科技英语翻译的基本方法和技巧词义的选择n n英汉两种语言都有一词多类、一词多义的现象。英汉两种语言都有一词多类、一词多义的现象。n n一词多类就是指一个词往往属于几个词类，具有几个不同一词多类就是指一个词往往属于几个词类，具有几个不同的意思。的意思。n n一词多义就是说同一个词在同一个词类中，又往往有几个一词多义就是说同一个词在同一个词类中，又往往有几个不同的词义。不同的词义。n n根据词类选择词义根据词类选择词义n nAn electron is an extremely small corpuscle with negative charge An electron is an extremely small corpuscle with negative charge which which roundsrounds about the nucleus of an atom. about the nucleus of an atom. n n电子是绕着原子核转动带有负电荷的极其微小的粒子。（动词）电子是绕着原子核转动带有负电荷的极其微小的粒子。（动词）n nThe earth goes The earth goes roundround the sun. the sun.n n地球环绕太阳运行。（介词）地球环绕太阳运行。（介词）n nRoundRound surface reflector is a key unit for the solar energy device. surface reflector is a key unit for the solar energy device.n n弯曲面反射器是太阳能装置的关键元件。（形容词）弯曲面反射器是太阳能装置的关键元件。（形容词）n nThe tree measures forty inches The tree measures forty inches roundround. .n n这棵树树围这棵树树围4040英寸。（副词）英寸。（副词）n nThis is the whole This is the whole roundround of knowledge. of knowledge.n n这就是全部的知识范围。（名词）这就是全部的知识范围。（名词）n nLikeLike charges repel, unlike charges attract. charges repel, unlike charges attract.n n同性同性电荷相斥，异性电荷相吸。（形容词）电荷相斥，异性电荷相吸。（形容词）n nIn the sunbeam passing through the window there are fine grains of In the sunbeam passing through the window there are fine grains of dust shining dust shining likelike gold. gold.n n在射入窗内的阳光里，细微的尘埃在射入窗内的阳光里，细微的尘埃象象金子一般在闪闪发亮。金子一般在闪闪发亮。（介词）（介词）n nIt is the atoms that make up iron, water, oxygen and the It is the atoms that make up iron, water, oxygen and the likelike. .n n正是原子构成了铁、水、氧正是原子构成了铁、水、氧等类物质等类物质。（名词）。（名词）n nHeHe likes likes making experiments in chemistry. making experiments in chemistry.n n他他喜欢喜欢做化学实验。（动词）做化学实验。（动词）n nWaves in water move Waves in water move likelike the waveform moves along a rope. the waveform moves along a rope.n n波在水中移动就波在水中移动就象象波形沿着绳子移动一样。（连词）波形沿着绳子移动一样。（连词）n nPlstics was at firstPlstics was at first based based on coal and wood. on coal and wood.n n最初塑料是从煤和木材中提取的。（动词）最初塑料是从煤和木材中提取的。（动词）n nAs we all know, a As we all know, a basebase reacts with an acid to form a salt. reacts with an acid to form a salt.n n众所周知，碱与酸起反应变成盐。（名词）众所周知，碱与酸起反应变成盐。（名词）n nIron and brass are Iron and brass are basebase metals. metals.n n铁和黄铜为非贵重金属。（形容词）铁和黄铜为非贵重金属。（形容词）n nWe have now accumulated a considerable We have now accumulated a considerable bodybody of knowledge of knowledge about electronics.about electronics.n n目前，我们在电子学方面已经积累了目前，我们在电子学方面已经积累了大量大量知识。（名词）知识。（名词）n nThey are in desperate need of this kind of They are in desperate need of this kind of bodiedbodied oil. oil.n n 他们非常需要这种他们非常需要这种聚合聚合油。（过去分词）油。（过去分词）n nImagination Imagination bodiesbodies forth the forms of things unknown. forth the forms of things unknown.n n想象力能使未知事物的形象想象力能使未知事物的形象呈现呈现出来。（动词）出来。（动词）n n根据上下文选择词义根据上下文选择词义n nOur Our workwork today is to work out the design. today is to work out the design.n n我们今天的我们今天的工作工作是把设计做出来。是把设计做出来。n nTo move something is to do To move something is to do workwork. .n n移动物体就是作移动物体就是作功功。