交际、文化休克与文化定势交际、文化休克与文化定势Communication,CulturalShockandCulturalCommunication,CulturalShockandCulturalStereotypeStereotypeLOGOObjectivesvvknow definitions of communicationknow definitions of communicationvvidentify the characteristics of communication identify the characteristics of communication vvidentify ten components of communicationidentify ten components of communicationvvmaster master the the general general knowledge knowledge about about the the connection connection of of culture culture and communicationand communicationvvlearn about the intercultural communication studies learn about the intercultural communication studies vvlearn intercultural communication competenceslearn intercultural communication competencesvvto to understand understand the the definition definition of of cultural cultural shock, shock, its its symptoms, symptoms, causes and five stagescauses and five stagesvvto to understand understand the the definitions definitions of of cultural cultural stereotype, stereotype, its its causes, causes, effects, types and solutionseffects, types and solutions vvto understand the four levels of intercultural awarenessto understand the four levels of intercultural awareness1.1 Communication DefinedCommunication means sending, giving, orexchanginginformation,ideas,andetc.We send, give, and exchange informationeverysingledaywhetherweareawareofitornot. Sometimes we communicate non-verbally,whereasothertimeswecommunicateverbally.(the Websters Dictionary)1.1 Communication DefinedAnyactbywhichonepersongivestoorreceivesfromanother person information about that persons needs,desires,perceptions,knowledge,oraffectivestates.Communicationmaybeintentionalorunintentional,mayinvolveconventionalorunconventionalsignals,maytakelinguisticornonlinguisticforms,andmayoccurthroughspokenorothermodes.1.1 Communication Defined交交际际是是符符号号活活动动，它它是是一一个个动动态态多多变变的的编编译译码码过过程程，当当交交际际者者把把意意义义赋赋予予言言语语或或非非言言语语符符号号是是，就就产产生生了了交交际际。交交际际受受制制于于文文化化、心心理理等等多多种种因因素素。交交际际不不一一定定以以主主观观意意识识为为转转移移，可可能能是是无无意意识识的的和和无无意意向向的的活活动。动。（贾玉新，（贾玉新，1997：13）1.2 Characteristics of Communication1.2.1Communicationissymbolic.lSymbols are the main means for humancommunication.lVerbalandnonverbalsymbols.DangerRightWrong1.2 Characteristics of Communication1.2.2Communicationisdynamic.lCommunicationisanongoingactivity.1.2 Characteristics of Communication1.2.3Communicationisirreversiblel“Oncethearrowhasbeenshotitcannotberecalled”.(anAsianproverb)lThe words are spoken, and they cannot beunspoken.1.2 Characteristics of Communication1.2.4Communicationissystemic.lCommunicationdoesnotoccurinisolationorinavacuum,butratherispartofalargersystem.1.2 Characteristics of Communication1.2.4Communicationissystemic.SettingDress, language, topic selection, and thelikearealladaptedtocontext.Therulesforeachcontextareculturallybased.1.2 Characteristics of Communication1.2.4Communicationissystemic.TimeTime influences communication and theuseofitisculture-bound.1.2 Characteristics of Communication1.2.4Communicationissystemic.NumberofpeopleThenumberofpeoplewithwhomaffectstheflowofcommunication.1.2 Characteristics of Communication1.2.5Communicationisself-reflectivelJust as we use symbols to reflect on what goes on outside of us, we also use them to reflect on ourselves. 1.2 Characteristics of Communication1.2.6Communicationistransactional.lAtransactionalviewholdsthatcommunicatorsaresimultaneouslysendingand receiving messages at every instantthattheyareinvolvedinconversations.Person1Person2Message1.2 Characteristics of Communication1.2.7Communicationinvolvesmakinginferences.Becausethereisnodirectmind-to-mindcontactbetweenpeople,youcannotaccessthethoughtsandfeelingsofotherhumanbeingsbutcanonlyinferwhattheyareexperiencing.1.3 Components of CommunicationThe source is theperson with an ideahe or she desires tocommunicate.Encodingistheprocessofputtinganideaintoasymbol.The