1.Omissionofthepronoun1.Omissionofthepronoun He put his hands into his pocket and shrugged his shoulders.他将双手放进衣袋，然后耸了耸肩。2.OmissionoftheArticle2.OmissionoftheArticle Any substance is made of atoms whether it isasolid, aliquid oragas.任何物质，不论是固体，液体或气体，都由原子组成。3.Omissionofthepreposition3.OmissionoftheprepositionSmoking is prohibitedin public places.公共场所，禁止吸烟。The difference between the two machines consists in power.这两台机器的差别在于功率不同。4.Omissionoftheconjunction4.OmissionoftheconjunctionHe looked gloomy and troubled.他看上去有些忧愁不安。IfI had known it, I would not have joined in it.早知如此，我就不参加了。5.OmissionoftheVerb5.OmissionoftheVerbWhen the pressure gets low,the boiling point becomes low. 气压低，沸点就低。Solids expand and contract as liquids and gases do.同液体和气体一样，固体也能膨胀和收缩。6.OmissionoftheImpersonalPronoun“It”6.OmissionoftheImpersonalPronoun“It”Outsideit was pitch dark anditwas raining cats and dogs.外面一团漆黑，大雨倾盆。Itwas not until the middle of 19th century that the blast furnace came into use.直到19世纪中叶，高炉才开始使用。backII.OmissioninCETranslationII.OmissioninCETranslationOmissioninC-Etranslationisgenerallyemployedinthreecircumstances:redundant words in original Chinese, such as unnecessaryrepetition and wordyexpressions;the original meaning that has alreadybeenimpliedin the context of English version; the original meaning obviouslyshownin the English version without further elaboration.1.OmissionofRedundantWords我已经提前完成了交给我的工作，他也提提前前完完成成了交给他的工作了交给他的工作。I have fulfilled my assigned work ahead of schedule, so has he.这些都是人民内部矛盾问题问题。All these are contradictions among the people.多年来那个国家有严重的失业现象现象.For many years there has been serious unemployment in that country.2.OmissionofMeticulousDescription花园里面是人间的乐园，有的是吃不了的大大米米白白面面，穿不完的绫绫罗罗绸绸缎缎，花不完的金银财宝金银财宝。The garden was a paradise on earth, with more food and clothes than could be consumed and more money than could be spent.backExercisesThese developing countries cover vast territories, encompass a large population abound in natural resources.Never trouble yourself with trouble till trouble troubles you.他把事情一五一十的都给父母讲了。这些新型汽车速度快，效率高、行动灵活。 这些发展中国家都地大物博，人口众多。 不要自寻麻烦。 He told his parents the whole story as it exactly happened. The newly produced car is fast, efficient and handy.backConversion转换法 定义定义词性转换词性转换句法成分、语态转换句法成分、语态转换叙述角度、表达方式转换叙述角度、表达方式转换ExercisesExercisesThiswatchnevervariesmorethanasecondinamonth.这块表一个月的误差从不超过一秒钟。这块表一个月的误差从不超过一秒钟。Rocketshavefoundapplicationfortheexplorationoftheuniverse.火箭已经用来探索宇宙。火箭已经用来探索宇宙。Careful comparison of them will show you thedifference.只要仔细把它们比较一下，你就会发现不同之处。只要仔细把它们比较一下，你就会发现不同之处。Conversion, one of the commonly adoptedtranslationtechniques,meansthechangeofpartofspeech,partsofsentence,perspectives,etc.intranslation.