Appliable Linguistics and Applied Linguistics适用语言学与应用语言学 Huang Guowen (黄国文黄国文)Sun Yat-sen University1Main Points1HallidayvsWiddowson2ThedefinitionofAL3WiddowsonsdistinctionbetweenAL&LA4HallidaysSFL&appliablelinguistics5Widdowsonscriticism6WiddowsonsmotivationofdistinguishingALfromLA7Discussion21 Halliday vs WiddowsonHalliday:SystemicFunctionalLinguistics,AppliableLinguisticsWiddowson:Appliedlinguistics,Linguisticsapplied3Halliday: Systemic Functional Linguistics, Appliable Linguistics系统功能语言学SystemicFunctionalLinguistics适用语言学 AppliableLinguisticsHalliday,M.A.K.,An Introduction to Functional Grammar.Arnold,1985,1994.Halliday,M.A.K.,Workingwithmeaning:Towardsanappliablelinguistics.InWebster(ed)Meaning in Context,Continuum,2008,7-23.Halliday,M.A.K.,McIntosh,A.&Strevens,P.,The Linguistic Sciences and Language Teaching.London:Longman,1964.4Widdowson: Applied linguistics, Linguistics applied“应用语言学”（AppliedLinguistics,AL）“语言学的应用”（LinguisticsApplied,LA）Widdowson,H.G.1980.“Modelsandfictions.”Applied Linguistics.1/2:165-70.(alsoinWiddowson,1984.Explorations in Applied linguistics 2.OUP,21-27)Widdowson,H.G.2000.“Onthelimitationoflinguisticsapplied.”Applied Linguistics.21/1:3-25.52 Definition of ALCorder(1973:10)Theapplicationoflinguisticknowledgetosomeobjectorappliedlinguistics,asitsnameimpliedisanactivity.Itisnotatheoreticalstudy.Itmakesuseofthefindingsoftheoreticalstudies.Theappliedlinguistisaconsumer,oruser,notaproducer,oftheories.Ifweusetheterm“theory”asitisusedinscience,thenthereisnosuchthingasa“theoryoflanguageteaching”ora“theoryofspeechtherapy”ora“theoryofliterarycriticism”.Languageteachingisalsoanactivity,butteachinglanguagesisnotthesameactivityasappliedlinguistics.6R. Kaplan & H.G. WiddowsonApplied LinguisticsWheneverknowledgeaboutlanguageisusedtosolveabasiclanguage-related problem,onemaysaythatAppliedLinguisticsisbeingpractised.AppliedLinguisticsisatechnologywhichmakesabstractideasandresearchfindingsaccessibleandrelevanttotherealworld;itmediatesbetweentheoryandpractice.(InW.Bright(ed.)International Encyclopedia of Linguistics.Oxford:OUP,1992)73 Widdowsons AL & LAWiddowson(1980/1984:21):Thusappliedlinguisticscanbeunderstoodasakindoflinguistics,likehistoricallinguisticsorfolklinguistics.Thispresumablyallowsitspractitionerstodefinean independent perspectiveonthegeneralphenomenaoflanguageandtoestablishprinciplesofenquirywithoutnecessaryreferencetothosewhichinformlinguisticstout courtandtel quel.8Withlinguisticsappliedwedonothavethisoption.Whateverwedowithlinguistics,howeverweapplyit,theinformingprincipleswhichdefinethisareaofenquiry,alreadypre-established,mustremainintact.Anyotherprinciplesweinvokemustbeauxiliaryoperatingprinciplesandhavetodonotwiththeoryassuchbutwiththetechnologyofapplication.9Widdowson(1980/1984:21-22):Itseemstome,then,thatwithlinguisticsappliedthetheoryoflanguageandthemodelsofdescriptionderivingfromitmustbethoseoflinguistics.Asanactivity,therefore,itisessentiallyconformist.Appliedlinguistics,ontheotherhand,candevelopitsownnon-conformisttheory,itsownrelevantmodelsofdescription.10Widdowson(1980/1984:22):Bothlinesofapproachhavetheirdangers.Thetendencyoflinguisticsappliedwillbetodanceattendancetowhatevertuneiscurrentlyintheoreticalfashion.Thetendencyofappliedlinguisticswillbetodancearoundincircleswithnotuneatall.桂诗春（2008：35）：在语言学的应用里，语言理论和语言模型都是来自语言学的；作为一种活动而言，它主要是遵奉主义的。相反，应用语言学可以有它自己的非遵奉主义的理论、发展它自己的有关的描述模型。 