term messageidentifies the encodedthought.The term channel is used technically to refer to the means by which the encoded message is transmitted.Decoding is the opposite process of encoding and just as much an active process. The receiver is the person who attends to the message.The term noise technically refers to anything that distorts the message the source encodes.Feedback refers to that portion of the receiver response of which the source has knowledge and to which the source attends and assigns meaning.Receiver response refers to anything the receiver does after having attended to and decoded the message.2.1 Culture and CommunicationCommunicationisanelementofculture,ithasoftenbeensaidthatcommunicationandcultureareinseparable.2.2 A Review of Intercultural Communication Study2.2.1SomeTermslInterpersonalCommunicationlIntraculturalCommunicationlCross-culturalCommunicationlInterculturalCommunicationlInterregionalCommunicationlInternationalCommunicationlInterethnicCommunicationlInterracialCommunication2.2 A Review of Intercultural Communication Study2.2.2InternationalCommunicationasaFieldofStudyl2.2.2.1BackgroundofItsEmergencel2.2.2.2ProcessofItsDevelopmentl2.2.2.3ModelofInterculturalCommunication(Pleaserefertothedetailsonpage8-11ofthecoursebook)2.3 Intercultural Communicative CompetenceIntercultural Communicative CompetenceA modular framework of communicative competence for second and foreign language acquisition:grammatical competence sociolinguistic competence discourse competence strategic competence (Based on Canale & Swain, 1980, Canale,1983; Swain, 1984) Grammatical competence The mastery of vocabulary, word formation, sentence formation, pronunciation, spelling, linguistic semantics, etc. Sociolinguistic competence The mastery of how to produce and understand utterances appropriately in different social situations depending on various contextual factors. Sociolinguistic competenceAppropriatenessWho say what to whom, and wherelOpen the window!lOpen the window, please!lWould you please open the window?lI wonder if you mind me opening the window?Discourse competence The mastery of how to combine grammatical forms and meanings to achieve a unified spoken or written text in different genres.Strategic competence The mastery of verbal and non-verbal strategies that may be employed to cope with communication problems and breakdowns due to limiting conditions in actual situations or to insufficient competence in one or more of the other areas of communicative competence. Case 1A Chinese mother, Mrs. Zhang, was seeing her son and her American daughter-in-law, Susan, off at the airport. They would fly back to New York. Now Susan was talking with her mother-in-law. Since Mrs. Zhang doesnt know any English and Susan can speak little Chinese, Susans husband had to act as the interpreter for them. Susan: Mrs. Zhang, come to New York if you want. Husband: 妈妈，您可一定要来纽约看看。 Mother: 不去了，给你们添麻烦。 Husband: Oh, it depends on the physical condition. Susan: Yes, oh thanks for your delicious food, I like them very much. Husband: 谢谢妈妈给我们做了那么多的好吃的 Mother: 自家人谢什么。苏珊，你以后可不要再 减肥了，身体健康才最重要哪！ Husband: Its my pleasure. Susan, I hope you become even more beautiful. Susan: Thank you! The same to you. Husband: 谢谢妈妈，我祝你身体健康。 Mother: 啊，谢谢，谢谢！3 Cultural Shock3 Cultural Shock3.1DefinitionFTroublesomefeelingssuchasdepression,loneliness,confusion,inadequacy,hostility,frustration,andtension,causedbythelossoffamiliarcuesfromthehomeculture. 