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1第二节动词的时态和语态 (2) 23 考点一:动词的时态 英语中动词的时态变化根据时间分为现在、过去、将来和过去将来;根据动作方式分为一般、进行、完成和完成进行,两种分类结合便产生了16种时态。 下面以do为例,将16种时态的构成形式列表如下:451时态的一般体(1)一般现在时(do,does)一般现在时表示现在的经常性、习惯性动作或状态,常和表重复性的时间状语always,usually,often等连用。如:We have meals three times a day.我们一日三餐。(现在的习惯)He is always ready to help others.他总是乐于助人。(现在的状态)6一般现在时还可表示客观真理、科学事实。如:The sun rises in the east and sets in the west.太阳从东方升起,从西方落下。一般现在时还可用在if,unless引导的状语从句中;由when,before,until(till),as soon as,the moment, once引 导 的 时 间 状 语 从 句 中 ; 由 no matter what/who/which/when/where/how或whatever,whoever,whichever,whenever,wherever,however引导的让步状语从句中。这时主句往往表示将来(出现will/shall/can/must)或主句是祈使句。如:7Ill go with you as soon as I finish my work.Can I join in your club,Dad?You can when you get a bit older.If city noises are not kept from increasing, people will have to shout to be heard even at the dinner table 20 years from now.Turn on the television or open a magazine and you will often see advertisements showing happy families.Dont try to run before you begin to walk.Whatever you say, I will not change my mind.8(2)一般过去时(did)一般过去时主要用来表示过去某个时间完成的动作或一度存在的状态,常跟一个表示过去的时间状语连用,如:then,yesterday,the other day等。有时省去时间状语,但从上下文语境当中能体会出被省略的部分。语境中的一般过去时往往表示“刚才,在过去”,暗示现在已“不再这样”。如:9Come in, Peter. I want to show you something.Oh, how nice of you! I never thought you were going to bring me a gift.Your phone number again? I didnt quite catch it.Its 9568442.Nancy is not coming tonight.But she promised.10一般过去时还可以表示过去一段时间经常反复发生的行为或习惯性动作,往往与used to,would等连用。When we were boys we used to/would go swimming every summer.小时候,每年夏天我们都要去游泳。11在时间、条件、方式或让步等状语从句中,要用一般过去时代替过去将来时。如:He promised that if his son got a full mark in the next exam he would buy him a new MP4 player.他答应他儿子如果他在下次考试中得满分,他就给他买一个新MP4。12两个或两个以上在过去接连发生的动作用and连接时,要用一般过去时。如:He got up and dressed quickly.他起床了并很快穿好了衣服。13叙述某一动作或状态在过去持续了一段时间后终止或在过去某段时间发生了若干次时用一般过去时。如:Mary worked in this factory for 5 years.玛丽在这家工厂工作过5年。I went to Beijing 3 times last year.去年我去过北京3次。14(3)一般将来时“will动词原形”表示现在看来以后要发生的动作或存在的状态;事物的固有属性或必然趋势。如:Tom will come back next week.汤姆下周回来。Fish will die without water.鱼离开水就会死。15“am/is/are going to动词原形”表示“计划、打算要做某事”,此外,am/is/are going to还可表示根据现在的迹象,对未来进行推断。如:He is going to speak on TV this evening.他计划今晚到电视台讲话。Look at the dark clouds. It is going to rain.看这乌云,要下雨了。16“am/is/are about to动词原形”表示“立即的将来(immediate future)”,因此,该句型很少与时间状语连用。如:The train is about to start.火车就要开了。17有些动词如come,go,stay,arrive,leave,begin,start等,其一般现在时、现在进行时也可表示按计划、安排将来要发生的动作或状态。如:I arrive in Beijing at 3 pm. tomorrow.明天下午3点我到北京。What are you going to do next week?下周你打算做什么?18am/is/are to动词原形表示按计划或安排要做的事。如:When are you to leave for New York?你什么时候去纽约?19(4)过去将来时表示在过去看来将要发生的动作或存在的状态,用“would/should动词原形”,should仅用于第一人称。具体运用时,多用于宾语从句或间接引语当中,表示从过去的观点来看将来发生的行为或存在的状态。如:20He told me that he would pay me a visit if possible.