n nWe like his We like his worksworks very much. very much.n n我们非常喜欢他的我们非常喜欢他的著作著作。n nThe building of these giant iron and steel The building of these giant iron and steel worksworks will greatly will greatly accelerate the development of the iron and steel industry of our accelerate the development of the iron and steel industry of our country.country.n n这些大型钢铁这些大型钢铁厂厂的建立会大大地加速我国钢铁工业的发展。的建立会大大地加速我国钢铁工业的发展。n nThe The works works of these watches and clocks are all home-produced.of these watches and clocks are all home-produced.n n这些钟表里的这些钟表里的机件机件全部都是国产的。全部都是国产的。n nThe electronic microscope possesses very high resolving The electronic microscope possesses very high resolving powerpower compared with compared with the optical microscope.the optical microscope.n n与光学显微镜相比，电子显微镜具有极高的分辨与光学显微镜相比，电子显微镜具有极高的分辨率率。n nPowerPower can be transmitted over a long distance. can be transmitted over a long distance.n n电力电力可以输送到很远的地方。可以输送到很远的地方。n nThe fourth The fourth powerpower of three is eighty-one. of three is eighty-one.n n3 3的的4 4次方次方是是8181。n nThe combining The combining powerpower of one element in the compound must equal the of one element in the compound must equal the combining power of the other element.combining power of the other element.n n化合物中一种元素的化合化合物中一种元素的化合价价必须等于另一元素的化合价。必须等于另一元素的化合价。n nExplosive technological development after 1940 gave the medical profession Explosive technological development after 1940 gave the medical profession enormous enormous powerpower to fight disease and sickness. to fight disease and sickness.n n19401940年以来，随着技术的迅速发展，医学界大大提高了战胜疾病的年以来，随着技术的迅速发展，医学界大大提高了战胜疾病的能力能力。n nSemiconductor devices have no filament or heaters and therefore require no Semiconductor devices have no filament or heaters and therefore require no heating heating powerpower or warmed up time. or warmed up time.n n半导体器件没有灯丝，因此不需要加热半导体器件没有灯丝，因此不需要加热功率功率和加热时间。和加热时间。n nA car needs a lot of A car needs a lot of powerpower to go fast. to go fast.n n汽车高速行驶需要很大汽车高速行驶需要很大动力动力。n nStreams and waterfall are suitable for the development of hydroelectric Streams and waterfall are suitable for the development of hydroelectric powerpower. .n n溪流和瀑布适合用于开发水电溪流和瀑布适合用于开发水电能源能源。n nThe nucleus is the information center of the The nucleus is the information center of the cellcell. .n n细胞核是细胞核是细胞细胞的信息中枢。的信息中枢。n nHe was imprisoned in a He was imprisoned in a cellcell. .n n他被关在监狱的他被关在监狱的单人小牢房单人小牢房中。中。n nIn the center of the spacious workshop stood a In the center of the spacious workshop stood a cellcell with packets of with packets of block anodes.block anodes.n n在宽敞的车间中央有一个装有一组组阳极板的在宽敞的车间中央有一个装有一组组阳极板的电解槽电解槽。n nWhen the ends of a copper wire are joined to a device called an When the ends of a copper wire are joined to a device called an electric electric cell cell a steady stream of electricity flows through the wire.a steady stream of electricity flows through the wire.n n当把一根铜丝的两端连接到一种叫做当把一根铜丝的两端连接到一种叫做电池电池的电器上时，就会的电器上时，就会有稳定的电流流过该铜丝。有稳定的电流流过该铜丝。