转转换换词词性性、句句法法成成分分、语语态态、视视角角和和表表达达方式等方式等I.DefinitionI.Definition词性转换词性转换英汉翻译英汉翻译Generally speaking, conversion of parts ofspeech in E-C translation take the following forms:1.ConversionintoVerbs1.ConversionintoVerbs2.ConversionintoNouns2.ConversionintoNouns3.ConversionintoAdjectives3.ConversionintoAdjectives4.ConversionintoAdverbs4.ConversionintoAdverbs1.ConversionintoVerbs1.ConversionintoVerbsIthinkmylittlesisterisabetterteacherthanI.我的小妹妹比我教得好。我的小妹妹比我教得好。Partyofficialsworkedlonghoursonmeagerfood,incoldcaves,bydimlamps.党的干部每天长时间工作，吃的是粗茶淡饭，住党的干部每天长时间工作，吃的是粗茶淡饭，住的是冰冷的窑洞，点的是黯淡的油灯的是冰冷的窑洞，点的是黯淡的油灯Youareignorantofthedutiesyouundertakeinmarrying.你完全不懂你在婚姻方面应承担的责任。你完全不懂你在婚姻方面应承担的责任。Tips大量使用名词、形容词、介词词组等静态结大量使用名词、形容词、介词词组等静态结构，是英语的一个重要标志，而汉语中则大构，是英语的一个重要标志，而汉语中则大量使用动词和动词短语。量使用动词和动词短语。因此，英翻汉时具有动词概念的静态结构往因此，英翻汉时具有动词概念的静态结构往往转译成动词或动词词组往转译成动词或动词词组2.ConversionintoNouns2.ConversionintoNounsSuchmaterialsarecharacterizedbygoodinsulationandhighresistancetowear.这些材料的特点是：绝缘性好，耐磨性强。这些材料的特点是：绝缘性好，耐磨性强。Tothem,hepersonifiedtheabsolutepower.在他们看来，他就是绝对权利的化身。在他们看来，他就是绝对权利的化身。Iwishhewasblind我希望他是个瞎子。我希望他是个瞎子。3.ConversionintoAdjectives3.ConversionintoAdjectivesIndependentthinkingisanabsolutenecessityinstudy.学习中独立思考是绝对必须的。学习中独立思考是绝对必须的。Thisexperimentwasasuccess.这个实验很成功。这个实验很成功。Thepressureinsideequalsthepressureoutside.内部的压力和外部的压力相等。内部的压力和外部的压力相等。4.ConversionintoAdverbs4.ConversionintoAdverbsOnly when we study their properties can wemakebetteruseofthematerials.只有研究这些材料的特性才能更好地利用它们。只有研究这些材料的特性才能更好地利用它们。Ihavethehonortoinformyouthatyourrequestisgranted.我荣幸地通知您，您的请求已得到批准。我荣幸地通知您，您的请求已得到批准。词性转换词性转换汉英翻译汉英翻译VerbsConvertedIntoOtherPartsofSpeech徐悲鸿画马画得特别好。徐悲鸿画马画得特别好。XuBeihongsdrawingsofhorsesareexceptionallygood.绝对不许违反这个原则。绝对不许违反这个原则。No violationofthisprinciplecanbetolerated.ConversionsBetweenOtherPartsofSpeechConversionsBetweenOtherPartsofSpeech该该厂厂产产品品的的主主要要特特点点是是工工艺艺精精湛湛，经经久久耐用。耐用。The products of this factory are chiefly characterized bytheirfineworkmanshipanddurability.采用这种新装置可以大大降低废品率。采用这种新装置可以大大降低废品率。The adoption of this new device willgreatly cut down the percentage ofdefectiveproducts.back句子成分、语态转换1.BrusselsfelltohimonSeptember3andAntwerpthenext.他于9月3日攻克了布鲁塞尔，次日又拿下安特卫普。2.Theywereattendedfrommorningtonightbyfemalehelpers,wivesandnursesandsecretaries.从早到晚，都有妻子、护士、秘书这样的女帮手服侍他们。3.Youcanalwaystellthesomebodiesfromthenobodiesatacocktailparty.Thesomebodiescomelate.在鸡尾酒会上人们常常可以看出大人物和无名小卒来。那些迟到的就是大人物。（主语转换为表语；谓语转换为主语）4.Cheerful,efficientandwarm-hearted,theywilldoeverythingtomakeyourjourneysmoothandcomfortable.他们乐观、能干、热情，总是想方设法使你一路上顺利舒适。（状语转换为谓语）Tips:英语的句法结构相对固定，被动语态的使用频率较汉语多。翻译时不应太拘泥于原文的句法成分，不妨考虑将原文的句法成分进行调整转换，或者将原文的语态进行转换。观察视角、表达方式的转换1.