11Widdowson(1980/1984:22):Forlinguisticsapplied,therefore,thequestionofcentralconcernedis:howfarcanexistingmodelsofdescriptioninlinguisticsbeusedtoresolvethepracticalproblemsoflanguageuseweareconcernedwith?Forappliedlinguistics,thecentralquestionis:howcanrelevantmodelsoflanguagedescriptionbedevised,andwhatarethefactorswhichwilldeterminetheireffectiveness?12Widdowson(2000:5):Thedifferencesbetweenthesemodesofinterventionisthatinthecaseoflinguisticsappliedtheassumptionisthattheproblemcanbereformulatedbythedirectandinilateralapplicationofconcepts and terms deriving from linguistic enquiry itself.Thatistosay,languageproblemsareamenabletolinguisticssolutions.Inthecaseofappliedlinguistics,interventioniscruciallya matter of mediation.13Herethereistherecognitionthatlinguisticinsightsarenotself-evidentbutamatterofinterpretation;thatideas and findings from linguistics can only be made relevant in reference to other perceptions and perspectives that define the context of the problem.Appliedlinguisticsisinthisrespectamultilateralprocesswhich,ofitsnature,hastorelateandreconciledifferentrepresentationsofreality,includingthatoflinguisticswithoutexcludingothers.14DaviesandElder(2004:10):Widdowsonarguesthatlinguisticsisitselfpartofappliedlinguistics.DaviesandElder(2004:10):“Wemaysurmisethatthetheory-then-researchapproachisthatoflinguisticswhiletheresearch-then-theoryisthatofapplied linguistics.”154 Hallidays SFLSFLasagenerallinguisticsStrataoflanguage:phonology/graphology,lexicogrammar,semanticsHalliday(2008:14):Languageteaching,translation,andnaturallanguageprocessingarefamiliartodayasdomainsofappliedlinguistics;andareofthecontextsinwhichoursystemicfunctionallinguisticshasevolved.16Thestagesoflinguisticanalysisandtheorizinglanguage：TheorizinglanguageTypologizinglanguages(basedonexistingdescriptions)Describingalanguage(basedontexts,usinganexistingtheory)Analyzingtexts(usinganexistingdescription)17Halliday(2008:7):“appliablelinguistics”acomprehensiveandtheoreticallypowerfulmodeloflanguagewhich,preciselybecauseitwascomprehensiveandpowerful,wouldbecapableofbeingappliedtotheproblems,bothresearchproblemsandpracticalproblems,thatarebeingfacedallthetimebythemanygroupsofpeopleinourmodernsocietywhoareinsomewayorotherhavingtoengagewithlanguage.18Halliday(2008:13):Behindmanypotentialapplicationsoflinguisticsliekeyareasoflinguisticresearch,inparticulardescriptive,comparative,typologicalandtranslationstudies;andthesenowincreasinglydependonaccesstolargequantitiesofdataincomputableformthatis,acomputerizedcorpus;andtocomputationallinguisticmethodologyingeneral.195 Widdowsons criticismWiddowson(2000:3,6):Corpusanalysisandcriticaldiscourseanalysisareexamplesoflinguisticsapplied.20Widdowson(2000:4):Appliedlinguisticsisamediatingactivity,moreethnographicincharacter,whichseekstoaccommodatealinguisticaccounttootherpartialperspectivesonlanguagesoastoarriveatarelevantreformulationofrealworldproblems.21Widdowson(2000:4):Linguisticsdecontextualizedlanguagefromreality,andappliedlinguisticsre-contextualizedit,andreconstructedrealityintheprocess.Linguisticsisthescience(likephysics)andappliedlinguisticsisitstechnology(likeengineering)22Widdowson(2000:4):Althoughthescopeoflinguisticenquiryhasextendedtotakeinthedataofexternalizedlanguage,themodeofitsenquiryissuchastogiveonlyarestrictedaccountofexperiencedlanguage.23Widdowson(2000:5):Nomatterhowextendedthescopeoflinguisticsintotherealworlditsunmediatedapplicationcanneverbecomeappliedlinguisticsbecauseitwillalwaysrepresentthatrealitylinguistically,onitsowntermsandinitsownterms.24Widdowson(2000:7):Corpuslinguisticscannotproduceethnographicdescriptionsoflanguageuse;itdealswiththetextuallyattested,butnotwiththeencodedpossible,northecontextuallyappropriate.Thelinguisticsoftheattestedisjustthelinguisticsofthepossible.25Widdowson(2000:7):Whetheryouaredealingwiththepossibleortheattested,youstillhavetomakethemappropriateforlearning.Anditisjustsuchconditionsthatappliedlinguisticshassomehowtotakecognizanceof.26Widdowson(2000:23):Corpus linguisticsassumestheappropriatecanbederivedfromtheattested,andcritical