n n试译下列各句，注意根据词类确定划线词的词义：试译下列各句，注意根据词类确定划线词的词义：n nAluminum is Aluminum is lightlight and strong so that it is widely used in aircraft and strong so that it is widely used in aircraft industry.industry.n nLikeLike charges repel, while unlike charges attract. charges repel, while unlike charges attract.n nIt is the atoms that make up iron, water, oxygen and the It is the atoms that make up iron, water, oxygen and the likelike. .n nA magnetic field is build up A magnetic field is build up roundround the coil. the coil.n nSmall Small asas atoms are, electrons are still smaller. atoms are, electrons are still smaller.n nKey:Key:n n铝既轻又坚硬，所以广泛用于航空工业。铝既轻又坚硬，所以广泛用于航空工业。n n同性电荷相斥，异性电荷相吸。同性电荷相斥，异性电荷相吸。n n正是原子构成了铁、水、氧等等。正是原子构成了铁、水、氧等等。n n线圈周围形成了一个磁场。线圈周围形成了一个磁场。n n原子虽小，但电子却更小。原子虽小，但电子却更小。n n试译下列各句，注意根据上下文确定划线词的词义：试译下列各句，注意根据上下文确定划线词的词义：n nWhen sunlight When sunlight fallsfalls on the leaves of plants, it is transformed into on the leaves of plants, it is transformed into chemical energy.chemical energy.n nThere is no There is no physicalphysical contact between workpiece and tool. contact between workpiece and tool.n nThe amount of work is equal to the product of the force The amount of work is equal to the product of the force byby the the distance.distance.n nThe thicker the wire, the more The thicker the wire, the more freelyfreely it will carry current, and the it will carry current, and the less its resistance.less its resistance.n nWhen the When the pressurepressure gets low, the boiling point becomes low. gets low, the boiling point becomes low.n nKey:Key:n n当阳光照在植物的叶子上时，就变成化学能。当阳光照在植物的叶子上时，就变成化学能。n n工件和刀具不直接接触。工件和刀具不直接接触。n n功的大小等于力和距离的乘积。功的大小等于力和距离的乘积。n n导线越粗，就越容易导电，电阻也就越小。导线越粗，就越容易导电，电阻也就越小。n n气压低，沸点就低。气压低，沸点就低。词义的引申n n所谓词义引申，就是指对某些英语词汇的含义加以扩展和所谓词义引申，就是指对某些英语词汇的含义加以扩展和变通，使其更准确地表达原文词汇所表达的特定意思。变通，使其更准确地表达原文词汇所表达的特定意思。n n专业化引申专业化引申n nHis mother died of His mother died of difficult labordifficult labor. .n n他母亲死于难产。（困难的劳动）他母亲死于难产。（困难的劳动）n nThe major problem in manufacturing is the control of The major problem in manufacturing is the control of contamination and contamination and foreign material.foreign material.n n制造时的一个主要问题是控制污染和杂质。（外界物质）制造时的一个主要问题是控制污染和杂质。（外界物质）n nThe running of such automated establishments remains only a The running of such automated establishments remains only a matter of matter of readingreading various meters mounted on panels. various meters mounted on panels.n n管理这种自动化工厂只不过要求查看一下控制台上的各种仪管理这种自动化工厂只不过要求查看一下控制台上的各种仪表而已。（阅读）表而已。（阅读）n nMore weight must be placed on the More weight must be placed on the past historypast history of patients. of patients.n n必须更加重视患者的病史。（过去的历史）必须更加重视患者的病史。（过去的历史）n nThe bacterial pneumonia may complicate influenza at The bacterial pneumonia may complicate influenza at bothboth extremes of ageextremes of age. .n n幼儿和老年流行性感冒患者可并发细菌性肺炎。（年龄的两幼儿和老年流行性感冒患者可并发细菌性肺炎。（年龄的两个极端）个极端）n nThe doctor may insert thin needles into the skin of a patient at The doctor may insert thin needles into the skin of a patient at keykey pointspoints along meridians. along meridians.n n医生可以把一些细针沿病人身上的经络插进穴位中。