非常感谢您的配合。Yourcooperationwillbegreatlyappreciated.2.Apologyismissinghim.他毫无道歉之意。3.Fourscoreandsevenyearsago,ourfathersbroughtforthonthiscontinentanewnation.八十七年前，我们的先辈在这块大陆上创建了一个新的国家。（计量词转换，变为译语中清楚明了的表达方式。）4.Shehasbeenawidowonlyforsixmonths.她丈夫死了至今才不过半年。5.按月计算有什么优惠吗？有，可以打9折。Isthereaspecialratebythemonth?Yes,thereisa10%discount.Tips:英汉语言存在思维方式和观察视角的差别，因此在翻译时要经常尝试不同的叙述角度和表达方式，不可对原文亦步亦趋。IV.ExercisesIV.ExercisesWith the passage of time, my admiration for himgrewmore.Myaudiencevariedfromtenstothousands.Thereisabigincreaseindemandforallkindsofconsumergoodsineverypartofourcountry.The thief made a trembling confession of hiswrongdoing.他们一不会做工，二不会种地，三不会打仗。他们一不会做工，二不会种地，三不会打仗。他在讲话中特别强调提高产品质量。他在讲话中特别强调提高产品质量。Withthepassageoftime,myadmirationforhimgrewmore.随着时间的流逝，我对他越来越敬慕。随着时间的流逝，我对他越来越敬慕。Myaudiencevariedfromtenstothousands.我的听众少则数十人，多则上千人。我的听众少则数十人，多则上千人。Thereisabigincreaseindemandforallkindsof consumer goods in every part of ourcountry.目目前前我我国国各各地地对对各各种种消消费费品品的的需需求求已已大大大大增增加。加。The thief made a trembling confession of hiswrongdoing.小偷颤抖着交代了自己干的坏事。小偷颤抖着交代了自己干的坏事。他们一不会做工，二不会种地，三不会打仗。他们一不会做工，二不会种地，三不会打仗。Theydontknowathingaboutfactorywork,noraboutfarmwork;noraboutmilitaryaffairs.他在讲话中特别强调提高产品质量。他在讲话中特别强调提高产品质量。Inhisspeechhelaidspecialstressonraisingthequalityoftheproducts.backRestructuringDefinitionRearrangethewordorderSplittingCombinationExercisesBACKI.Definition重组法，重组包括：重组法，重组包括：改变原文句子成分的排列顺序改变原文句子成分的排列顺序拆拆分分（拆拆出出原原文文的的内内在在意意义义单单元元并并分分别别翻翻译）译）合合并并（以以译译文文的的语语言言习习惯惯重重组组各各分分部部分分译译文）文）BACKII.RearrangethewordorderMostoftheinformationwe gotisthroughthatchannel.我我们们得得到到的的大大部部分分消消息息是是通通过过那那个个渠渠道道获获得得的的。(Differentorderoftheattributivephrasesandclauses)Hisaddressis3621 Market Street, Philadelphia, PA. 19104, U.S.A.他他的的地地址址是是美美国国宾宾夕夕法法利利亚亚州州费费城城市市场场街街3612号号。邮邮政政编编码码19140。(Differentorderofthesequenceofevents)Myunclepassedawayin hospital at 2.30 a.m. on September 12,1999.我我的的伯伯父父于于1999年年12月月凌凌晨晨2点点30分分在在医医院院逝逝世世。(differentorderoftheadverbialsoftime)Rocketresearchhas confirmed a strange fact whichhadalreadybeensuspected:thereisa“high temperature belt” in the atmosphere,withitscenterroughlythirtymilesabovetheground.人人们们早早就就怀怀疑疑大大气气层层中中有有一一个个“高高温温带带”其其中中心心在在距距地地面面大大约约30英英里里高高的的地地方方。利利用用火火箭箭加加以以研研究以后，究以后，这一奇异的事实已得到了证实这一奇异的事实已得到了证实。BACKIII.Splitting将修饰多、句子结构复杂的部分，尤其是长句进行拆将修饰多、句子结构复杂的部分，尤其是长句进行拆译，分解成两个或两个以上的单位，灵活处理。译，分解成两个或两个以上的单位，灵活处理。单词分译：单词分译：TheAmericancommander,AdmiralNimitz,wasunderstandablyreluctanttojointhebattle.美军司令海军上将尼米兹怠于出战，美军司令海军上将尼米兹怠于出战，这是可以理解的。这是可以理解的。（将副词分译成一个小句。）（将副词分译成一个小句。）ThenandtherehenamedthestartledGenerallyingwoundedonhiscotthenewCommanderinChiefoftheAirforce他就在当时当地任命这位躺在榻上治伤的将军他就在当时当地任命这位躺在榻上治伤的将军为空军总司令，使这位将军吃了一惊。为空军总司令，使这位将军吃了一惊。