3 Cultural Shock3.2SymptomsofCultureShockla.Physicalsymptomslb.Psychologicalsymptoms3 Cultural Shock3.3CausesofCultureShocklunfamiliaritywiththenewcountrylinabilitytospeakthelanguagefluentlyorunderstandnewidiomslnotknowinghowtobehaveinanunfamiliarculturelthe individuals state of mental health, type ofpersonality, previous experiences, socio-economicconditions,familyand/orsocialsupportsystems,andlevelofeducation3 Cultural Shock3.4FiveStagesofCultureShocka.Thefirststage:exoticismlfeel euphoric and be pleased by all of thenewthingsencountered.lthehoneymoonstage3 Cultural Shock3.4FiveStagesofCultureShocklb.Thesecondstage:frustrationlfeelings of discontent, impatience, anger,sadnessandincompetence3 Cultural Shock3.4FiveStagesofCultureShocklc.Thethirdstage:adjustmentlcharacterizedbygainingsomeunderstandingofthenewculturela new feeling of pleasure and sense ofhumormaybeexperiencedlafeelingofdirection3 Cultural Shock3.4FiveStagesofCultureShockld.Thefourthstage:acceptancelrealizingthatthenewculturehasgoodandbadthingstoofferldoubleintegrationortripleintegrationlamoresolidfeelingofbelonging3 Cultural Shock3.4FiveStagesofCultureShockle.Thefifthstage:reversecultureshock lthere-entryshockloccuring when a return to the country oforiginismade3 Cultural Shock3.4FiveStagesofCultureShock4 Cultural Stereotype4.1DefinitionStereotypewascoinedbyLippmanninhisbookPublic Opinion in1922.4 Cultural Stereotype4.1DefinitionlWhen people have little information about agroup of people they are likely to think oftheminaverygeneralway.Iftheotherpeoplewithwhomtheyinteractalsolackinformationaboutthatgroup,theyarelikelytoshareanoverlysimplifiedviewofthatgroup.Theresultofthisprocessofovergeneralizingbasedonlimited or inaccurate information is calledstereotyping.(LinellDavis,34)4 Cultural Stereotype4.1DefinitionlCulturalstereotypereferstotheoversimplified pictures we form about otherculturesinthebiasofourownculture-boundworldview.(WangLifei,204)4 Cultural Stereotype4.1Definition 1) 自定型 2) 他定型4 Cultural Stereotype4.1Definition定势：思维角度偏见：情感角度歧视：行为视角4 Cultural Stereotype4.2CausesofCulturalStereotypelFirst, people learn stereotypes from theirparents,relativesandfriends.4 Cultural Stereotype4.2CausesofCulturalStereotypelSecond,stereotypesdevelopthroughlimitedpersonalcontact.4 Cultural Stereotype4.2CausesofCulturalStereotypelThird,manystereotypesareprovidedbythemassmedia(Samovaletal.,2000:246).4 Cultural Stereotype4.3EffectsofCulturalStereotype 1) negative 2) positive 4 Cultural Stereotype4.5HowtoCopewithCulturalStereotypelAsHuWenzhong(1999:180)pointsout,itishardto avoid stereotypes entirely when thinking andtalking about cultural differences - the linebetween stereotypes and generalizations is verythin.lGiventhatatleastsomedegreeofstereotypingisprobably inevitable, the question becomes howoneshouldstereotypewell.1.2 Cultural Stereotype4.5HowtoCopewithCulturalStereotypeTing-Toomey (1999: 163) lists some ways toavoidstereotypes:l(1)beingawarethatwearestereotyping;l(2) assuming stereotypes are “best firstguesses”,not“definiteanswers”;l(3)“usingloose,interpretivecategoriesratherthanevaluativecategories”l(4) being open to new information ready toredefinecategories;l(5)recognizing“meaningfulandvaliddifferences”betweenourgroupandtheirs.5 Four Levels of Intercultural AwarenessLevel1:CulturaldifferencesareexoticLevel2:CulturaldifferencesarefrustratingLevel3:Thedifferentcultureisbelievable.Level4:Thedifferentcultureisbelievableaslivedexperiences.5 Four Levels of Intercultural AwarenessLevel InformationWay of KnowingInterpretation 1Awareness of superficial/visible cultural traits stereotypesTourism, textbooks TV, popular opinionUnbelievable, exotic bizarre, entertaining 2Awareness of significant/subtle cultural traits quite different Culture conflict situationsUnbelievable in a frustrating way, irrational 3Awareness of significant/subtle cultural traits quite different Study about the culture; formal study in schoolBelievable at a thinking level, try to adjust 4Awareness of how a culture feels to an insider Getting into and living the cultureBelievable and acceptable at emotional level as lived experience AssignmentPleasepreviewUnitTwooftheCourse-book.