American HistoryAmerican HistoryChapter 2 American HistoryI. America in the Colonial EraII. War of IndependenceIII. The American Civil WarIV. America in the 20th CenturyV. America in the 21st CenturyColonization of North America (1607-1776) Indians1The discovery of America2Early Colonial Era 3Indians: The “first Americans”The Discovery of the New WorldAmerigo VespucciChristopher ColumbusWhy did the early settlers come to America?OpportunityEnglish merchants skilled workmen the poor and the homeless religious freedom. In 1620, “May flower” Landed in what is now Plymouth, Massachusetts.Pilgrim FathersThe PuritansThe PuritansThe Puritans were wealthy, well-educated gentlemen. They wanted to purify the Church of England and threatened with religious persecution, the Puritans leaders saw the New world as the a refuge provided by God for those He meant to save.The Founding of the 13 ColoniesThe first Jamestown, Virginia, in 1607; Between 1607 and 1733 13 coloniesRelations of American Indians with European settlersfriendship hostilityThanksgivingIndian ReservationsThe American War of Independence What were the causes of the War of Independence?Britains colonial policy“No taxation without representation” ( ( 无代表，无代表， 不纳税）不纳税）Declaration of IndependenceOn July 4, 1776, the Congress formally declared the independenceThe Declaration states: “We hold these truths to self-evident: That all men are created equal; that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable rights; that among these are life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness; that to secure these rights, governments are instituted among men, deriving their just powers from the consent of the governed; that whenever any form of government becomes destructive of these ends, it is the right of the people to alter or to abolish it, ”Thomas Jefferson “我们认为下述真理是不言而喻的：人人生而平等，造物主赋我们认为下述真理是不言而喻的：人人生而平等，造物主赋予他们若干不可让与的权力，其中包括生存权、自由权和追求幸福的权予他们若干不可让与的权力，其中包括生存权、自由权和追求幸福的权力。为了保障这些权利，人类才在他们中间建立政府，而政府的正当权力。为了保障这些权利，人类才在他们中间建立政府，而政府的正当权力则是经被统治者同意所授予的。任何形式的政府一旦对这些目标的实力则是经被统治者同意所授予的。任何形式的政府一旦对这些目标的实现起破坏作用时，人民便有权予以更换或废除现起破坏作用时，人民便有权予以更换或废除”In 1788, 13 colonies become the United States of AmericaBy 1796, a few more states have been created.America buys Louisiana from France in 1803By 1837, new states have been created around the Mississippi.By 1850, Oregon and California become states. 1843: One thousand people travel to Oregon1848: USA wins Texas in the Mexican War1849: California gold rush1862: A new law gives free land to settlers The Situation Before the War“Westward Movement”Two economic systems in the North and the South North Capitalist Economy South Plantation Uncle Toms CabinUncle Toms CabinUncle Toms Cabin1852Harriet Beecher Stowe An antislavery novel which had great political influence.So this is the little lady who made this big war.“ -Lincoln 黑人奴隶的悲惨处境Underground Railroad 地下铁道地下铁道free and slave states (1860)free and slave states (1860)The Civil War (1861-1865)The Civil War (1861-1865) Abraham Lincoln was elected president Some southern states formed the Confederate States of America in 1861.“Republican”Union armyUnion army Vs.Vs. Confederate armyConfederate army23 states (3/4) Industrial superiorityAbundant facilitiesMerchant marines, navyWealthy (2/3) 11 states Agricultural Military. Preparing for the war. Superior military leadership. Robert E. LeeFighting on its own soilUnion States and Confederation StatesUnion States and Confederation StatesThe Civil WarThe Civil WarEmancipation ProclamationEmancipation Proclamation-issued by Pres. Abraham Lincoln that freed the slaves of the Confederacy.-This transformed the war from a war to save the Union, to a war to abolish slaveryHomestead Act Homestead Act （18621862） First page of the Homestead Act of 1862Battle of Gettysburg (July 1863) The turning point Gettysburg Address“Government of the People by the People and for the People shall not perish from the earth”民有、民治、民享的政民有、民治、民享的政府将不致从地球上消失府将不致从地球上消失O Captain! My Captain!O Captain! My Captain!O Captain! My Captain! our fearful trip is done;The ship has weatherd every rack, the prize we sought is won;The port is near, the bells I hear, the people all exulting,While follow eyes the steady keel, the vessel grim and daring:But O heart! heart! heart!O the bleeding drops of red,Where on the deck my Captain lies,Fallen cold and dead.