheword.15Theclassificationof“root”?n1.Freeroot(自由词根)n2.Boundroot（粘着词根）16E.g.1)work,workable,worker,worked,working2)contain,detain,retain3)conceive,deceive,receive4)revive,vitamin,vital,vivacious,vividn1)work,workable,worker,worked,working(free)n2)contain,detain,retaintain=tenere(L)=tohold(bound)n3)conceive,deceive,receiveceive=capere(L)=totake(bound)n4)revive,vitamin,vital,vivacious,vividvit,viv=life/tolive(bound)back17nVital:necessaryinordertostayalive-al:pertainingto=haveaconnectionwithvital=havingaconnectionwithlifenVivacous:adj.apprec.fulloflifeandhighspirits;lively-ous:fullofvivacous=fulloflife(energy)nVivid:producingsharpclearpicturesinthemind;lifelike-id:havingacertainqualityvivid=havingacertainqualityoflife18Whatis“affix”?Affix:acollectivetermforthetypeofformativethatcanbeusedwhenaddedtoanothermorpheme19Theclassificationof“affix”n1.Inflectionalaffixes(屈折词缀)n2.Derivationalaffixes（派生词缀）20Inflectionalaffixes(屈折词缀):toexpresssuchmeaningsasplurality,tense,andthecomparativeorsuperlativedegree.特点：1.nottoformanewwordwithnewlexicalmeaning2.havingonlyparticulargrammaticalmeaning3.onlytobeaffixedtowordsofthesameword-class(nottochangetheword-class)21E.g.nPluralmarker:pens,oxen,feetnGenitivecase:JamesnVerbalendings:works,working,worked,bought,saidnComparativeandsuperlativedegree:slower,slowest22Derivationalaffixes（派生词缀）:tobeaddedtoanothermorphemetoderiveanewword特点：1.toderiveanewword2.havingaspecificlexicalmeaning(somealsoaffectivemeaning)3.sometobeattachedtowordsofdifferentwordclasses23e.g.nMini-carnmean-nessnModern-izenSocial-ismnPro-communistnDe-codenDe-valuenWash-ablenHavingpejorativeorderogatorymeaningmis-mal-absorptionpseudo-democratichire-lingweak-lingchild-ish24派生词缀分类（derivationalmorphemes）:Prefixesandsuffixes1)Bylinguisticorigin:nNativeaffixesnForeignaffixes2)Byproductivity:nProductive/livingaffixesnUnproductive/deadaffixes25Review2.MorphologicalStructureofEnglishWords英语词汇的形态结构2.1Morphemes词素1.TheDefinitionof“Morphemes”词素的概念2.Allomorphs词素变体2.2ClassificationofMorphemes词素分类1.FreeMorphemesandBoundMorphemes自由词素与粘着词素2.RootsandAffixes词根与词缀freerootandboundrootinflectionalaffixesandderivationalaffixes26n1.Afreemorphemeisaword.n2.Awordisafreemorpheme.n3.Afreemorphemeisaroot.n4.Arootisafreemorpheme.n5.Aboundmorphemeisanaffix.n6.Anaffixisaboundmorpheme.nTFTFFT27n1.Amonomorphemicwordisawordthatconsistsofasingle_morpheme.A.affixB.rootC.freeD.boundn2.Allofthemaremeaningfulexceptfor_.A.lexemeB.phonemeC.morphemeD.allomorphn3.Structurallya_isthesmallestmeaningfulunitofalanguage.A.morpheme B.stemC.wordD.compoundn4.Unlikeaffixes,_areoftenfreemorphemes.A.suffixesB.prefixesC.inflectionalmorphemesD.rootsnCBAD28n7.Analysesthemorphologicalstructures(howthewordisformed)ofthefollowingwordsandpointoutthetypesofthemorphemes.denationalization, receive, pens, workern1)denationalization(de+nation+al+iz+ation),receive(re+ceive),pens(pen+s)worker(work+er)n2)Oftheelevenmorphemes,onlynation,penandworkarefreemorphemesastheycanexistbythemselves.n3)Alltherestde-,-al,-iz,-ation,re-,-ceive,-sand-erareboundasnoneofthemcanstandaloneaswords.29