linguisticsassumesthattheappropriatecanbederivedfromthepossible.BothclaimthattheyrevealtherealityofexperiencedlanguageButneitherofthemdoesinfactengagewiththerealityoflanguageasexperiencedbyusersandlearners:27Indeedtheydistancethemselvesfromitandproduceananalyticconstructwhichtheneffectivelyprojectrealityinitsownimage.Inbothcaseswegetlinguisticsapplied.Theirfindingsarepartialandconditionalonaparticularperspective.Suchaperspectivehasitsownvaliditybutthisisrelativeandnotabsolute,anditisofvaluebecauseitprovokesustoconsiderhowitrelatestoothers.28Widdowson(2000:23):Ifappliedlinguisticsistohaveanyoccupationitmustavoidandindeedresistthedeterministicpracticesoflinguisticsapplied.Itsonlyclaimtoexistenceasafieldofenquirymustrestonitsreadinesstoenquirecriticallyintotherelevanceoflinguistictheoryanddescriptiontothereformulationoflanguageproblemsinthepracticaldomain.Suchanenquiryhastobelinguisticallyinformedwithoutbeinglinguisticallydetermined29Widdowson(2000:23):Thebusinessofappliedlinguisticsistomediatebetweenlinguisticsandotherdiscoursesandidentifywheretheymightrelevantlyinterrelate.30R. de Beaugrande (2001), Interpreting the discourse of H.G. Widdowson: A corpus-based critical discourse analysis. Applied linguistics 22/1: 104-121.P.104:IshallapproachWiddowsonsdiscourseasamini-corpus.P.107:ImustconfessIhaveneverseenanycompellingmotiveforthedistinctionbetweenappliedlinguisticsandlinguisticsapplied.31P.107:Widdowsonexhortsappliedlinguisticstodefenditsownoccupationbyavoidingandindeedresistingthedeterministicpracticesoflinguisticsgettingapplied.Withnoevidentsenseofirony,Widdowsoncrossestheboundariesofhisdisciplinetocriticizeotherdisciplinesforcrossingtheirsjustwhenthejournalseditorsarewelcomingabroadrangeofresearchparadigms.32P.107:forthepast20years,WiddowsonhasbeencriticizingtheSFLofHalliday,thecorpuslinguisticsofJ.McH.Sinclair,andthecriticaldiscourseanalysisofNormanFairclough.P.107:Asiftosingleoutacontactpointamongallthree,WiddowsoncitestheworkofMichaelStubbs,who,Iwouldobject,isnotacentralstrongrepresentativeofanyofthem.33P.112:ForHallidayslinguistics,akeyobjectionwasessentiallythatHallidayslinguisticsis(orshouldbe)confinedtoatheoreticalmodeofgrammarthatcannotbeappliedtotexts.P.112:ForSinclairslinguistics,theapplicationtotextsisimpossibletodeny;soWiddowsonarguesthatthesetextsarenotrealafterall,contrarytothefirmconvictionamongcorpuslinguists(myselfincluded).34P.119:Iseeathirddangerinattemptingtojudgeinadvancewhetherornottheresearchproducedbysuchtrends(e.g.SFL,corpuslinguistics,criticaldiscourseanalysis)canorshouldbeappliedtoclassroompractices.P.119-20:Asappliedlinguists,weshouldwaitandsee,respectingthecompetenceoftheseteacherstotelluswhichapplicationsworkbetterorworse,andtojoinindiscussiononaleveltheyprefer.356 Widdowsons motivation of distiguishing AL from LABeaugrande(2001:107):Nocompellingmotiveforthedistinctionbetweenappliedlinguisticsandlinguisticsapplied.Beaugrande(2001:107):Widdowsonexhortsappliedlinguisticstodefenditsownoccupationbyavoidingandindeedresistingthedeterministicpracticesoflinguisticsgettingapplied.36Widdowson(2000:24):LinguisticsappliedofthekindIhavecriticizedinthispaperthusposesachallengetoappliedlinguistics.Proposingadivisionoflabour?377 DiscussionLinguistictheoriesanditsapplicationsThetheory-then-researchapproachisthatoflinguisticswhiletheresearch-then-theoryisthatofappliedlinguisticsAppliedlinguisticsisamediatingactivity.38Halliday(2008:14):ifyouwanttoapplysomething,youhavetohaveatheorytoapply;therehastobeacoherentbodyofknowledgebehindtheapplicationsbut,bythesametoken,thatbodyofknowledgewillbeshaped,modified,extendedbywhatresultsfromtheefforttoapplyit.SFL:theory-application-theory-application-theory-application-theory-application39HowusefulisWiddowsonsdistinctionofappliedlinguisticsandlinguisticsapplied?Theintegratingapproachandtheisolatingapproach:WiddowsontakesanisolatingapproachLiveandletlive!40谢谢大家！4142