他说要是可能的话他会拜访我的。下列方式也表示过去将来:was/were going to do sth; was/were about to do, was/were to do表示过去曾经打算或计划将要做某事。212时态的进行体一个长动作作为背景,被一个短动作打断,长动作往往用进行体,短动作用一般体。(1)现在进行时(am/is/are doing)表示在说话的瞬间正在进行或发生的动作或者是当前一段时间内的活动情况或现阶段正在进行的动作(在说话时不一定是正在进行)。在句中往往有now,just now等时间状语或是像Look!等提示词语,有的则是通过上下文暗示某动作正在进行。22与always/constantly/continually/forever/all the time等表示时间的副词连用,表示说话人对主语的行为表示赞叹、赞许、表扬、抱怨、厌恶等情绪,体现出一定的感情色彩。如:She is always asking the same question.她总是问同样的问题。(表示厌恶)He is always thinking of others.他总是为他人着想。(表示赞许)23来、去、开始、终结、离开、到达等意义的终止性动词的进行时表示按照计划安排好的将要进行的动作。如:We are leaving for Japan tomorrow.我们明天将离开去日本。What are you doing next Sunday?下周日你准备干什么?24不可以用于进行时态的情况:A表示存在状态的动词:be/stay/exist/belong toB表示心理或情感状态的动词:fear/hate/remember/think/know/believe/want/need/understand/forget/please/respect/prefer/mind/like/hope/wish/agree/appreciate/recognize/mean/care/dislike/love等。C终止性动词不可以用于进行时:accept/allow/complete/hear/notice/end/admit/give/refuse/promise/decide等。D感官动词:see/look/hear/smell/taste/feel/sound等。25表示动作的未完性、暂时性。如:Have you moved into the new house?你搬进新房了吗?Not yet. The rooms are being painted.还没呢,房子还在粉刷呢。(未完性)Selecting a mobile phone for personal use is no easy task because technology is changing so rapidly.选手机供个人使用不是一件容易事,因为技术变化太快了。(“变化”尚未结束)26(2) 过去进行时(was/were doing)过去进行时主要表示在过去某一时刻或某一时段正在进行的动作,这一特定的时间(时刻)除了上下文暗示之外,还有时间状语如:at that time/at this time yesterday/at that moment或when/while等引导的状语从句表示。与always/constantly/continually/forever等频度副词连用时具有一定的感情色彩,一般表示说话人对所描述的时间里发生的事情持批评或表扬的态度。表示过去经常发生的动作。如:27He was always ringing me up.他过去老是给我打电话。My grandfather was always forgetting things.我祖父总是忘这忘那。28come/go/leave/get/reach/start/set out/arrive等一些表示趋向动作的动词用过去进行时可表示从过去某一时间将要发生的动作,一般强调按计划、要求、打算进行的动作。如:Mr. Smith said he was leaving for London soon.史密斯先生说他马上就要去伦敦了。She said she was coming to see her grandpa the next month.她说她下个月准备去看她的祖母。29was/were doing常与作并列连词的when连用,表示“正在(正要)这时突然”。(3)将来进行时将来进行时主要表示将来某一时间正在进行的动作,或表示要在将来某一时间开始,并继续下去的动作。一般用延续性动词表示,常用来表示礼貌的询问、请求等。其构成是:shall/willbedoing。This time next day they will be sitting in the cinema.第二天的这个时候他们将正坐在电影院。30将 来 进 行 时 常 用 的 时 间 状 语 有 : soon/this evening/on Sunday/by this time/tomorrow/in two days/tomorrow evening等。Will you be using your bicycle this evening?今晚你用自行车吗?313时态的完成体(1)现在完成时(have/has done)一个动作开始于过去,持续到现在(也许还将持续下去)。表示从过去延续到现在并包括现在在内的一段时间的状语有:lately,recently,in the last/past few days/years(在过去的这几天/年里),since then,up to now,so far(至今)等。如:32In the past few years,great changes have taken place in my hometown.在过去的几年里,我的家乡发生了巨大变化。He has been busy writing a book recently.最近他一直忙于写书。He has written 8 books so far.到现在为止,他一共写了8本书。33一件发生在过去的事情对现在产生的影响,注意这时说话者说话的重心在过去的事情对现在产生的影响上。常用的状语有already,just(刚刚),yet,never,before等。如:He has turned off the light.(The light is off now.)The concert has started.