（关键医生可以把一些细针沿病人身上的经络插进穴位中。（关键点）点）n nEverything is ready, so I Everything is ready, so I callcall the morning paper up on the screen. the morning paper up on the screen.n n一切准备就绪，于是我把早报调入屏幕。（喊叫）一切准备就绪，于是我把早报调入屏幕。（喊叫）n nThis kind of wood This kind of wood worksworks easily. easily.n n这种木料易于加工。（工作）这种木料易于加工。（工作）n nThe patient had been The patient had been givengiven three transfusions after he was three transfusions after he was admitted into the hospital.admitted into the hospital.n n病人入院后已输过三次血了。（给）病人入院后已输过三次血了。（给）n nThis medicine This medicine actsacts well on the heart. well on the heart.n n这种药治疗心脏病疗效很好。（起作用）这种药治疗心脏病疗效很好。（起作用）n n具体化或形象化引申具体化或形象化引申n nOther Other thingsthings being equal, copper heats up faster than iron. being equal, copper heats up faster than iron.n n其他条件相同时，铜比铁热得快。（事情）其他条件相同时，铜比铁热得快。（事情）n nThere are many There are many thingsthings that should be considered in determining that should be considered in determining cutting speed.cutting speed.n n在测定切削速度时，应当考虑许多因素。（事情）在测定切削速度时，应当考虑许多因素。（事情）n nThe The thermometerthermometer rises or falls according as the air is hot or cold. rises or falls according as the air is hot or cold.n n温度计的液柱随空气的冷热而下降或上升。（温度计）温度计的液柱随空气的冷热而下降或上升。（温度计）n nAustralian researchers have developed an implantable Australian researchers have developed an implantable hearing hearing prosthesisprosthesis that inserts 22 electrodes into the inner ear and is that inserts 22 electrodes into the inner ear and is connected to a pocket speech processor.connected to a pocket speech processor.n n澳大利亚研究人员已经研制了一种可植入的假耳。该假耳将澳大利亚研究人员已经研制了一种可植入的假耳。该假耳将2222个电极插入内耳并与一台袖珍语言信息处理机相连。（听个电极插入内耳并与一台袖珍语言信息处理机相连。（听觉假体）觉假体）n nFor the average consumer, voice-activated devices are a For the average consumer, voice-activated devices are a convenience; for the elderly and handicapped, they may become convenience; for the elderly and handicapped, they may become indispensableindispensable for a wide variety of chores in the home. for a wide variety of chores in the home.n n对一般使用者来说，声触发装置能提供方便，而对老年人和对一般使用者来说，声触发装置能提供方便，而对老年人和残废者来说，它可能成为从事各种家庭杂务时必要的帮手。残废者来说，它可能成为从事各种家庭杂务时必要的帮手。（不可缺少）（不可缺少）n nA large segment of mankind turns to untrammeled nature as A large segment of mankind turns to untrammeled nature as a lasta last refugerefuge from encroaching technology. from encroaching technology.n n许多人都想寻找一块自由自在的地方，作为他们躲避现代技许多人都想寻找一块自由自在的地方，作为他们躲避现代技术侵害的世外桃源。（最后的避难所）术侵害的世外桃源。（最后的避难所）n nHer soft features effectively hid her strong mechanical Her soft features effectively hid her strong mechanical foundationfoundation. .n n她柔媚的容貌巧妙地掩饰了她那强有力的机械躯体。（基础）她柔媚的容貌巧妙地掩饰了她那强有力的机械躯体。（基础）n nWhile the results may seem While the results may seem discouragingdiscouraging to smokers whod like to to smokers whod like to quit without gaining weight.quit without gaining weight.n n对于那些想戒烟但又不想发胖的吸烟者来说，实验结果似乎对于那些想戒烟但又不想发胖的吸烟者来说，实验结果似乎给他们泼了冷水。（令人泄气）给他们泼了冷水。