A Course in English-Chinese Translation(basic ideas、skills and practice)Course Description 1Purpose：basic ideas，basic skills，translation abilityTextbook and references (books to read)：英汉语篇翻译，李运兴，清华大学出版社，英汉语篇翻译，李运兴，清华大学出版社，2003英汉翻译教程，张培基，上海外语教育出版社，英汉翻译教程，张培基，上海外语教育出版社，1980实用翻译教程，范仲英，外语教育与研究出版社，实用翻译教程，范仲英，外语教育与研究出版社，1994英汉翻译教程（自考），庄绎传，外语教育与研究出版英汉翻译教程（自考），庄绎传，外语教育与研究出版社，社，1999简明翻译教程，成昭伟，国防工业出版社，简明翻译教程，成昭伟，国防工业出版社，2006高级英汉翻译理论与实践，叶子南，清华大学出版社，高级英汉翻译理论与实践，叶子南，清华大学出版社，2004Teaching Plan Look at the contents in the textbookCourse Description 2Demand：Finish every task on timeBe active in discussionHand in your translation homework on time (I will choose some to check, at least 5 times for each person)Evaluation：Class participation, discussion and homework & research, 40%Final examination, 60%Chapter One Some concepts about translationvQuestions to DiscussvWhat is translation?What does the word “translation” mean?What is translation generally understood?vWhat is a text?vWhat is the translation in a textual perspective?vWhat is the standard of translation?vWhat is the process of translation?What is translation?(1)vThe term translation itself has several meanings: it can refer to the general subject field, the product ( the text that has been translated) or the process ( the act of producing the translation, otherwise known as translating)vCategories of translation are as follows:Intralingual translation, or rewording: an interpretation of verbal signs by means of other signs of the same languageInterlingual translation, or translation proper: an interpretation of verbal signs by means of some other languageIntersemiotic translation, or transmutation: an interpretation of verbal signs by means of signs of non-verbal sign system. What is translation?(2)vWhat is generally understood as translation involves the rendering of a source language (SL) text into the target language (TL) so as to ensure that the surface meaning of the two will be approximately similar and the structures of the SL will be preserved as closely as possible but not so closely that the TL structures will be seriously distorted. This corresponds to interlingual translation. What is translation?(3)vNida: Translating consists in reproducing in the receptors language the closest natural equivalent of the source language messages first in term of meaning and secondly in term of style. (1969)vMeetham & Hudson: Translation is the replacement of a representation of a text in one language by a representation of an equivalent text in a second language. (1972)vBell: Translation is the expression in another language (or target language) of what has been expressed in another, source language, preserving semantic and stylistic equivalences. (1991)What is translation?(4)vSome key concepts:vSource (second) language / target receptors/one) languagevMeaning (semantic) / style (stylistic)vProduct / processvEquivalent (equivalence)vTextvmessageWhat is a text?(1)vLook at the following example: Is it a text? Why or why not?Toms wife is female. Help!vGrammatically speaking, a text consists of sentences; a sentence consists of clauses; a clause, phrases; a phrase, words. But Halliday and Hasan thought “the word text is used in linguistics to refer to any passage, spoken or written, of whatever length, that does form a unified whole. It may be anything from a single proverb to a whole play, from a cry for help to an all-day discussion. What is a text?(2)vA text is a unit of language in use. It is not a grammatical unit. It is not defined by its size. A text is best regarded as a semantic unit, a unit not of form but of meaning. Thus it is related to a clause or sentence not by size but by realization.” So we can say a text is a communicative unit. It does not only consist of sentences, it is also realized by sentences which must be meaningful.vThe example is grammatically correct, but it means nothing. The sentence is not informative, it is not a text.)What is a text?(3) A text in linguisticsTextrealized inParagraphSentence ClausePhraseWordcontrolled byTranslation in a textual perspective (strategic decision making ranks) Text logic among clauses Paragraph and sentence (operational ranks) Sentence decode and encode the information Clause and reconstruct sentences/ clauses Phrase collocation word meaningLook at page 2 in the textbookStandards of translation(1)(What is a good translation?)v A good translation to be, That, in which the merit of the original work is so completely transfused into another language, as to be as distinctly apprehended, and as strongly felt, by a native of the country to which that language belongs, as it is by those who speak the language of the original work. (Tytler)vfidelity and fluencyStandards of translation(2)(How to realize a good translation?)vConsider the style of the textvConsider the purpose of writing and translation (writer and reader) vConsider the relationship between meaning and structurevConsider the background and culturevConsider the skills usedProcess of translation 1vUnderstanding, expression, checking textunderstanding paragraph sentence clause checking phrase word expression Process of translation 2vNidas explanationv Language A Language Bv Decoding Encodingv(Understanding) (Reconstructing)v X transfer YvAuthor, reader, translater; cultural difference; purpose; situationHomework vRead chapter onevRead the text of chapter two, unit onevTranslate In the Cafe. vHand in your translation on Wednesday.v10 of you must send the exercise by e-mail.vAddress: vName: 05XX1