(The concert is on now.)I have already seen the film. (I know the film now.)34句型That/This/It is the first/secondtimethat从句和That/This/It isthe最高级n.that从句中,that从句的谓语要用现在完成时;It has been时间段sincedid,即由since引导的从句一般用过去时,主句谓语用现在完成时。如:This is the first time I have come here.这是我第一次来这里。This is the easiest job that I have ever had.这是我干过的最容易的工作。35在条件、时间、让步状语从句中,表示“将来某时”以前已完成的动作。如:I will not believe you unless I have seen it with my own eyes.只有我亲自看到,我才会相信你的话。(强调“看完”)I will go with you as soon as I have finished my work.我做完了工作就和你一起去。(强调“做完”)36终止性动词又叫非延续性动词,也叫瞬间动词。终止性动词可以有现在完成时态,但不可以接一段时间,若要接一段时间,需要做一些相应的变换。终止性动词在完成时态的否定式中可以接一段时间。如:37() He has come to Beijing since last year.() He has lived in Beijing since last year.() He has joined the army for 3 years.()He has served in the army for 3 years.()He joined the army 3 years ago.()He has been a soldier for 3 years.()It is 3 years since he joined the army.()He has joined the army.38常见的终止性动词有:come,go,get to,reach,arrive at,leave,buy,sell,open,close,get up,join, take part in, begin, start, return, give,borrow,lend,become,turn,bring,take,die,finish,end,receive,hear from,marry,break,lose,jump等。其对应的延续性动词,如:leavebe away finish/endbe overbuyhave。39(2)过去完成时一件事情发生于过去,而另外一件事情先于它发生(即表示“过去的过去”),那么发生在先的事情的动词须用过去完成时。这个过去的过去时间可用before等介词短语或一个时间状语从句来表示,也可以通过上下文给出暗示。如:She had learned some English before she came to the institute.她在来学院前已学过一些英语。He said that he had been abroad for 3 years.他说他在国外待了3年了。40表示从过去某一时间开始,一直延续到过去的另一时间的动作,常用的时间状语有:by then,by that time,until,by the end of,before 2010, by the time等。如:By then he had learned English for 3 years.到那时,他已学了3年英语了。Until then he had known nothing about it yet.到那时为止,他对此仍一无所知。41Hardly/Scarcely/Barely haddonewhen; No sooner haddonethan。when和than从句里用一般过去时,表示“刚刚就”。如:No sooner had I got home than the rain poured down.我刚到家,雨就倾盆而下。Hardly had we started when the car got a flat tyre.我们才刚刚开动,汽车的轮胎就漏气了。42It was一段时间since从句。since从句中的谓语动词用过去完成时。如:It was ten years since we had had such a wonderful time.10年来我们没像这么高兴过。句型This/That/It was the first/second/timethat从句和This/That/It wasthe最高级n.that从句中,that从句中的谓语动词要用过去完成时。如:It was the third time(that) he had made the same mistake.这是他第三次犯同样的错误了。43表示愿望、打算一类的词,如:hope,expect,mean,intend,want,think,suppose等,其过去完成时表示过去未曾实现的愿望或意图。如:I had hoped to see more of Shanghai.我本希望在上海多看看。(但未能如愿)I had meant to help you,but I was too busy at the moment.我本想去帮你的,但当时确实太忙了。44(3)将来完成时(will/shall have done)将来完成时表示到将来某一时间某一动作将会完成,常用的时间状语为:by将来的某个时间。如:By this time of next year, all of you will have become college students.到明年的这个时候,你们大家就成了大学生了。 454时态的完成进行体(1)现在完成进行时(has/have been doing)现在完成进行时表示一个动作开始于过去,并持续到现在,且强调现在还在进行。完成进行体是完成体和进行体的组合,因此,它具备完成体和进行体的一些因素,如:它具备进行体的“未完成性、暂时性、感情色彩等”特点。如:He has been learning English for 6 years.(从过去某一时间开始学英语,强调到现在还在学)It has been raining for 3 days.(强调说话者“抱怨”的感情色彩) 46(2)过去完成进行时(had been doing)过去完成进行时表示在过去更早时间内进行的动作,并对过去某一时刻产生影响。也可表示过去经常重复的动作。