（令人泄气）n nIn general, the design procedure is not In general, the design procedure is not straightforwardstraightforward and will and will require trial and error.require trial and error.n n一般说来，设计过程不是一帆风顺的，而需要反复试验。一般说来，设计过程不是一帆风顺的，而需要反复试验。（简单的）（简单的）n nSteel and cast iron also differSteel and cast iron also differ in in carboncarbon. .n n钢和铸铁的含碳量也不相同。（碳）钢和铸铁的含碳量也不相同。（碳）n n概括化或抽象化引申概括化或抽象化引申n nAmeicans every year Ameicans every year swallowswallow 15,000 tons of aspirin, one of the safest 15,000 tons of aspirin, one of the safest and most effective drugs invented by man.and most effective drugs invented by man.n n阿司匹林是人类发明的最安全、最有效的药物，美国每年要消耗阿司匹林是人类发明的最安全、最有效的药物，美国每年要消耗1500015000吨。（吞咽）吨。（吞咽）n nAlloys belong to a Alloys belong to a half-way househalf-way house between mixtures and compounds. between mixtures and compounds. n n合金是介于混合物和化合物之间的一种中间结构。（两地间中途合金是介于混合物和化合物之间的一种中间结构。（两地间中途歇脚的客栈）歇脚的客栈）n nIn 24 hours the heart in a human body In 24 hours the heart in a human body receives and pumps outreceives and pumps out some some 1000 quarts of blood.1000 quarts of blood.n n2424小时内，通过人的心脏循环的血液约为小时内，通过人的心脏循环的血液约为10001000夸脱。（接受或泵夸脱。（接受或泵出）出）n nThe year 2000 problem The year 2000 problem bringsbrings the largest companies in the world the largest companies in the world to to their kneestheir knees. .n n20002000年年问题使世界上最大的公司都要向它屈服。（使跪下）问题使世界上最大的公司都要向它屈服。（使跪下）n nIndustrialization and environmental degradation seem to go Industrialization and environmental degradation seem to go hand in hand in handhand. .n n工业化发展似乎伴随着环境的退化。（携手）工业化发展似乎伴随着环境的退化。（携手）n nIn the microbial transformation of contaminants, organisms can In the microbial transformation of contaminants, organisms can either “either “eateat” the toxins or break them down in the process of ” the toxins or break them down in the process of consuming other substances.consuming other substances.n n在对污染物进行微生物转化的过程中，生物会清除毒素或在在对污染物进行微生物转化的过程中，生物会清除毒素或在消耗其他物质时把这些毒素分解。（吃掉）消耗其他物质时把这些毒素分解。（吃掉）n nThe research performed on smokers at rest indicates that smokers The research performed on smokers at rest indicates that smokers burnburn more caloies than nonsmokers. more caloies than nonsmokers.n n对处于静息状态的吸烟者所作的研究表明，吸烟者比非吸烟对处于静息状态的吸烟者所作的研究表明，吸烟者比非吸烟者消耗的热量要多。（燃烧）者消耗的热量要多。（燃烧）n nThe plan for launching the man-made satellite still The plan for launching the man-made satellite still lies on the tablelies on the table. .n n那项发射人造卫星的计划仍被搁置，无法执行。（放在桌子那项发射人造卫星的计划仍被搁置，无法执行。（放在桌子上）上）n nThe furnace The furnace eats upeats up fuel a the rate of three tons per hour. fuel a the rate of three tons per hour.n n炉子以每小时三吨的速度消耗燃料。（吃光）炉子以每小时三吨的速度消耗燃料。（吃光）n nSuperconductivity technology is now in itsSuperconductivity technology is now in its infancy infancy. .n n超导体技术正处于发展的初级阶段。（婴儿期）超导体技术正处于发展的初级阶段。