She had been suffering from a bad cold when she took the exam.她在考试之前一直患重感冒。475动词时态易混点(1)一般过去时和现在完成时的用法一般过去时所表示的一个或一段过去时间是可以具体确定的,与其他时间没有牵连。它所表示的事情纯属过去,与现在情况没有联系。现在完成时表示的事情发生在不能具体指出的与现在有联系的过去某个或某段时间。它所表示的事情与现在情况有关系,是过去事情在现在产生的结果或对现在的影响。48比较下面几组句子,体会两种时态的不同:4950(2)一般过去时和过去完成时的用法一般过去时是对现在说话时刻而言的,过去完成时则是对过去某一时刻而言的。两种时态建立的时间参照点不同,对过去完成时来说,这个时间参照点十分重要,它是过去完成概念赖以建立的基础,也是和一般过去时相区别的重要标准。过去完成时的时间状语常用by和before引导的短语表示,如by that time,by the end of,before 2000,by the time等。51(3)过去完成时与现在完成时的用法两种时态都常与表示一段时间的状语连用,但现在完成时表示的是延续到现在或同现在有关的动作(句中不可以有表示过去特定时间的状语),而过去完成时表示的是在过去某时之前已经完成或延续到过去某时的动作(句中有表示过去特定时间的状语)。52比较下面的句子53 考点二:动词的语态 1被动语态的构成和用法 英语中的语态分主动语态和被动语态两种,是根据主语与谓语动词之间的关系划分的,如果主语是动作的执行者,谓语动词就用主动语态,如果主语是动作的承受者,就用被动语态。54(1)被动语态的构成被动语态的构成:be及物动词的过去分词,be本身无词义,但有时态、人称和数的变化。下表是不同情况下被动语态的形式。55565758(2)被动语态的用法以下几种情况须用被动语态:不知道动作的执行者或没必要指明谁是动作的执行者。如:Printing was introduced into Europe from China.印刷术是从中国引入欧洲的。All the work has been finished by now.所有的工作现在都已经完成了。59强调动作的承受者。如:Health is valued above everything.健康高于一切。The injured were allowed to go home after treatment.受伤者在治疗后获准回家。动作的执行者是无生命的事物时。如:The window glass was broken by a stone.窗户玻璃是被石头打碎的。We were shocked by the news of his death.我们听到他的死讯极为震惊。60在文章标题,广告,新闻等中。如:Girls wanted. 招女工。(广告标题,省略了助动词are)The destroyer is reported to have been sunk.据报道,这艘驱逐舰被击沉了。注意:当宾语是反身代词、同源宾语、表示地点/处所/团体的名词、不定式、动词的ing形式时,句子不可以用被动语态。612主动形式表被动意义(1)“系 动 词 look, sound, feel, smell, taste,appear,seem,go,prove,turn,stay,become,fall,get,grow,keep形容词/名词”构成系表结构。如:The steel feels cold.钢铁摸起来很冷。His plan proved(to be) practical.他的计划被证明很实用。It has gone bad.他开始变坏了。62(2)表示开始、结束、运动的动词,如begin,finish,start,open,close,stop,end,shut,run,move等。如:Work began at 7 oclock this morning.今天早上7点开始工作。The shop closes at 6 pm. every day.商店每天6点关门。63(3)表示主语的某种属性特征的动词,如read,write,act,iron,cut,draw,drive,sell,wash,clean,wear,open,cook,lock,shut,dry,eat,drink这类动词一般不单独使用,常有一个修饰语与之搭配。如:64This coat dries easily.这种外衣容易干。Nylon cleans easily.尼龙容易洗干净。Your speech reads well.你的演说讲得好。The plan worked out wonderfully.这个计划制订得很好。65(4)少数动词用于进行时,其主动形式表示被动含义,这类动词有:print,cook,fry,hang,build,make等。如:The books are printing.这些书正在印刷中。The meat is cooking.肉在煮。66(5)“介词in,on, under等名词”构成介词短语表示被动意义。表示方位的介词与含动作意义的名词连用,有被动之意,其意义相当于该名词相应动词的被动形式,名词前一般不用冠词。常见的有:under control(受控制);under treatment(在治疗中);under repair(在修 理 中 ); under discussion(在 讨 论 中 ); under construction(在施工中);for sale(出售);for rent(出租);in print(在印刷中);in sight(在视野范围内);on sale(出售);on show(展出);on trial(受审)。如:67Today some treasures are on show.(Today some treasures are being shown.)今天有些珍宝正在展出。68(6)不能用于被动语态的及物动词或动词短语:fit,have,wish,cost,agree with,arrive at/in,shake hands with,succeed in,suffer from,happen to,take part in,walk into,belong to等。如:This key just fits the lock.这片钥匙刚好适合这把锁。Your story agrees with what had already been heard.你说的故事与刚刚听说的一致。69
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