（婴儿期）n n试译下列各句，注意对划线词的词义作专业化引申：试译下列各句，注意对划线词的词义作专业化引申：n nRubber is not hard, it Rubber is not hard, it gives waygives way to pressure. to pressure.n nFor millions of people suffering from arthritis, it is the only thing For millions of people suffering from arthritis, it is the only thing that that worksworks. .n nPorcelain is commonly used to Porcelain is commonly used to resistresist electric current. electric current.n nWhen we speak, sound waves begin to When we speak, sound waves begin to traveltravel and go in all and go in all directions.directions.n nZinc is easy to Zinc is easy to obtainobtain from its ore. from its ore.n nKey:Key:n n橡胶性软，受压变形。橡胶性软，受压变形。n n对于千百万关节炎患者来说，这是惟一奏效的药物。对于千百万关节炎患者来说，这是惟一奏效的药物。n n陶瓷常用来隔绝电流。陶瓷常用来隔绝电流。n n我们说话时，声波就开始向四面八方传播。我们说话时，声波就开始向四面八方传播。n n锌容易从锌矿中提炼。锌容易从锌矿中提炼。n n试译下列各句，注意对划线词的词义作具体化或形象化引申：试译下列各句，注意对划线词的词义作具体化或形象化引申：n nThere are three There are three things things we have to know about every force in order to we have to know about every force in order to be able to understand the effect it produced.be able to understand the effect it produced.n nAt high frequencies where the integration time is short, results will At high frequencies where the integration time is short, results will be displayed be displayed in rapid successionin rapid succession and possibly leave insufficient time and possibly leave insufficient time for the user to record them.for the user to record them.n nThe purpose of a driller is to The purpose of a driller is to cutcut holes. holes.n nThe energy is so small that The energy is so small that somethingsomething must be done to prevent the must be done to prevent the complete loss of signal.complete loss of signal.n nThe foresight and The foresight and coveragecoverage shown by the inventor of the process are shown by the inventor of the process are most commendable.most commendable.n nKey:Key:n n要了解力的作用，我们必须懂得力的三要素。要了解力的作用，我们必须懂得力的三要素。n n在高频条件下，积分时间很短，答案会接二连三地快速显在高频条件下，积分时间很短，答案会接二连三地快速显示出来，用户可能来不及把答案记录下来。示出来，用户可能来不及把答案记录下来。n n钻床的功能是钻孔。钻床的功能是钻孔。n n由于能量太小，必须采取措施以防止信号完全丢失。由于能量太小，必须采取措施以防止信号完全丢失。n n这种方法的发明者所表现的远见卓识和渊博知识，给人以这种方法的发明者所表现的远见卓识和渊博知识，给人以良好的印象。良好的印象。n n试译下列各句，注意对划线词的词义作概括化或抽象化引申：试译下列各句，注意对划线词的词义作概括化或抽象化引申：n nThere are three steps which must be taken before we There are three steps which must be taken before we graduategraduate from the integrated circuit technology.from the integrated circuit technology.n nThe book is perhaps too The book is perhaps too high-poweredhigh-powered for technician in general. for technician in general.n nThe shortest distanceThe shortest distance between raw material and a finished part is between raw material and a finished part is precision casting.precision casting.n nAt the society much At the society much cross-fertilizationcross-fertilization of minds always takes of minds always takes place.place.n nThe expense of such an instrument has The expense of such an instrument has discourageddiscouraged its use. its use.n nKey:Key:n n我们要完全掌握集成电路，还必须经过三个阶段。我们要完全掌握集成电路，还必须经过三个阶段。n n这本书对一般技术员来说也许内容太深。这本书对一般技术员来说也许内容太深。n n把原料加工成成品的最简单方法是精密铸造。把原料加工成成品的最简单方法是精密铸造。n n在学会上经常进行广泛的思想交流。在学会上经常进行广泛的思想交流。n n这种仪器很昂贵，使其应用受到限制。这种仪器很昂贵，使其应用受到限制。